2. Portrait of AulusMetellus (“the Orator”), Roman Republican, early 1st century BCE

3. The Augustus Primaporta, Roman Imperial, 1st century CE

4. AraPacisAugustae (Altar of Augustan Peace). 13-9 BCE.

6. Titian, Rape of Lucretia, 16th Century CE

7. Roman Republic

8. Portrait of Patrician (“Brutus”), Probably of Etruscan Artistry, Roman Republican, c. 1stcentury BCE

9. Portrait of AulusMetellus (“the Orator”), near Lake Trasimeno, Roman Republican, early 1st century BCE

10. Patrician Carrying Two Portrait Heads, Roman Republican, c. 1st century CE

11. Republican Tomb Relief of the PubliusGessius Family, Via Cassia, 30-13 BCE.

12. The Rise of Julius Caesar

13. Sestertius of Julius Caesar, c. 45 BCE Bust of Julius Caesar, Roman Republican, 1st century BCE

14. Jean-Léon Gérôme. The Death of Caesar. 1859-67. Oil on canvas, 2’4” x 4’11”. Walters Art Museum, Baltimore. Jean-Leon Gerome, Death of Julius Caesar, 1867.

15. Rise of Augustus Marcus Antonius Octavian

16. The Fall of the Hellenistic World 133 BCE 64 BCE 80 BCE 31 BCE Attalos III Pompey Pompey Augustus

17. Bust of Octavian, Roman Republican, c. 39 BCE

18. The Augustus Primaporta, Roman Imperial, 1st century CE (possible copy of 20 CE original).

19. Augustus Primaporta, Roman Imperial 1st century CE. Portrait Head of an Elder. Roman Republican, c.80 BCE.

20. Augustus Primaporta, Roman Imperial 1st century CE. Polykleitos, Doryphoros, Roman Copy, 5th Century CE

21. AulusMetellus (The Orator). Roman Republican c. 80 BCE. Augustus of Primaporta, Roman Imperial 1st Century CE

22. Sol (Sun) on a chariot Luna (moon) Roman standard with sculpture of eagle Roman soldier Parthian soldier Apollo on a griffin Diana on a stag Personification of Bounty Cornucopia

23. Cupid (Eros)

24. Campus Martius

25. Augustus of Primaporta. Copy of a bronze original of c.20 BCE. Marble, height 6’8”. Vatican Museums, Rome. (Stokstad 6-18) Augustus as Pontifex Maximus (“PioClementio”), Roman Imperial, 1st century CE AraPacisAugustae (Altar of Augustan Peace). View from the southwest. 13-9 BCE.

26. AraPacisAugustae (Altar of Augustan Peace). View from the southwest. 13-9 BCE.

28. Imperial procession. Detail of the relief on the south frieze of the AraPacisAugustae. 13-9 BCE.

29. Imperial procession. Detail of the relief on the south frieze of the AraPacisAugustae. 13-9 BCE.

30. Detail of the Panathenaic festival procession. Parthenon, c.447-438 BCE. Imperial procession. Detail of the relief on the south frieze of the AraPacisAugustae. 13-9 BCE.

31. AraPacisAugustae (Altar of Augustan Peace). View from the southwest. 13-9 BCE.

32. Female personification (Tellus?). Panel from the east façade of the AraPacisAugustae. 13-9 BCE.

33. AraPacisAugustae (Altar of Augustan Peace). View from the southwest. 13-9 BCE.

35. Whether a man aspires to the prize of Olympia's palm and breed horses, or rears bullocks, strong for the plough, let his chief care be to choose the mould of the dams. The best-formed cow is fierce-looking, her head ugly, her neck thick, and her dewlaps hanging down from chin to legs. Moreover, her long flank has no limit; all points are large, even the feet; and under the crooked horns are shaggy ears. Nor should I dislike one marked with white spots, or impatient of the yoke, at times fierce with the horn, and more like a bull in face; tall throughout, and she steps sweeping her footprints with the tail's tip. The age to bear motherhood and lawful wedlock ends before the tenth year, and begins after the fourth; the rest of their life is neither fit for breeding nor strong for the plough. Meantime, while lusty youth still abides in the herds, let loose the males; be first to send your cattle to mate, and supply stock after stock by breeding. Life's fairest days are ever the first to flee for hapless mortals; on creep diseases, and sad age, and suffering; and stern death's ruthlessness sweeps away its prey. --Virgil, The Georgics

36. AraPacisAugustae, Altar of Augustan Peace, View from the northeast, 13-9 BCE

37. AraPacis, view from the northeast, Roman Imperial, c. 30-13 BCE.

38. Sus Ovis Taurus = Suovetauralia Census Taking Relief, Rome, Roman Republic, c. 2nd century CE

39. Crowning of Augustus Erection of a Trophy Gemma Augustea. Roman Imperial, Early first century CE

40. Augustus / Jupiter Livia? / Roma Winged Victory Tiberius Oikoumene Oceanus Capricorn Crowning of Augustus Italia eagle Erection of a Trophy

41. Critical Thinking Questions How are the ideals of the Roman republic different than the ideals of 5th century Athens? How does this relationship change under Augustus? What is verism? Why is it a problematic term in the interpretation of Roman republican art? How are Roman origin myths present in the art of the early empire under Augustus? How does Augustus manage the transformation between republic and empire. Why must this be done delicately?