respiratory system anatomy and physiology by Dr.niveditha

Organs of the Respiratory system
Slide 13.1Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 Nose
 Pharynx
 Larynx
 Trachea
 Bronchi
 Lungs –
alveoli
Figure 13.1

1. Olfactory receptors in nose for perception of smell
2. Exchange of gases supplies the body with oxygen
and disposes of carbon dioxide.
3. Phonation-voice production by larynx.
4. Maintains body temperture-insensible water loss.
5. helps regulate blood pH

 Functions:
 Larynx: maintains an open airway, routes food
and air appropriately, assists in sound production
 Trachea: transports air to and from lungs
 Bronchi: branch into lungs
 Lungs: transport air to alveoli for gas exchange
Lower Respiratory Tract

A layer of pseudostratified ciliated
columnar epithelial cells that secrete mucus
Found in nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx and
trachea
Mucus can trap contaminants
Cilia move mucus up towards mouth

The lungs are a pair of spongy, air-filled organs
located on either side of the chest (thorax). The
trachea (windpipe) conducts inhaled air into the
lungs through its tubular branches, called
bronchi.

Gross Anatomy of the
Lungs
conical shape. It has concave
base rests upon the muscular
diaphragm.
the apex projects superiorly
Both lungs are bordered by the
thoracic wall anteriorly, laterally,
and posteriorly, and supported
by the rib cage.
mediastinum.
The relatively broad, rounded
surface in contact with the
thoracic wall is called the costal
surface of the lung.

Lungs
SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 Occupy most of the thoracic cavity
Apex is near the clavicle (superior portion)
Base rests on the diaphragm (inferior
portion)
Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures
Left lung – two lobes
Right lung – three lobes

The outer surface of each lung and the
adjacent internal thoracic wall are lined by a
serous membrane called pleura.
visceral pleura.
parietal pleura.
.

Coverings of the Lungs
 Pulmonary (visceral) pleura covers the
lung surface
 Parietal pleura lines the walls of the
thoracic cavity
 Pleural fluid fills the area between
layers of pleura to allow gliding

The potential space between the serous
membrane layers is a pleural cavity.
The pleural membranes produce a thin, serous
pleural fluid- acts as lubricant
Pleural effusion –collection of fluid in the
pleural cavity in excess with inflammation due
to infection.

Nose and Nasal Cavity
The nose and nasal cavity form the main
external opening for the respiratory system
. The nose is a structure of the face made of
cartilage, bone, muscle, and skin that supports
and protects the anterior portion of the nasal
cavity.

• moistens and warms entering air
• filters and cleans inspired air
• resonating chamber for speech
Receptors for smell

Mouth
The mouth, also known as the oral cavity, is
the secondary external opening for the
respiratory tract.
the mouth does not warm and moisturize
lacks the hairs and sticky mucus that filter air
passing through

Paranasal Sinuses
 Cavities within bones surrounding the
nasal cavity
Frontal sinus
Sphenoid sinus
Ethmoid sinus
Maxillary sinus

Pharynx (Throat)
 Muscular passage from nasal cavity to
larynx
 Three regions of the pharynx
Nasopharynx – superior region behind
nasal cavity
Oropharynx – middle region behind mouth
Laryngopharynx – inferior region attached
to larynx
 The oropharynx and laryngopharynx are
common passageways for air and food

Structures of the Pharynx
 Auditory tubes enter the nasopharynx
 Tonsils of the pharynx
Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) in the
nasopharynx
Palatine tonsils in the oropharynx
Lingual tonsils at the base of the tongue

Larynx (Voice Box)
 Routes air and food into proper
channels
 Plays a role in speech
 Made of eight rigid hyaline cartilages
and a spoon-shaped flap of elastic
cartilage (epiglottis)

Structures of the Larynx
 Thyroid cartilage
Largest hyaline cartilage
Protrudes anteriorly (Adam’s apple)
 Epiglottis
Superior opening of the larynx
Routes food to the larynx and air toward
the trachea

Structures of the Larynx
 Vocal cords (vocal folds)
Vibrate with expelled air to create sound
(speech)
 Glottis – opening between vocal cords

Trachea
The trachea, or windpipe, is a 5-inch long tube
made of C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings lined
with pseudostratified ciliated columnar
epithelium.
The trachea connects the larynx to the bronchi
and allows air to pass through the neck and
into the thorax.

provide a clear airway for air to enter and exit
the lungs
trachea produces mucus that traps dust and
other contaminants and prevents it from
reaching the lungs.

The left and right bronchi run into each lung
before branching off into smaller secondary
bronchi.
The secondary bronchi carry air into the lobes
of the lungs—2 in the left lung and 3 in the right
lung.
The secondary bronchi in turn split into many
smaller tertiary bronchi within each lobe.

The tertiary bronchi split into many smaller
bronchioles that spread throughout the lungs.
Each bronchiole further splits into many smaller
branches less than a millimeter in diameter
called terminal bronchioles.
Finally, the millions of tiny terminal bronchioles
conduct air to the alveoli of the lungs.

The Respiratory Tree
Upper respiratory tract is for all intensive
purposes a single large conductive tube

The lower respiratory tract starts after the larynx and divides
again and again…and again to eventually get to the smallest
regions which form the exchange membranes
 Trachea
 Primary bronchi
 Secondary bronchi
 Tertiary bronchi
 Bronchioles
 Terminal bronchioles
 Respiratory bronchioles with
start of alveoli outpouches
 Alveolar ducts with outpouchings
of alveoli
conductive portion
exchange portion

components of Respiration
 Pulmonary ventilation – moving air in and
out of the lungs
 External respiration – gas exchange
between pulmonary blood and alveoli

components of Breathing
(Pulmonary Ventilation)
 respiratory system uses both a
negative pressure system and the
contraction of muscles to achieve
pulmonary ventilation
 Two phases
Inspiration – flow of air into lung
Expiration – air leaving lung

Pulmonary ventilation-
1.Inspiration
 Diaphragm and external intercostal
muscles contract
 The size of the thoracic cavity increases
 External air is pulled into the lungs due to
an increase in intrapulmonary volume

Inspiration
Figure 13.7a

Exhalation
 Largely a passive process which depends
on natural lung elasticity
 As muscles relax, air is pushed out of the
lungs
 Forced expiration can occur mostly by
contracting internal intercostal muscles to
depress the rib cage

Exhalation
Figure 13.7b

Micro-organisms frequently found on within the
body of healthy persons
Upper respiratory tract has a lot of normal flora-
Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Diphtheroids
etc
Lower respiratory tract is sterile

1.Sputum
deep coughed , should not be mixed with saliva
or oropharyngeal secretions-LRTI
2.Naso Pharyngeal swabs-
pharyngitis(ex.streptococcal infection)
3.Oro pharyngeal swabs

4.Nasal swabs-MRSA carrier
5. Throat swab and Throat membranes-
diphtheria-cornybacterium
6.Tracheal or bronchial aspirate
7.Broncho alveolar lavage, broncial wash

8.Endo tracheal aspirates. –ICU patients who are
intubated-VAP
9.Pleural fluids –pleural effusion
10.Sinus aspirates-Chronic sinusitis
11.Nasal tissue- fungal organisms(mucormycosis)

ENDOTRACHEAL TUBE AND
ASPIRATE

respiratory system anatomy and physiology by Dr.niveditha

respiratory system anatomy and physiology by Dr.niveditha

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