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The  Synapse And The  Presynaptic And  Postsynaptic  Terminals
As we learned when we talked about parts of

    the neuron, neurons have specialized parts
    called dendrites and axons. Dendrites bring
    information into the neuron and axons take
    information away from the neuron.
    Neurons don’t operate in isolation. They

    communicate with each other in networks. If
    you were to think about yourself and all your
    friends as connected by strings so that all of
    you would be part of a network of kids, then
    that’s a bit like neuron networks work, only the
    neurons are in much larger groups than a
    group of you and your friends. Instead of
    strings, the neurons are connected by the
    axons and dendrites.
However, unlike you and your friends connected by

    strings, there is a gap between the place where an
    axon or a dendrite connects with a cell
    body, axon, or dendrite in the network. This gap is
    called the synapse. There are three major parts of
    the synapse:
     1. a presynaptic terminal containing
      neurotransmitter, mitochondria (responsible for energy
      production in the cell) and other cell bodies, called
      organelles
     2. a postsynaptic terminal containing receptor sites for
      neurotransmitter
     3. a synaptic gap or space between the presynaptic
      terminal and the postsynaptic terminal
When an action potential occurs, an electrical

    signal or impulse travels down the axon to the
    presynaptic terminal. When it reaches the
    presynaptic terminal, the electrical impulse causes
    vesicles (little packets of neurotransmitter) to
    move to the presynaptic membrane. There the
    vesicles fuse with the presynaptic membrane and
    release the neurotransmitters they contain into the
    synaptic gap
The neurotransmitter molecules travel across the

    synaptic gap and bind on the other side with
    receptors on the postsynaptic terminal. This
    causes a change in the excitability of the
    postsynaptic cell. The postsynaptic cell will then be
    either more or less likely to fire an action potential,
    depending on whether the impulse is excitatory or
    inhibitory. If the number of excitatory postsynaptic
    events is large enough, the message will then be
    sent along to the next neuron in the network.
Axon and dendrites connecting at the presynaptic/postsynaptic terminals, showing the neurotransmitter being
released into the synaptic gap.
During the process that allows synaptic transmission of

    neurotransmitter to occur, a serious of things have to happen:

     1. the neuron itself has to make the chemicals that will be used as
        neurotransmitter. These are made either in the axon’s presynaptic
        terminal or in the neuron’s cell body.
       2. the neurotransmitter has to be transported to the presynaptic
        terminal if the neurotransmitter has been made in the cell body.
       3. the action potential (the electrical part of the electrochemical event
        that causes a message to be sent) has to travel down the axon and
        cause calcium to enter the cell at the presynaptic terminal. Calcium
        causes neurotransmitter to be released from the presynaptic terminal
        into the synaptic gap.
       4. the released neurotransmitter have to cross the synaptic gap and
        attach to receptor sites on the postsynaptic terminal of the
        neighboring neuron.
       5. Left over neurotransmitter not used to send the message on
        through the neighboring neuron needs to either be taken back up by
        the presynaptic terminal, broken down and recycled so it can be
        used again, or disposed of.

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The Synapse And The Presynaptic And Postsynaptic Terminals

  • 2. As we learned when we talked about parts of  the neuron, neurons have specialized parts called dendrites and axons. Dendrites bring information into the neuron and axons take information away from the neuron. Neurons don’t operate in isolation. They  communicate with each other in networks. If you were to think about yourself and all your friends as connected by strings so that all of you would be part of a network of kids, then that’s a bit like neuron networks work, only the neurons are in much larger groups than a group of you and your friends. Instead of strings, the neurons are connected by the axons and dendrites.
  • 3. However, unlike you and your friends connected by  strings, there is a gap between the place where an axon or a dendrite connects with a cell body, axon, or dendrite in the network. This gap is called the synapse. There are three major parts of the synapse:  1. a presynaptic terminal containing neurotransmitter, mitochondria (responsible for energy production in the cell) and other cell bodies, called organelles  2. a postsynaptic terminal containing receptor sites for neurotransmitter  3. a synaptic gap or space between the presynaptic terminal and the postsynaptic terminal
  • 4. When an action potential occurs, an electrical  signal or impulse travels down the axon to the presynaptic terminal. When it reaches the presynaptic terminal, the electrical impulse causes vesicles (little packets of neurotransmitter) to move to the presynaptic membrane. There the vesicles fuse with the presynaptic membrane and release the neurotransmitters they contain into the synaptic gap
  • 5. The neurotransmitter molecules travel across the  synaptic gap and bind on the other side with receptors on the postsynaptic terminal. This causes a change in the excitability of the postsynaptic cell. The postsynaptic cell will then be either more or less likely to fire an action potential, depending on whether the impulse is excitatory or inhibitory. If the number of excitatory postsynaptic events is large enough, the message will then be sent along to the next neuron in the network.
  • 6. Axon and dendrites connecting at the presynaptic/postsynaptic terminals, showing the neurotransmitter being released into the synaptic gap.
  • 7. During the process that allows synaptic transmission of  neurotransmitter to occur, a serious of things have to happen:  1. the neuron itself has to make the chemicals that will be used as neurotransmitter. These are made either in the axon’s presynaptic terminal or in the neuron’s cell body.  2. the neurotransmitter has to be transported to the presynaptic terminal if the neurotransmitter has been made in the cell body.  3. the action potential (the electrical part of the electrochemical event that causes a message to be sent) has to travel down the axon and cause calcium to enter the cell at the presynaptic terminal. Calcium causes neurotransmitter to be released from the presynaptic terminal into the synaptic gap.  4. the released neurotransmitter have to cross the synaptic gap and attach to receptor sites on the postsynaptic terminal of the neighboring neuron.  5. Left over neurotransmitter not used to send the message on through the neighboring neuron needs to either be taken back up by the presynaptic terminal, broken down and recycled so it can be used again, or disposed of.