1. Name:______________________ Date:_____________________
Living Environment Rabbi Goldberg
Introduction to Genetics
I. Father of genetics
a. _________________ _____________
i. He was an Austrian Monk who was a teacher
ii. He carried out the first important studies of
______________.
1. heredity – is the passing along of characteristics from
parents to their offspring
2. genetics – is the study of how characteristics are
passed 45down from parent to child
3. We call these characteristics ________________.
iii. Mendel used ___________________ to do his research
II. Why pea plants?
a. Garden pea plants produce _____________________.
i. This means they have two ________________________.
1. sex cells are called gametes
ii. In peas both the male and female gametes are
________________________________________________.
a. Male gamete - ___________________
b. Female gamete -_________________
2. fertilization is when the _______________________
__________________________________________
a. In flowers and pea plants this is called
____________________________________
iii. In order to study inherit traits Mendel had to
_______________________________________________.

2. III. Mendel’s Monohybrid crosses
a. Mendel crossed the two pea plants by taking out the pollen from
one plant and putting it in the ovule of the other plant
b. Monohybrid – on trait was different between the parent plants
i. Mono = ______________ hybrid -_______________
c. First Generation - ________
i. Mendel took a tall plants from long line of tall parents and 1
short pea plant from a long line of short pea plants
ii. He crossed them
iii. What he found out _______________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
d. Second generation -__________
i. He then crossed two of these tall plants together
ii. What happened?_________________________________
_______________________________________________
iii. Different symbols were made to represent the different
generation
1. p1- _______________________________
2. f1-________________________________
3. f2-_________________________________
iv. Mandel did this for seven different traits and he found out
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
______________________________________________

3. e. ***The Rule of unit factors
i. Mendel also discovered that each organism has
_____________________________________________
ii. We know that these factors are ____________ and they are
located on the ______________________.
iii. Genes exists in many different forms these forms are called
__________________________.
1. For example each pea plant had an allele to
determine its height part from the mom and part from
the dad.
f. ***** The rule of dominance
i. We receive as we said two traits one from the mom and
another from the dad the trait that we can see Mendel called
_______________________________.
ii. The other trait – the one we CANT see is called
_____________________________________.
1. For example we know that when Mendel crossed the
tall and short plants ALL the offspring were tall that
tallness in pea plants is ______________________
and shortness is __________________________.
g. **** The rule of segregation
i. When Mendel crossed the two f1 plants and in the f2
generation shortness reappeared told Mendel the
following
1. When gametes are formed the two alleles for each
trait MUST separate.
2. a parent therefore only ______________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________

4. IV. Phenotypes and genotypes
a. Mendel experiment showed us that ________________________
i. Two off spring can look alike but have different genetic
make-ups
b. Phenotype is the _____________________________________.
i. The phenotype of tall plants is ____________ not matter
what the genetic makeup is.
c. Genotype is the _____________________________________.
i. Whether it has TT of Tt or tt
ii. You cant know the genotype just by looking at the organism
iii. An organism is homozygous if _____________________
______________________________________________
1. ___________________________________________
___________________________________________
iv. An organism is heterozygous if _______________________
________________________________________________
V. Mendel’s Dihybrid crosses
a. Mendel then used _______________________________________
_____________________________________________________
i. This is called __________________________________
b. The first generation
i. Mendel took pea plants that had both yellow seed and
round and crossed them with pea plants which their seeds
were green and wrinkled
1. What Mendel found is that all the offspring
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
2. Therefore
a. Dominant was _____________ &
____________________________________.

5. c. The second generation
i. Then Mendel crossed two f1 plants they produced
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
ii. This led to Mendel’s ___________________________
d. The law of independent assortment
i. That genes of different traits are inherited independently
from each other
1. For example ____________________________
a. If a pea plant has Rr the two will separate
VI. The Punnett Square
a. Reginald Punnett came up with a shorthand way of finding the
probability of genes of the offspring
Diploid cross