BIOLOGY FORM 4 CHAPTER 2 PART 1 - CELL STRUCTURE

1. BIOLOGY FORM 4
CHAPTER 2
CELL STRUCTURE (2.1)

2. Lesson Outcome:
• Define the term of organelles
• Identify the component of organelles
in an animal cell and plant cell
• state the functions of the cellular
components in an animal cell
• state the functions of the cellular
components in a plant cell

8. • the living component of a cell.
• Protoplasm = cytoplasm + nucleus
• surrounded by the plasma membrane.
• Plant cells have an outer boundary called the cell
wall.
PROTOPLASM

9. Animal cell
Plant cell

12. Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Mitochondria

13. Cell wall
Cell membrane
Mitochondria
Vacuole
Cytoplasm
Chloroplast
Nucleus

15. Components Of The Cell

16. Components Of The Cell
STRUCTURE
Organelles Non-organelles
Mitochondri
a
Lysosome
Ribosome
Chloroplast
Centrioles
Vacuoles
Golgi
apparatus
Nucleus
ER
Plasma
membrane
Cytoplasm
Cell wall

17. NON-ORGANELLES

18. NON ORGANELLES
1. Plasma membrane
2. Cytoplasm
3. Cell wall (found only in plants)

19. 1. PLASMA MEMBRANE

21. 1. PLASMA MEMBRANE
STRUCTURE
 Thin,
 semi-permeable
membrane

22. • Separates the content
of the cell from its
external environment.
• Regulates the
movement of
substances entering
and leaving the cell.
• Allows the exchange
of nutrients,
respiratory gases and
wastes products
between the cell and
its environment.

23. 2. CYTOPLASM
STRUCTURE
 Jelly-like substance
containing water
and mineral salt
 Contains
organelles
Cytoplas
m

24. • Acts as a medium
where biochemical
reactions and most
living processes
occur within the cell.
• Provides the
organelles with
substances obtained
from external
environment.

25. 3. CELL WALL

26. 3. Maintains the shape of plant cells.

27. Cell wall
• Protects plants cells from rupturing due to the
movement of excess water into the cells.

30. Animal Cells Plant Cells
Centrioles
Lysosomes
Nucleus
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Ribosomes
Golgi apparatus
Chloroplasts
Venn Diagrams ORGANELLES

31. NUCLEUS
STRUCTURE
 Spherical with double
membrane
 Contain
1. nucleolus,
2. chromosome and
3. nuclear membrane

32. • Controls cellular
activities.
• Nucleus membrane
controls inflow and
outflow of material to
and from nucleus
• Nucleolus acts as site
of ribosome
construction.
• Chromosome carries
hereditary information
(DNA).

34. Nucleus: largest organelle
found in all cells
 except:
Mature red blood cells
phloem sieve
element

35. The outer membrane of the nuclear
envelope is continuous with:
the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

36. RIBOSOME
STRUCTURE
 Small particle
 consist of
RNA

37. Ribosomes are located :
bound to the
rough endoplasmic
reticulum
Cell membrane
Microtubule
Microfilament
free in cytoplasm Mitochondrion

38. Function
Synthesis of protein

39. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
consists of membrane enclosed tubules
two types of ER:
Rough ER
lined with
ribosomes
Smooth ER
no ribosomes

40. • Forms a network of
transportation within
the cell.
Rough endoplasmic
reticulum
transports protein
synthesised by ribosome
to other parts of the cell
Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
synthesise lipid and
cholesterol.

41. Rough endoplasmic
reticulum

42. Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum

43. Endoplasmic Reticulum

44. Role of the rough ER
RER is concerned with the transport
of proteins which are made by the
ribosomes on its surface

45. Proteins:
enter into the ER via a channel
are transported through the cisternae
are usually being modified en route

46. Proteins from the RER commonly
travel to the Golgi apparatus:

47. Smooth ER
is made up of tubular
cavities
occupies a smaller area
compared to the rough ER
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Function?
[occurs away from
the nucleus]

48. Functions of the
smooth ER:
1. lipid synthesis
 e.g. in the epithelium
of the intestine, the
smooth ER makes
lipids from fatty acids
and glycerol absorbed
from the gut and
passes them to the
Golgi apparatus for
export

49. Functions of the
smooth ER:
2. proteins synthesised on the rough ER
are chemically modified within the
lumen of the smooth ER
3. makes steroids (a type of lipid)
 some steroids are hormones
e.g. testosterone

50. GOLGI APPARATUS
STRUCTURE
 Vacuolar region
surrounded by a
complex
meshwork of
vesicles
budding off at
its end

51. • Functions as a processing, packaging
and transport centre of carbohydrates,
proteins and glycoproteins.
• These materials will be membrane-bound
and secreted through vesicles.

52. Golgi Apparatus

53. The Golgi apparatus consists
of two components:
2. Golgi vesicles
1. Cisternae
Lumen
[stack of flattened,
membrane-bound sacs]

54. New cisternae are constantly formed at one
end of the Golgi & pinched off at another

55. Functions of the Golgi apparatus:
1) it receives proteins from the ER and
chemically modifies them e.g.:
carbohydrate is
added to proteins
to form
glycoproteins
the slime, wax, gum &
mucilage secretions of many
cells are released by the
Golgi apparatus

56. Functions of the Golgi apparatus:
2) proteins are concentrated, packaged, and
sorted before being sent to their cellular or
extracellular destinations
3) forms lysosomes

57. Proteins from the Golgi apparatus can be:
1. secreted
from the
cell
2. passed on
to other
organelles
in the same
cell

58. The Story of Endoplasmic Reticulums (ER)
Here are the points of ER for easy comprehension:
1. There are 2 ER in cells - rough & smooth.
The ribosomes are attached at rough ER.
"This R means Ribosome"
"Ohh... I thought R stands for Rosak Masa Depan Dia."

59. 2. The function of ribosomes are to synthesize
proteins.
The rough ER will carry the proteins.

60. 3. The function of smooth ER is to do
both synthesize & transporting lipids(tough jobs!)
My life is miserable & I like it."

61. 4. Finally, both proteins & lipids will be send
to Golgi apparatus to be further processed
/modified & packaged and send them out of the
cell.
"The reticulums have arrived. Do you really reti xxxxx

62. MITOCHONDRIA
STRUCTURE
 Rod-shape with a double
membrane
 Outer membrane is smooth and
regular while inner membrane is
folded to form cristae
FUNCTION
 Known as the ‘power-house’ of
the cell
 Releases energy as it the site for
aerobic respiration
 Energy generated or released in
the form of ATP (adenosine
triphosphate).

67. LYSOSOMES
STRUCTURE
 Membrane bound
vesicle found in animal
cells only
FUNCTION
 Contain enzyme which
control breakdown of
protein and lipid
 Contain enzyme that
digest aged or defective
cell components
 Self digestion of a cell

68. Lysosomes originate from the Golgi
apparatus:
LYSOSOME
Golgi
apparatus
A lysosome is
surrounded by a
single membrane

69. Lysosomes are:
simple sacs that contain digestive enzymes
such as:
Proteases
Nucleases
Lipases

70. Lysosomes
• As a digestive
compartments.
• In certain unicellular
organisms, lysosomes
fuse with food vacuoles
and dispense their
enzymes into these
vacuoles to digest the
contents of the vacuoles

71. CENTRIOLES
STRUCTURE
 Consist of two cylindrical
body structure arranged at
right angles to one another
 Found only in animal
cells
FUNCTION
 Formation of spindle
fibre during cell division

72. What is the ‘centrosome’?
 the region surrounding the pair of centrioles
in all animal cells
No centrosomes in
plant cells

73. CHLOROPLAST
STRUCTURE
 Disc-shape organelle with
double membrane
 Consist of grana within
stroma
 Each granum contains
chlorophyll pigment
FUNCTION
 Carry out photosynthesis

76. • Chlorophyll captures the
energy of sunlight and
converts light energy into
chemical energy during
photosynthesis.
• The green pigment of
chlorophyll gives plants
their colour.

78. VACUOLE
STRUCTURE
 Cavities filled with cell
sap
 surrounded by a semi-permeable
membrane
called tonoplast
FUNCTION
 Contains water, sugar
and dissolved materials
 Maintains turgidity of
cell in plant

83. Label
plasma membrane
ribosome
mitochondrion
rough ER
smooth ER
nucleolus
cytoplasm
nuclear membrane
lysosome

84. Animal cell

85. Plant cell

88. 95
Different kinds of plant cells
Onion Epidermal Cells
root hair
Root Hair Cell
Guard Cells

89. 96
Different kinds of animal cells
white blood cell
red blood cell
cheek cells
sperm
nerve cell
muscle cell
Amoeba
Paramecium

90. Complete the table below
STRUCTURE
Organelles Non-organelles
__________
structure :
Function :
__________
structure :
Function :
__________
structure :
Function :
__________
structure :
Functon :
__________
structure :
Function :
__________
structure :
Function :
__________
structure :
Function :
__________
structure :
Function :
__________
structure :
Function :
__________
structure :
Function :
__________
structure :
Function :
Homework
__________
structure :
Function :
Function :

91. LETS DO AN ACTIVITY 
 Divide yourself into 6 group
 Each group will be prepared by modeling clay
and manila card.
 Each group’s representative will vote for cell
 In 15 minutes, by using your creativity, build a
model based on the cell and their organelles
 Need to label each structure and state their
function

92. Comparison of
an Animal Cell
& a Plant Cell

93. Animal Cell Plant Cell
Similarities
Both has nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondrion,
ribosome, cell membrane, rough endoplasmic
reticulum, smooth endoplasmic recticulum
and Golgi apparatus

94. Animal Cell Differences Plant Cell
Do not have fixed shape Shape Have a fixed shape
Do not have cell walls Cell walls Have cell walls
Do not have vacuoles. If
present, vacuoles are usually
small and numerous
Vacuoles Have a large central
vacuole
Do not have chloroplasts Chloroplasts
All green plants have
chloroplast which contain
chlorophyll
Have centrioles centrioles Do not have centrioles
Carbohydrate is stored in the
form of glycogen Food storage Carbohydrate is stored in
the form of starch

95. The Density of
Organelles in
Spesific Cells

96. • The number of organelles in each cell varies
according to type of organism and nature of the
cell.
For example,
• more active cells will possess more
mitochondria than less active cells.
• Abundant chloroplasts are found in the
palisade mesophyll cells than other parts of
the leaves.

97. Sperm cells
Require energy to propel through the uterus
towards the Fallopian tubes, so that
fertilisation can take place.
High density of ______

98. Muscle cells
Contract and relax to
enable movement and
flight
High density of ______

99. Cells in meristems
Require large amounts of energy
during active cell division to produce
new cells
High density of ______

100. Mesophyll palisade cells
Absorb sunlight during photosynthesis
High density of ______