What is P2P networks, history, architecture, advantages and weaknesses, Legal issues, Security and Privacy issues, Economic issues, Applications of use and Future developments (April, 2010).
Factors to Consider When Choosing Accounts Payable Services Providers.pptx
Peer to peer Networks
1. Università degli Studi di Trento
Facoltà di Economia
Corso di Laurea Specialistica in Net-Economy
Corso di Telecomunicazioni
Nicola Cerami
2. Index
What is P2P and Security and
History Privacy issues
Architecture of Economic issues
P2P systems Applications of
Advantages and use
weaknesses of Future
P2P Networks developments
Legal issues
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3. What is Peer-to-Peer-1
Is any distribuited network architecture
composed of partecipants that make a portion
of their resources, such as:
Processing power
Disk storage
Network bandwith
Directly available to other network
partecipants
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4. What is Peer-to-Peer-2
Each Peer (usually workstation) has
equivalent capabilities and responsabilities
Peer are both suppliers and consumers of
resources, in contrast to the traditional client-
server model
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7. History
1999: first software dedicated to P2P is
Napster (Fanning)
Spread broadband and ADSL Flat increasingly
accessible
A growing success
Today, huge numer of P2P Systems
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8. Architecture of P2P
systems
1. Centralized architecture
2. Distributed architecture, or pure
3. Mixed or hybrid architecture
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9. Centralized
Networks
Using on the one hand central server(s) or
bootstrapping mechanisms (e.g. eDonkey
network).
Central Server:
Makes communicating between peers
Controls the interaction between clients
Contains no data
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10. Distributed
Architecture
There is no central server managing the
network
Peers act as equals, merging the roles of
clients and server
Many access points
P2P systems for file sharing using this
architecture often
You must install software P2P (e.g Gnutella
protocol, Freenet protocol)
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11. Hybrid P2P Networks
Mix of centralized architecture and decentralized
architecture
Distribute their clients into two groups:
Clients nodes
Overlay nodes
Tipically, each client is able to act according to the
momentary need of the network and can become
part of the respective overlay network used to
coordinate the P2P structure (e.g. Gnutella
protocol).
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12. Advantages and weaknesses
of P2P Networks
Advantages Weaknesses
All clients provide Not guarantee the
resources (Bandwidth, quality of service
Storage space, It is not easy to
Computing power) retrieve information of
Ease of administration interest
Not require major Reliability Data
infrastructure Security
Extreme tolerance in Legal issues
the event of failure
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13. Legal issues-1
The legal framework of reference is appointed
to regulate the c.d. copyright
Italian law:
Act 22 Aprile 1941, n. 633 amended several
times
Dilemma law not legal P2P systems
Art. 171: “anyone who is punisched does not
qualify, for any purpose and in any form”
Limit of the law illegal file sharing
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14. Legal issues-2
European level
Directive 2001/29/CE of the European
Parlament and Council (May 2001)
Telecom package approved by the European
Parlament (Nov 2009)
Sarkozy’s Doctrine
United States
Copyright: Title 17 of the Unites States Code
Violations Federal crimes
Exceptions educational and scientific
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purposes 14
15. Security issues
Fundamental use of antivirus, firewall,
cleaning log files and removal of infectious
agents (virus, spyware, trojan, malware).
Attacks that a client can be, for example:
Using file sharing systems
Sharing an area of your disk
It allows free access to certain ports on your
computer
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16. Privacy issues
Protecting sensitive data (personal, business)
throught the adoption of:
A network of anonymous
Install SW such as PeerGuardian
Encryption and obfuscation protocol
A proxy for connection of the client’s real IP
mask
ect..
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17. Economic issues -1
New ways to access resources SW and HW
Strongly dependent on the market that
produces use-value
A study commissioned by the Dutch
goverment(2009):
“P2P Systems are good for the economy”
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18. Economic issues -2
New ethnic workers (knowledge workers)
Used to solve management problems, improve
communication between companies but also
within the same
Greater sharing of know-how
Faster data trasmission than traditional
networks (client-server)
Less server overload
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COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE 18
19. Applications of use
Often used for file sharing:
More Applications: Napster, Gnutella, FastTrack,
BitTorrent, Direct Connect, eDonkey, Kademila,
etc.
Also widely used on mobile technology:
SymTorrent, Direct Connect Torrent, MobileDC,
etc.
Sharing computational power:
HW mainly shared resources for problem
solving or complex calculations
Examples: SETI@Home, GIMPS,
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20. Future developments -1
Use innovative P2P P2P TV
For the diffusion of high data streams generated in
real time
Using trasmission bandwidth of individual users
Not require server performance
Requires that individual users are provided with
high bandwidth connections in both reception and
trasmission (saturation bandwidth provided by the
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21. Future developments -2
The Server serves as the index, synchronizes the
various users sharing the bandwidth and provides
the data flow and initial users share
So, although in practice a server, after supplying
the initial data flow and have put in
communication the various users, the server is
not interested in the communication becomes
totally P2P systems
Large companies are experimenting with the
possibility of offering paid content
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22. Future developments -3
Limits on the dissemination P2PTV
Systems are:
Technical problems (diffusion
asymmetrical Internet lines, ADSL)
Reliability problems
Legal issues
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23. Future developments -4
Simulator epidemic protocols
University of Bologna is experimenting with
new P2P applications simulator edpidemic
protocols for the study of issues of scale and
dynamism that characterize the moderm
information systems
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24. Future developments -5
There protocols are able to put in
communication between their various
terminals. Such protocols are characterized by
large scale and high dynamics.
The simulator is built from components that
enable rapid prototyping of communication
protocols by combining different data blocks
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25. Future developments -6
Using P2P Networks for mobile technologies
System devised by TerraNet AB (Swedish
company)
Allows:
Local phone calls and send messages (2-20
km)
Make calls to anyone with Internet access
TerraNet
VoIP calls free long distance
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26. Future developments -7
TerraNet integrated with technology every
type of mobile device becomes a wireless
communication
It works via P2P wireless network (mesh
network) and no need for base stations,
antenna installations or infrastructure
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27. Future developments -8
Benefits Weaknesses
For areas of the world Phone companies
where you make obviously do not like
expensive trasmission the idea
infrastructure (Africa, Political issues
South America, etc)
Elimination
communications costs
Greater privacy
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28. Conclusions -1
Network congestion and bandwidth
throlling
Phenomenon increasingly attributed to P2P
systems
Many provider have chosen to use the
bandwidth throlling:
System that cuts the available bandwidth, especially
when using P2P systems
Often the users knows nothing!
For example Fastweb, Vodafone (mobile), Alice e
Tiscali
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29. Conclusions -2
But the new version of uTorrent apparently
meets the needs of the ISP.
uTorrent :
Limiting network congestion, thus helping
Internet Provider
The concept consists of a uTP: magnification
Bittorrent protocol
uTP allow clients to automatically find any
blocks of the network (rule bandwidth
requirements and improves the connections)
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30. Conclusions -3
Version of uTorrent with uTP is still in beta (Nov,
2009) but already is showing positive results
Good thing for us users
Providers would no longer decide on the bandwidth
limitation!
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32. Bibliography
G. Pascuzzi, Il diritto dell’era digitale. Tecnologie
informatiche e regole privatistiche, II edizione, Il
Mulino, Bologna, 2006
Shapiro e Varian, Information Rules. A strategic Guide
to the Network Economy. I edizione, Etas, Novembre
1999.
Slide Corso Telecomunicazioni (dott. Zorat)
Slide Corso Diritto Privato dell’Informatica (dott.
Caso)
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