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IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria - Serbia

   IMPLEMENTATION OF THE MODEL „DRIVING FORCES – PRESSURE –
   STATE – IMPACT - RESPONSE” IN FLOOD RISK ASSESSMENT IN THE
                                UPPER NISHAVA CATCHMENT


I. METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH
The development of a model "Driving Forces - Pressures - State - Impact -
Response" proposed by the European Environment Agency /EEA/ is the first step
in flood risk assessmenty. (Fig. 1).
       Figure. 1. Conceptual framework for assessing flood risk
                                     RESPONSES
                                                Prevention, protection and
                                                mitigation measures for
                                                negative consequences




DRIVING FORCES

        Climate
        Landscape factors
        of the basin


                                                                                IMPACT
PRESSURE
                                                                  Damages
                                                                  Social-economic
     Landuse changes                                              consequences
     Urbanization                                                 Environmental
     Transport infrastructure                                     consequences
     Soil sealing




                                           Historical and future floods
                                           Types of floods
                                           Maximum run-off


                                                                               STATE



                                   EUROPEAN UNION
                    Bulgaria – Serbia IPA Cross-border Programme
 “Assessment of flood risk – a base for sustainable development in upper part of Nishava
                                       catchment”
                                           1
IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria - Serbia

In the preliminary risk assessment, one of the simplest methods for estimating the
flood hazard is the introduction of the "criterion of horizontal distance". A horizontal
distance between the object /settlement, industrial objects, cultural sites, railway
and road network, protected natural areas, etc./ can be determined and located
near the river Nisava (Fig. 2).
Figure 2. Schematic sketch of the criterion of horizontal distance




                   населено
    река 1         място 1
                                                             населено
                                                             място 2
                                        заплаха от
                                        наводнения


                       Xm

              Xm                                  Xm



                                                  Xm

     река 2
                                                                    населено
                                                                    място 3
                                                  риск от
                                                наводнения




Our preliminary research showed that the distance of objects at 200 m from the
river is suitable for the conditions of the river basin Nišava.
According to the directive 60/2007-EU, the following categories are used in
assessment of adverse effects: "human health", "industry", "environment" and
"cultural heritage".


II. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE MODEL „DRIVING FORCES – PRESSURE –
STATE – IMPACT - RESPONCE”
DRIVING FORCES
                                   EUROPEAN UNION
                    Bulgaria – Serbia IPA Cross-border Programme
 “Assessment of flood risk – a base for sustainable development in upper part of Nishava
                                       catchment”
                                            2
IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria - Serbia

According to the conceptual framework of the model /Fig.1/ drivers for flood
formation are the climate and landscape conditions of the research basin.
Climatic factors
1.Atmosferic-circulation systems
The geographical location of the territory of Serbia defines the invasion of air
masses coming predominantly from the northwest (Ducic, Radovanovic, 2005).
The types of air masses that determine the weather conditions in the basin of
Nishava River are Arctic - sea, continental arctic, continental polar, polar - marine,
tropical - continental, tropical sea.




Fig. 3 Hydrometrical network within Nishava River Basin
2. Air temperature
The analysis of data from 55 weather stations for the period 1946-2006 shows
that the highest average monthly temperatures are in July and lowest in January.
In the northern part of Serbia, the average annual temperatures are between 10.8
and 11.5 ° C, and in the lowlands of Central and Southern Serbia temperatures
are between 10.0 and 12.1 ° C.

                                   EUROPEAN UNION
                    Bulgaria – Serbia IPA Cross-border Programme
 “Assessment of flood risk – a base for sustainable development in upper part of Nishava
                                       catchment”
                                           3
IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria - Serbia



Precipitation factors
The average precipitation in the territory of Serbia is 699.7 mm / year. The mode
of precipitation is very diverse, since the annual rainfall in different parts of the
country reaches extreme values (1500 mm drainage area of White River Drim to
900 mm in the upper parts of the river Ibar river or river Plavska Lepenitsa).
Generally, the month of greatest rainfall is June, and the month of least - February
or March.


Landscape factors
1. Lithological basis
Nishava River Basin at Pirot, without Visocica, is composed of limestone,
represented by marly-sandstone passing into massive limestone, urgonian
limestone with impurities of shales, marls and sands.




Fig. 4 Geological structure of Nishava River Basin
2. Landscape
                                   EUROPEAN UNION
                    Bulgaria – Serbia IPA Cross-border Programme
 “Assessment of flood risk – a base for sustainable development in upper part of Nishava
                                       catchment”
                                           4
IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria - Serbia

Serbia is a country with mostly hilly and mountainous terrain type (65% of the
territory) and 60,000 km2 of agricultural land are permanent. About 30% of the
Danube Basin in Serbia is forested (ICPDR, 2006). The relief within the river
catchment is mostly mountainous.
3. Soils
Three main types of soils are typical of the region - organic-rich black soil
(chernozem), slightly acidic brown podzolic, podzolic soils infertile.




Fig. 5 Soils in Nishava River Basin


4. Vegetation
The biodiversity in Nišava River Basin is characterized by big diversity. Each
altitude zone is characterized by a certain type of vegetation. In eastern Serbia,
the vegetation is represented by three main types: meadows, pastures, forests.


PRESSURE
The main factors which generally intensify torrential processes are changes in land
use, soil sealing, urbanization and transport infrastructure.
                                   EUROPEAN UNION
                    Bulgaria – Serbia IPA Cross-border Programme
 “Assessment of flood risk – a base for sustainable development in upper part of Nishava
                                       catchment”
                                           5
IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria - Serbia



1. Changes in land use




Figure. 6 Land use in Nishava River Basin / Corine, 2006 /


These destructive changes in the land cover and landscape often weaken the
retention and bioecological functions of forests and strengthen-torrential erosion.


1. Soil sealing
Soil sealing in recent years is estimated to be substantial global threat not only to
soils but also to intensification of the surface run-off formation during heavy rains.
Compared with 2000, in 2006 the growth of soil sealing rate is insignificant - with
10.69 km2. Almost negligible in 2006 is the increased the area of industrial and
commercial buildings and road infrastructure and the area of sports, and
recreation and urban fabric slightly decreased.


2. Urbanization
Generally, urbanization increases the frequency of flood occurrence and reduces
the time for formation of high waves due to soil sealing. Flooded river terraces of
Nišava river and its tributaries are a preferred place for business development.

                                   EUROPEAN UNION
                    Bulgaria – Serbia IPA Cross-border Programme
 “Assessment of flood risk – a base for sustainable development in upper part of Nishava
                                       catchment”
                                           6
IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria - Serbia

The settlement network is comprised of 307 cities /incl. 7 cities/. The density of
urban settlement network is 7.5 / 100 km2. 72% of the total area of settlements lay
within the 200m buffer zone around rivers.




Fig. 7 Settlement network inNishava River Basin


1. Transportation infrastructure
The transport infrastructure intensifies the processes of floods formation and thier
catastrophic effect. The еxisting road network in Nishava river basin has
inadequate drainage systems, which redirects surface runoff from other areas
during intense rainfall, which together with the local surface runoff can cause a
rapid rise in river level and a flood event. It should also be taken into account that
the transport infrastructure is crucial for the evacuation of the population and
access to emergency service in case of flooding.




                                   EUROPEAN UNION
                    Bulgaria – Serbia IPA Cross-border Programme
 “Assessment of flood risk – a base for sustainable development in upper part of Nishava
                                       catchment”
                                           7
IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria - Serbia




Fig. 8 Transport infrastructure in the buffer zone of 200 m in Nishava River Basin


VI.STATE
The described climatic and landscape features of the catchment of Nisava river
and the changes occurred in the recent years in termds of land use, intensification
of urbanization processes and infrastructure development are key factors for
formation and occurrence of floods in the river basin. Particularly devastating
torrential floods causing considerable damage and casualties are those in 1929,
1942-1943, 1957-1958, 1980, 30.11.2007, 15.05.2010




                                   EUROPEAN UNION
                    Bulgaria – Serbia IPA Cross-border Programme
 “Assessment of flood risk – a base for sustainable development in upper part of Nishava
                                       catchment”
                                           8
IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria - Serbia




       Fig. 9 Floods in Nishava River Basin


VII. IMPACT


VII.1. Negative effects of past floods
No information about past floods in Nishava River Basin was found in the sources
of information. However, it can be concluded that they are important primarily in
relation to protected categories "human health" and "business".


VII.2. Potential negative consequences
The potential risk in the Nishava River Basin exists regarding the protected
categories "human health", "business", "environment" and "cultural heritage".


Table 1. Affected people
 Settlements        Size of Area of the Population,          Occupancy         Number
 within a 200 m urban         city,            number    of density        of of people

                                   EUROPEAN UNION
                    Bulgaria – Serbia IPA Cross-border Programme
 “Assessment of flood risk – a base for sustainable development in upper part of Nishava
                                       catchment”
                                           9
IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria - Serbia

 buffer        zone area,                           located     in people               population,      affected
 from rivers                            km2         200         m                       prs/ km2
                                                    buffer zone
                                                    of     rivers,
                                                    km2
 Godech                                 6,14        3,72              4425              720              2677
 Bela palanka                           2,17        0,69              8112              3731             2575


 Trun
 Dimitrovgrad                           1,91        0,93              6247              3270             3052
 Pirot                                  7,96        1,87              38432             4828             9039
 Nis                                    22,32       1,87              177972            7974             32417


Table 2. Potential risk category „Industry”
                                             Criterion                       Total     In     buffer %
               ed area
                         Protect




                                                                                       200m


                                             Industry
                         Economic activity




                                             Industrial           and 8,45             1,09           12,9
                                             commercial objects,
                                             km2
                                             Transport infrastricture
                                             Lenght        of        the 946,176 271,426              28,7
                                             transport
                                             infrastructure, km
                                             Total lenght of the 175,847 61,48                        35,0
                                             railway network, km
                                             Agriculture
                                             Complexes                of 436,57        55,86          13,0

                                   EUROPEAN UNION
                    Bulgaria – Serbia IPA Cross-border Programme
 “Assessment of flood risk – a base for sustainable development in upper part of Nishava
                                       catchment”
                                                                     10
IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria - Serbia

                                  fragmented
                                  agricultural land, km2
                                  Vineyards, km2               1,53      0,31         20,3
                                  Non-irrigated arable
                                  land, km2                    268,47    39,90        14,9
                                  Agricultural land with
                                  significant areas of
                                  natural      vegetation,
                                  km2                          506,72    102,82       20,3
                                  Pasture, km2                 109,83    10,47        9,5
                                  Fruit     and     berries
                                  plantations                  0,73      0,11         15,1
                                  Protected areas Natura 2000
               ment"
                       "Environ




                                  Birds Directive              467,28    58,10        12,4
                                  Habitats Directive           453,05    70,73        15,6
                                  Protected areas /R.
                                  Serbia/                      823,94    74,69        9,1


Table 3. Potential flood risk for the transport infrastructure in Nishava River Basin
 Class roads                              Length of road network, Length of %                Of   the
                                          km                            road         length of the
                                                                        network,     road     network
                                                                        located in located         in
                                                                        the buffer bufernnata
                                                                        zone 200, 200 m area.
                                                                        km
 Highway                                  6,843                         1,369        20
 Highway project                          10,057                        2,645        26,3
 Second class roads                       304,300                       86,092       28,3
                                   EUROPEAN UNION
                    Bulgaria – Serbia IPA Cross-border Programme
 “Assessment of flood risk – a base for sustainable development in upper part of Nishava
                                       catchment”
                                                       11
IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria - Serbia

First class roads              170,232                      40,379          23,7
Third class roads              454,742                      140,939         31,0


Table 4. Flood risk and NATURA 2000 objects
Name                    Area km2                 Area km2 in 200 % of area in 200
                                                 m buffer zone        m buffer zone
Birds directive 2009/147/ЕС
Noevci                  3,69                     0,82                 22,2
Ruy                     173,45                   18,38                10,59
Rayanovci               90,24                    10,70                11,85
Ponor                   128,19                   16,71                13,03
West Balkan             71,69                    11,47                15,99
Habitats directive 92/43/ЕЕС
Rebro                   2,13                     0,91                 42,72
Dragoman                109,15                   13,61                12,46
West          Balkan                                                  17,72
Mountain         and 274,21                      48,60
Forebalkan
Kurvav kamuk            37,80                    2,12                 5,6
Ruy                     17,06                    5,25                 30,77
Lubash                  12,67                    0,20                 1,57
Protected reas /R.Serbia/
Erma river gorge        0,15                     0,11                 73,3
Temna dupka             0,19                     0,03                 15,78
Kotlite                 0,17                     0,15                 88,23
Zaskogo                 0,27                     0,11                 40,74
Uruchnik                0,16                     0,08                 50,00
Klisura    Osanicke                                                   9,1
                        80,84                    7,36
reke
                                   EUROPEAN UNION
                    Bulgaria – Serbia IPA Cross-border Programme
 “Assessment of flood risk – a base for sustainable development in upper part of Nishava
                                       catchment”
                                           12
IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria - Serbia

 Bifurkacija     reke                                                 90,02
                        74,21                    66,81
 Nerodimke


VIII. ANSWER
The measures taken in Nishava River Basin in the past are engineering-technical
/corrections of the watercourses, construction of dams and protective walls/. The
river flow is regulates within the cities Godech and Dimitrovgrad.
The analysis of the functioning system of measures for flood protection shows that
it is not particularly efficient in cases of extreme floods with very little repetition.
Acceptable level of protection could be achieved only after detailed mapping of the
flood risks under various scenarios. An adequate scheme of measures (hydro-
technical) and non-engineetring measures needs to be determined.




   This publication was elaboraed with the assistance of the European Union,
               through IPA Cross-border co-operation programme
                            CCI No 2007CB16IPO006.
  The contents of this publication is a responsibility of the SRD-SU „St. Kliment
Ohridski” and should in no way be accepted as a statement of the European Union
                  or the Managaing Authority of the programme.




                                   EUROPEAN UNION
                    Bulgaria – Serbia IPA Cross-border Programme
 “Assessment of flood risk – a base for sustainable development in upper part of Nishava
                                       catchment”
                                           13

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Model dfpsir nishava_en

  • 1. IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria - Serbia IMPLEMENTATION OF THE MODEL „DRIVING FORCES – PRESSURE – STATE – IMPACT - RESPONSE” IN FLOOD RISK ASSESSMENT IN THE UPPER NISHAVA CATCHMENT I. METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH The development of a model "Driving Forces - Pressures - State - Impact - Response" proposed by the European Environment Agency /EEA/ is the first step in flood risk assessmenty. (Fig. 1). Figure. 1. Conceptual framework for assessing flood risk RESPONSES Prevention, protection and mitigation measures for negative consequences DRIVING FORCES Climate Landscape factors of the basin IMPACT PRESSURE Damages Social-economic Landuse changes consequences Urbanization Environmental Transport infrastructure consequences Soil sealing Historical and future floods Types of floods Maximum run-off STATE EUROPEAN UNION Bulgaria – Serbia IPA Cross-border Programme “Assessment of flood risk – a base for sustainable development in upper part of Nishava catchment” 1
  • 2. IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria - Serbia In the preliminary risk assessment, one of the simplest methods for estimating the flood hazard is the introduction of the "criterion of horizontal distance". A horizontal distance between the object /settlement, industrial objects, cultural sites, railway and road network, protected natural areas, etc./ can be determined and located near the river Nisava (Fig. 2). Figure 2. Schematic sketch of the criterion of horizontal distance населено река 1 място 1 населено място 2 заплаха от наводнения Xm Xm Xm Xm река 2 населено място 3 риск от наводнения Our preliminary research showed that the distance of objects at 200 m from the river is suitable for the conditions of the river basin Nišava. According to the directive 60/2007-EU, the following categories are used in assessment of adverse effects: "human health", "industry", "environment" and "cultural heritage". II. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE MODEL „DRIVING FORCES – PRESSURE – STATE – IMPACT - RESPONCE” DRIVING FORCES EUROPEAN UNION Bulgaria – Serbia IPA Cross-border Programme “Assessment of flood risk – a base for sustainable development in upper part of Nishava catchment” 2
  • 3. IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria - Serbia According to the conceptual framework of the model /Fig.1/ drivers for flood formation are the climate and landscape conditions of the research basin. Climatic factors 1.Atmosferic-circulation systems The geographical location of the territory of Serbia defines the invasion of air masses coming predominantly from the northwest (Ducic, Radovanovic, 2005). The types of air masses that determine the weather conditions in the basin of Nishava River are Arctic - sea, continental arctic, continental polar, polar - marine, tropical - continental, tropical sea. Fig. 3 Hydrometrical network within Nishava River Basin 2. Air temperature The analysis of data from 55 weather stations for the period 1946-2006 shows that the highest average monthly temperatures are in July and lowest in January. In the northern part of Serbia, the average annual temperatures are between 10.8 and 11.5 ° C, and in the lowlands of Central and Southern Serbia temperatures are between 10.0 and 12.1 ° C. EUROPEAN UNION Bulgaria – Serbia IPA Cross-border Programme “Assessment of flood risk – a base for sustainable development in upper part of Nishava catchment” 3
  • 4. IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria - Serbia Precipitation factors The average precipitation in the territory of Serbia is 699.7 mm / year. The mode of precipitation is very diverse, since the annual rainfall in different parts of the country reaches extreme values (1500 mm drainage area of White River Drim to 900 mm in the upper parts of the river Ibar river or river Plavska Lepenitsa). Generally, the month of greatest rainfall is June, and the month of least - February or March. Landscape factors 1. Lithological basis Nishava River Basin at Pirot, without Visocica, is composed of limestone, represented by marly-sandstone passing into massive limestone, urgonian limestone with impurities of shales, marls and sands. Fig. 4 Geological structure of Nishava River Basin 2. Landscape EUROPEAN UNION Bulgaria – Serbia IPA Cross-border Programme “Assessment of flood risk – a base for sustainable development in upper part of Nishava catchment” 4
  • 5. IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria - Serbia Serbia is a country with mostly hilly and mountainous terrain type (65% of the territory) and 60,000 km2 of agricultural land are permanent. About 30% of the Danube Basin in Serbia is forested (ICPDR, 2006). The relief within the river catchment is mostly mountainous. 3. Soils Three main types of soils are typical of the region - organic-rich black soil (chernozem), slightly acidic brown podzolic, podzolic soils infertile. Fig. 5 Soils in Nishava River Basin 4. Vegetation The biodiversity in Nišava River Basin is characterized by big diversity. Each altitude zone is characterized by a certain type of vegetation. In eastern Serbia, the vegetation is represented by three main types: meadows, pastures, forests. PRESSURE The main factors which generally intensify torrential processes are changes in land use, soil sealing, urbanization and transport infrastructure. EUROPEAN UNION Bulgaria – Serbia IPA Cross-border Programme “Assessment of flood risk – a base for sustainable development in upper part of Nishava catchment” 5
  • 6. IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria - Serbia 1. Changes in land use Figure. 6 Land use in Nishava River Basin / Corine, 2006 / These destructive changes in the land cover and landscape often weaken the retention and bioecological functions of forests and strengthen-torrential erosion. 1. Soil sealing Soil sealing in recent years is estimated to be substantial global threat not only to soils but also to intensification of the surface run-off formation during heavy rains. Compared with 2000, in 2006 the growth of soil sealing rate is insignificant - with 10.69 km2. Almost negligible in 2006 is the increased the area of industrial and commercial buildings and road infrastructure and the area of sports, and recreation and urban fabric slightly decreased. 2. Urbanization Generally, urbanization increases the frequency of flood occurrence and reduces the time for formation of high waves due to soil sealing. Flooded river terraces of Nišava river and its tributaries are a preferred place for business development. EUROPEAN UNION Bulgaria – Serbia IPA Cross-border Programme “Assessment of flood risk – a base for sustainable development in upper part of Nishava catchment” 6
  • 7. IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria - Serbia The settlement network is comprised of 307 cities /incl. 7 cities/. The density of urban settlement network is 7.5 / 100 km2. 72% of the total area of settlements lay within the 200m buffer zone around rivers. Fig. 7 Settlement network inNishava River Basin 1. Transportation infrastructure The transport infrastructure intensifies the processes of floods formation and thier catastrophic effect. The еxisting road network in Nishava river basin has inadequate drainage systems, which redirects surface runoff from other areas during intense rainfall, which together with the local surface runoff can cause a rapid rise in river level and a flood event. It should also be taken into account that the transport infrastructure is crucial for the evacuation of the population and access to emergency service in case of flooding. EUROPEAN UNION Bulgaria – Serbia IPA Cross-border Programme “Assessment of flood risk – a base for sustainable development in upper part of Nishava catchment” 7
  • 8. IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria - Serbia Fig. 8 Transport infrastructure in the buffer zone of 200 m in Nishava River Basin VI.STATE The described climatic and landscape features of the catchment of Nisava river and the changes occurred in the recent years in termds of land use, intensification of urbanization processes and infrastructure development are key factors for formation and occurrence of floods in the river basin. Particularly devastating torrential floods causing considerable damage and casualties are those in 1929, 1942-1943, 1957-1958, 1980, 30.11.2007, 15.05.2010 EUROPEAN UNION Bulgaria – Serbia IPA Cross-border Programme “Assessment of flood risk – a base for sustainable development in upper part of Nishava catchment” 8
  • 9. IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria - Serbia Fig. 9 Floods in Nishava River Basin VII. IMPACT VII.1. Negative effects of past floods No information about past floods in Nishava River Basin was found in the sources of information. However, it can be concluded that they are important primarily in relation to protected categories "human health" and "business". VII.2. Potential negative consequences The potential risk in the Nishava River Basin exists regarding the protected categories "human health", "business", "environment" and "cultural heritage". Table 1. Affected people Settlements Size of Area of the Population, Occupancy Number within a 200 m urban city, number of density of of people EUROPEAN UNION Bulgaria – Serbia IPA Cross-border Programme “Assessment of flood risk – a base for sustainable development in upper part of Nishava catchment” 9
  • 10. IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria - Serbia buffer zone area, located in people population, affected from rivers km2 200 m prs/ km2 buffer zone of rivers, km2 Godech 6,14 3,72 4425 720 2677 Bela palanka 2,17 0,69 8112 3731 2575 Trun Dimitrovgrad 1,91 0,93 6247 3270 3052 Pirot 7,96 1,87 38432 4828 9039 Nis 22,32 1,87 177972 7974 32417 Table 2. Potential risk category „Industry” Criterion Total In buffer % ed area Protect 200m Industry Economic activity Industrial and 8,45 1,09 12,9 commercial objects, km2 Transport infrastricture Lenght of the 946,176 271,426 28,7 transport infrastructure, km Total lenght of the 175,847 61,48 35,0 railway network, km Agriculture Complexes of 436,57 55,86 13,0 EUROPEAN UNION Bulgaria – Serbia IPA Cross-border Programme “Assessment of flood risk – a base for sustainable development in upper part of Nishava catchment” 10
  • 11. IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria - Serbia fragmented agricultural land, km2 Vineyards, km2 1,53 0,31 20,3 Non-irrigated arable land, km2 268,47 39,90 14,9 Agricultural land with significant areas of natural vegetation, km2 506,72 102,82 20,3 Pasture, km2 109,83 10,47 9,5 Fruit and berries plantations 0,73 0,11 15,1 Protected areas Natura 2000 ment" "Environ Birds Directive 467,28 58,10 12,4 Habitats Directive 453,05 70,73 15,6 Protected areas /R. Serbia/ 823,94 74,69 9,1 Table 3. Potential flood risk for the transport infrastructure in Nishava River Basin Class roads Length of road network, Length of % Of the km road length of the network, road network located in located in the buffer bufernnata zone 200, 200 m area. km Highway 6,843 1,369 20 Highway project 10,057 2,645 26,3 Second class roads 304,300 86,092 28,3 EUROPEAN UNION Bulgaria – Serbia IPA Cross-border Programme “Assessment of flood risk – a base for sustainable development in upper part of Nishava catchment” 11
  • 12. IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria - Serbia First class roads 170,232 40,379 23,7 Third class roads 454,742 140,939 31,0 Table 4. Flood risk and NATURA 2000 objects Name Area km2 Area km2 in 200 % of area in 200 m buffer zone m buffer zone Birds directive 2009/147/ЕС Noevci 3,69 0,82 22,2 Ruy 173,45 18,38 10,59 Rayanovci 90,24 10,70 11,85 Ponor 128,19 16,71 13,03 West Balkan 71,69 11,47 15,99 Habitats directive 92/43/ЕЕС Rebro 2,13 0,91 42,72 Dragoman 109,15 13,61 12,46 West Balkan 17,72 Mountain and 274,21 48,60 Forebalkan Kurvav kamuk 37,80 2,12 5,6 Ruy 17,06 5,25 30,77 Lubash 12,67 0,20 1,57 Protected reas /R.Serbia/ Erma river gorge 0,15 0,11 73,3 Temna dupka 0,19 0,03 15,78 Kotlite 0,17 0,15 88,23 Zaskogo 0,27 0,11 40,74 Uruchnik 0,16 0,08 50,00 Klisura Osanicke 9,1 80,84 7,36 reke EUROPEAN UNION Bulgaria – Serbia IPA Cross-border Programme “Assessment of flood risk – a base for sustainable development in upper part of Nishava catchment” 12
  • 13. IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria - Serbia Bifurkacija reke 90,02 74,21 66,81 Nerodimke VIII. ANSWER The measures taken in Nishava River Basin in the past are engineering-technical /corrections of the watercourses, construction of dams and protective walls/. The river flow is regulates within the cities Godech and Dimitrovgrad. The analysis of the functioning system of measures for flood protection shows that it is not particularly efficient in cases of extreme floods with very little repetition. Acceptable level of protection could be achieved only after detailed mapping of the flood risks under various scenarios. An adequate scheme of measures (hydro- technical) and non-engineetring measures needs to be determined. This publication was elaboraed with the assistance of the European Union, through IPA Cross-border co-operation programme CCI No 2007CB16IPO006. The contents of this publication is a responsibility of the SRD-SU „St. Kliment Ohridski” and should in no way be accepted as a statement of the European Union or the Managaing Authority of the programme. EUROPEAN UNION Bulgaria – Serbia IPA Cross-border Programme “Assessment of flood risk – a base for sustainable development in upper part of Nishava catchment” 13