This document discusses the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in risk management and disaster response. It defines GIS as a system for storing, analyzing, and presenting spatially-referenced data in layers. The document then discusses disaster management and risk assessment methods before explaining how GIS can help with risk assessment for earthquakes, floods, and epidemiology by providing spatial data and modeling capabilities. The conclusion states that GIS is an important tool for risk management by facilitating data collection and risk simulation to aid emergency preparation and response.

1. USE OF GIS IN RISK
MANAGEMENT
BY:
NISARG GANDHI
11BCL011

2. CONTENTS
•
•
•
•
•
WHAT IS GIS?
WHAT IS DISASTER MANAGEMENT
GENERAL METHODS OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT
NEED OF GIS IN RISK MANAGEMENT
ROLE OF GIS IN VARIOUS DISASTER MANAGEMANT
EARTHQUAKE
FLOOD
EPIDEMOLOLOGY
• CONCLUSIONS

3. WHAT IS GIS?
• GIS- Geographic Information System.
• A Geographic Information System (GIS) can be defined as an organized
collection of software and geographic data that allow efficient storage,
analysis, and presentation of spatially explicit and geographically referenced
information.
• GIS is a rapidly growing technological field that incorporates graphical
features with tabular data in order to assess real-world problems.

4. WHAT IS GIS?
• GIS data generally consist of two components: (1) graphical data about
geographic features (e.g., rivers, land use, political boundaries), and (2) tabular
data about features in the geography (e.g., population, elevation, modelled
ambient concentrations of air toxics).
• GIS combines these different types of data using a “layering” technique that
references each type of data to a uniform geographic coordinate system
(usually a grid such as latitude and longitude coordinates). Layered data can
then be analysed using special software to create new layers of data.

5. WHAT IS DISASTER MANAGEMENT?
• Also known as EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT or RISK ASSESSMENT.
• Disaster/Emergency management can refer to the work of a public authority
(government), a group of professions such as police officers and soldiers, or
an interdisciplinary research field. It may also involve preparedness training by
private citizens, as by FEMA in the United States. All aspects of emergency
management deal with the processes used to protect populations or organizations
from the consequences of disasters, wars and acts of terrorism.
• Disaster management doesn't necessarily avert or eliminate the threats themselves,
although the study and prediction of the threats is an important part of the field.

6. GENERAL METHODS FOR DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
• Risk assessment is a complex process aiming at evaluating the different
aspects that can disrupt or destruct a system, providing means for
understanding the causes and consequences of those risks.
• Traditionally, risk assessment relies on mathematical models to establish the
likelihood of a given event occurring with a given degree of intensity in a
given site. The major limitation of this type of approach is that risk
necessarily entails uncertainty and it is necessary to make realistic hypotheses
about possible future scenarios.

7. GENERAL METHODS FOR DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
• For complex systems, such as critical infrastructures, which comprise many
components over significant geographical areas, the understanding of all factors
involved in a risk situation is particularly demanding, Therefore, risk assessment
approaches require to take into account all relevant social, economic, cultural, and
political aspects, in order to define the vulnerability, resilience and capacity of
response of a territorial system to different threats.
• A fundamental principal of risk assessment is that natural or industrial hazards are
location dependent, and that generally (within an acceptable range of uncertainty)
reliable historical and location specific data are available – e.g. regarding failures,
potential damages, etc.

8. GENERAL METHODS FOR DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
• Many of the decisions we make every day involve being able to access,
understand and utilize the space around us. This type of information is
referred to as spatial information, and by visualizing, we can see
relationships, patterns, and trends that may not otherwise be apparent.

9. GIS AND RISK
ASSESSMENT
Use Of GIS During And Before Various Disasters

10. NEED OF GIS IN RISK ASSESSMENT
• There is a critical need for consistent standards to avoid fragmentation of
information.
• Consistent data consolidation over many years helps transform data into
knowledge.
• The explosion of new applications for risk management data means that the
opportunity to benefit from acceptance of standards is not limited to claims or
other risk management data.
• The role of risk management in the enterprise is transforming, as an
increasing variety of types of information relating to organizations' risk exposures
become accessible and manageable from individual desktop computers.

11. NEED OF GIS IN RISK ASSESSMENT
• GIS is a tool for performing catastrophe
needs assessment, to help answer such
questions as:
 How big and how bad will a natural
disaster be?
 How will it affect our insurance
portfolio?
 Where should we set up catastrophe
operations?
 How many adjusters and independents
should we assign, and how soon?

12. NEED OF GIS IN RISK ASSESSMENT

13. GIS FOR EARTHQUAKE HAZARD
• There are two methods:
1. A simple method, followed by the RADIUS
methodology, in which Peak Ground
Acceleration is calculated for a scenario
earthquake, and the amplification of soil is
treated by simple multiplication values. This
method gives only a very general approximation
of the hazard
2. A second method in which the earthquake
spectra is considered, and calculate the natural
frequency of the soil, which is used to delineate
areas which will experience large ground
amplifications at specific frequencies which
correspond to natural frequencies of certain
building types.

14. GIS IN FLOOD RISK MANAGEMENT

15. GIS IN FLOOD RISK MANAGEMENT

16. GIS IN FLOOD RISK MANAGEMENT

17. GIS IN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES
• The branch of medicine that deals
with the incidence, distribution, and
control of diseases.
• The GIS establishes spatial relations
between a disease and other
information (the distance of the
possible pollution sources, the
presence of cluster...), through the
geocoding; other GIS tools important
for epidemiology are the overlay
process and the buffer calculation.

18. BENEFITS OF GIS FOR RISK
MANAGEMENT
• GIS proves an important aid for risk management
• Gathering data to create a GIS to meet potential emergencies requires an immediate
and concentrated effort. It is far easier to accomplish this task before an attack or
emergency than in its aftermath.
• GIS can deliver not only data on hazards in the region information on building,
lifelines, and critical facilities, but can also contain built in risk assessment
programmes that allow the planner to simulate disaster scenarios and graphically
view the potential damages and affected areas as well as plan rescue operations.