From L2: Digital IQ of 100 US Senators. President Obama Pioneered the Social Media Trail. However, Republicans Are Blazing It.

1. SCOTT GALLOWAY
NYU Stern
DOUG GUTHRIE
The George Washington University
School of Business
A Think Tank
for DIGITAL INNOVATION
© L2 2010 L2ThinkTank.com
AUGUST 18, 2010
U.S.Senate

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INTRODUCT ION
The Republicans Strike Back
In January 2010, Republican Scott Brown stunned the nation by
taking Ted Kennedy’s Senate seat in Massachusetts, a Demo-
cratic stronghold. Brown garnered 10 times the number of
Facebook interactions and YouTube views than did Democratic
candidate Martha Coakley. Utilizing Google ads, an iPhone
app, text messages, and Twitter followers, Brown overcame
huge fundraising and awareness deficits.
Town Hall 2.0
Politics online is about more than winning votes, rallying volun-
teers, or fundraising. The era of Web 2.0 provides elected of-
ficials with a platform to engage constituents, solicit feedback,
and mobilize grassroots efforts. On the morning of the special
election in January, Scott Brown had just over 76,000 Facebook
“likes.” Six months into his term the Massachusetts Senator
boasts some 235,000 Facebook “likes” and an active discus-
sion page that includes posts from fans, updates on floor votes
and policy, videos, and other color.
‘I Don’t Email’
Although some politicians have embraced the Web, of the 100
senators in our study, 44 do not have a Twitter account and 15
do not maintain a Facebook page, suggesting there is substan-
tial low-hanging fruit. However, even the most reluctant learners
can take to the medium quickly. After famously stating, “I don’t
email,” during the 2008 campaign, John McCain got his first
Blackberry in January 2009 and took to the Twittersphere. On
the heels of his presidential bid, McCain quickly garnered 1.7
million Twitter followers and 630,000 Facebook “likes,” helping
the Arizona Senator capture the number one spot in the L2
Digital IQ ranking. Not far behind, and gaining, are Tea Party
champion Jim DeMint of South Carolina and freshman Scott
Brown, whose digital velocity puts them in a dead heat to un-
seat McCain at the top of the Index.
President Obama Pioneered the Social Media Trail.
However, Republicans Are Blazing It.
Barack Obama, Inc. was the first organization to unlock the power of the social web.
The numbers: Five million social network supporters across 15 platforms, an email list 13 million strong, 50 million
YouTube viewers who spent more than 14 million hours viewing campaign videos, and three million mobile and SMS
subscribers. The campaign’s digital initiatives were the catalyst for $639 million in online fundraising. The social web
was the backbone of what was likely the most active volunteer base ever established.

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buzz
INTRODUCT ION
DIGITAL IQ INDEX®
MethodologyDigital IQ = A More Robust Democracy
Our thesis is that digital competence provides an opportunity
for senators to authentically engage and mobilize voters and
constituents. Key to managing and developing competence is
an actionable metric. This study attempts to quantify the digital
competence of the 100 U.S. senators. Our aim is to provide a
robust tool to diagnose digital strengths and weaknesses and
prioritize incremental investment in digital.
Like the medium we are assessing, our methodology is dy-
namic, and we hope you will reach out to us with comments
that improve our approach, investigation, and findings. You can
reach us at scott@stern.nyu.edu and guthrie@gwu.edu.
Sincerely,
Scott Galloway
Clinical Associate Professor
of Marketing, NYU Stern
Founder, L2
Facebook - 25%:
• Presence
• Number of Likes
• Like Growth
Twitter - 25%:
• Presence
• Followers
• Velocity of Tweets
• Follower Growth
YouTube - 25%:
• Presence
• Number of Uploads
• Number of Channel/Upload Views
Online Buzz: Blogs - 12.5%:
• Velocity of Mentions on Blogs and Other 2.0 Sites
• Sentiment
Site Traffic: - 12.5%:
• Annual and Monthly Unique Visitors
• Number of Visits
• Traffic Growth
buzz
buzz
buzz
buzz
Doug Guthrie
Dean, The George Washington
School of Business

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Rank Senator State Digital IQ Class
1 John McCain* Arizona 156 Genius
2 Jim DeMint* South Carolina 154 Genius
3 Scott Brown Massachusetts 152 Genius
4 Al Franken Minnesota 143 Genius
4 John Cornyn Texas 143 Genius
4 Harry Reid* Nevada 143 Genius
7 Barbara Boxer* California 140 Genius
8 Russ Feingold* Wisconsin 138 Gifted
9 Bernie Sanders Vermont 136 Gifted
10 Tom Coburn* Oklahoma 135 Gifted
11 Bill Nelson Florida 129 Gifted
12 David Vitter* Louisiana 128 Gifted
13 Claire McCaskill Missouri 126 Gifted
13 Sherrod Brown Ohio 126 Gifted
13 John Thune* South Dakota 126 Gifted
16 Orrin Hatch Utah 125 Gifted
16 Mark Warner Virginia 125 Gifted
DIGITAL I Q RANKIN G
Rank Senator State Digital IQ Class
16 Jim Inhofe Oklahoma 125 Gifted
19 Bob Menendez New Jersey 124 Gifted
19 Jeff Sessions Alabama 124 Gifted
21 Kirsten Gillibrand New York 121 Gifted
21 George LeMieux* Florida 121 Gifted
21 Chuck Grassley* Iowa 121 Gifted
24 John Kerry Massachusetts 119 Average
25 Richard Lugar Indiana 118 Average
26 Chris Dodd* Connecticut 117 Average
27 Richard Burr* North Carolina 116 Average
28 Susan Collins Maine 113 Average
28 Arlen Specter* Pennsylvania 113 Average
30 Lindsey Graham South Carolina 112 Average
30 Patty Murray* Washington 112 Average
32 Jon Kyl Arizona 110 Average
33 Mitch McConnell Kentucky 109 Average
34 Lisa Murkowski* Alaska 108 Average
Color denotes party affiliation. Seats in bold* are open in November. Democrat IndependentRepublican
* Seat is currently up for election
** Appointed to Senate seat July 16

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DIGITAL I Q RANKIN G
Rank Senator State Digital IQ Class
34 Sam Brownback* Kansas 108 Average
36 Joe Lieberman Connecticut 105 Average
36 Jeff Merkley Oregon 105 Average
36 Ron Wyden* Oregon 105 Average
39 Evan Bayh* Indiana 104 Average
40 Kay Bailey Hutchison Texas 103 Average
40 Mark Udall Colorado 103 Average
42 Jim Webb Virginia 100 Average
42 Tom Udall New Mexico 100 Average
42 Chuck Schumer* New York 100 Average
45 Blanche Lincoln* Arkansas 99 Average
45 Michael Bennet* Colorado 99 Average
47 Mark Begich Alaska 98 Average
48 Bob Corker Tennessee 97 Average
49 Ben Cardin Maryland 96 Average
49 Tom Harkin Iowa 96 Average
49 Richard Shelby* Alabama 96 Average
Rank Senator State Digital IQ Class
52 Debbie Stabenow Michigan 95 Average
52 Roger Wicker Mississippi 95 Average
54 Ben Nelson Nebraska 94 Average
55 John Ensign Nevada 93 Average
55 Lamar Alexander Tennessee 93 Average
57 Amy Klobuchar Minnesota 92 Average
57 Frank Lautenberg New Jersey 92 Average
57 Johnny Isakson* Georgia 92 Average
60 Carl Levin Michigan 91 Average
60 Patrick Leahy* Vermont 91 Average
62 John Barrasso Wyoming 90 Average
62 Mary Landrieu Louisiana 90 Average
64 Dick Durbin Illinois 89 Challenged
64 Kay Hagan North Carolina 89 Challenged
64 Mike Crapo* Idaho 89 Challenged
67 Jeff Bingaman New Mexico 88 Challenged
67 Jon Tester Montana 88 Challenged
Democrat IndependentRepublican
* Seat is currently up for election
** Appointed to Senate seat July 16
Color denotes party affiliation. Seats in bold* are open in November.

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DIGITAL I Q RANKIN G
Rank Senator State Digital IQ Class
67 Bob Casey, Jr. Pennsylvania 88 Challenged
70 Barbara Mikulski* Maryland 86 Challenged
71 Ted Kaufman Delaware 84 Challenged
72 Sheldon Whitehouse Rhode Island 83 Challenged
73 Jeanne Shaheen New Hampshire 82 Challenged
73 Robert Foster Bennett* Utah 82 Challenged
75 Saxby Chambliss Georgia 81 Challenged
75 Byron Dorgan* North Dakota 81 Challenged
77 Mike Johanns Nebraska 80 Challenged
77 Kit Bond* Missouri 80 Challenged
79 Herb Kohl Wisconsin 79 Challenged
79 Kent Conrad North Dakota 79 Challenged
81 Daniel Akaka Hawaii 78 Challenged
81 Tim Johnson South Dakota 78 Challenged
81 Mike Enzi Wyoming 78 Challenged
84 Mark Pryor Arkansas 77 Challenged
* Seat is currently up for election
** Appointed to Senate seat July 16
Rank Senator State Digital IQ Class
84 Roland Burris* Illinois 77 Challenged
86 Maria Cantwell Washington 75 Challenged
86 Jim Bunning* Kentucky 75 Challenged
86 George Voinovich* Ohio 75 Challenged
89 Dianne Feinstein California 74 Challenged
89 Pat Roberts Kansas 74 Challenged
91 Tom Carper Delaware 70 Challenged
91 Judd Gregg* New Hampshire 70 Challenged
93 Jay Rockefeller West Virginia 68 Feeble
93 Max Baucus Montana 68 Feeble
93 Jim Risch Idaho 68 Feeble
96 Olympia Snowe Maine 66 Feeble
97 Daniel Inouye* Hawaii 64 Feeble
98 Jack Reed Rhode Island 56 Feeble
99 Thad Cochran Mississippi 52 Feeble
n/a CARTE GOODWIN** West Virginia n/a n/a
Democrat IndependentRepublicanColor denotes party affiliation. Seats in bold* are open in November.

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All Senators 2010 Candidates
90
95
100
105
110
Average Digital IQ
98
103
104
107
KEY FINDINGS
The Elephant in the Room
Republicans boast an average Digital IQ 5.5 points higher than
their colleagues across the aisle. The gap narrows slightly
among the 27 senators running for reelection, with Republicans
registering a three-point advantage. Although the GOP gets
a significant boost from Digital IQ leaders John McCain, Jim
DeMint, and Scott Brown, Republicans also come out ahead
across categories including age, congressional cohort, and
time in office.
The Republican advantage is the result of more robust partici-
pation on Twitter and YouTube (average scores are 26 and 29
percent higher, respectively). Democrats maintain a marginal
5 percent advantage on Facebook scoring, and their senate.gov
sites see more web traffic.
Kicking A$%
Analysis of growth in “likes,” followers, and subscribers pro-
vides what could be a barometer for the midterm elections.
While Facebook presence is stronger among incumbent Demo-
crats, GOP senators are growing faster on the platform. Exclud-
ing outlier John McCain, total “likes” for Republican senators
grew 6.7 percent month-on-month, versus 3.6 percent growth
for the Democrats. The trend holds on Twitter, with Republican
followers growing at a rate of 4.5 percent versus Democrat fol-
lower growth of 2.8 percent.
Although the party currently holds 15 fewer Senate seats,
Republicans have outpaced Democrats in absolute growth,
garnering 3,000 more Twitter followers and 20,000 more Face-
book “likes” in July. If social media is the temperature of the
digital domain, it may be an especially cold fall for Democrats.
GROWTH ON SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS
Month-on-Month Increase in Fans/Followers (June to July 2010)
Democrats
Republicans

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buzz buzzbuzz
Views Fans Followers
buzz buzzbuzz
Views Fans Followers
buzz buzzbuzz
Views Fans Followers
WASHINGTON:CALIFORNIa:
WISCONSIN:Nevada:
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
15,275
24,686
14,509
30,603
359
1,406
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
20,511
388,104
31,871
11,462
21,457
284,071
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
92,072
22,922 22,076
7,241
9,822
952
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
196,576
11,287
29,322
8,329 3,641
150,061
SOCIAL MEDIA FOLLOWINGS IN SELECT CONGRESSIONAL RACES:KEY FINDINGS
Seeing Red in November
November challengers are all over social media, and many
of those engaged in tightly contested races are outpacing
incumbents on popular platforms. Carly Fiorina, the Republican
nominee in California, has some 280,000 Twitter followers—
more than 11 times the number that incumbent Barbara Boxer
has—and comes in second behind John McCain when stacked
up against the current U.S. Senate.
Republican nominee Sharron Angle, locked in a tight race
with Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid, is just shy of her goal
of 30,000 likes on Facebook, nearly three times that of the
Nevada senator. In Washington, Republican challenger Dino
Rossi boasts twice the number of Facebook “likes” as incum-
bent Patty Murray. Russ Feingold is one of the few incumbents
in a tight race who maintains a larger audience on every major
social media platform, registering a significant advantage over
Republican Ron Johnson in Wisconsin.
Harry Reid Russ Feingold
Sharron Angle Ron Johnson
Carly Fiorina
Barbara Boxer Patty Murray
Dino Rossi
buzz buzzbuzz
Views Fans Followers

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buzz
0
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
2.8%
4.5%
3.6%
6.7%
0
1.0
2.0
3.0
2010
Election
2012
Election
2014
Election
1.8
2.8
2.6
1.4
2.6
2.1
1.2
2.4
1.9
KEY FINDINGS
Social Media Hits Adolescence
Presence on 2.0 platforms has ramped up quickly. Ninety-one
of the 100 senators maintain a YouTube channel and 87 have a
page on Facebook. Twitter adoption is not as ubiquitous, with
56 senators boasting an active handle. Although most sena-
tors have been active on these platforms for two years, very
few have managed to extract significant value. John McCain
and Scott Brown are the only senators with more than 100,000
“likes” on Facebook (approximately 630,000 and 235,000
respectively), and 77 percent of the senators present on the
platform have fewer than 10,000 “likes.”
So Friendly...Every Six Years
A comparison of Digital IQ by senate cohort demonstrates that
senators up for reelection lead on every social media platform,
highlighting the push (need for votes) and pull (increased
recognition and awareness) effect of campaigns. Eight of the
top 10 spots are held by senators up for reelection or recently
elected (Al Franken and Scott Brown). Three of the four Demo-
crats in the top 10—Harry Reid, Russ Feingold, and Barbara
Boxer—are engaged in heated races.
GROWTH ON SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS
Month-on-Month Increase in Fans/Followers (June to July 2010)
RELATIVE SOCIAL MEDIA STRENGTH
By Year of Re-Election
Democrats
Twitter
Facebook
YouTube
Republicans
buzz buzz
FansFollowers

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0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000
Scott Brown
John Thune
Al Franken
David Vitter
Jim DeMint
Barbara Boxer
Russ Feingold
Bernie Sanders
Patty Murray
Sherrod Brown
Jim Webb
John Cornyn
Richard Burr
Mark Warner
Tom Coburn
232,987
73,238
70,034
39,524
37,313
31,871
22,076
16,889
14,509
14,236
13,491
13,482
12,920
12,640
11,923
KEY FINDINGS
0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000
Scott Brown
John Thune
Al Franken
David Vitter
Jim DeMint
Barbara Boxer
Russ Feingold
Bernie Sanders
Patty Murray
Sherrod Brown
Jim Webb
John Cornyn
Richard Burr
Mark Warner
Tom Coburn
232,987
73,238
70,034
39,524
37,313
31,871
22,076
16,889
14,509
14,236
13,491
13,482
12,920
12,640
11,923
FACEBOOK FAN RACE
U.S. Senators with Over 10,000 Facebook Fans
John McCain
The Senate’s Facebook
star leads with almost
625,000 fans

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Jim DeMint
Claire McCaskill
Scott Brown
Barbara Boxer
Chuck Grassley
Tom Coburn
Mark Warner
Al Franken
Chris Dodd
Bill Nelson
Orrin Hatch
John Cornyn
Russ Feingold
0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000
42,273
38,509
23,944
21,835
19,036
14,867
14,321
13,879
12,064
11,689
10,405
10,345
10,129
BEST IN TWEET
U.S. Senators with Over 10,000 Twitter Followers
Jim DeMint
Claire McCaskill
Scott Brown
Barbara Boxer
Chuck Grassley
Tom Coburn
Mark Warner
Al Franken
Chris Dodd
Bill Nelson
Orrin Hatch
John Cornyn
Russ Feingold
0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000
42,273
38,509
23,944
21,835
19,036
14,867
14,321
13,879
12,064
11,689
10,405
10,345
10,129
KEY FINDINGS
John McCain
#1 in Twitter with
1.7 million(!) followers—
40 times more than
#2 tweeter Jim DeMint

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Red All Over
The 10 most conservative Republicans, as indicated by their
Senate voting records, outpace the rest of their party and their
Democratic counterparts. However, the trend doesn’t hold true
for the 14 most liberal Democrats who struggle digitally, posting
IQs four points weaker than the party average.
In Search of Search
Only three senators—New York Democrat Kirsten Gillibrand,
Louisiana Republican David Vitter, and North Carolina
Republican Richard Burr—engage in paid search placements.
TheMiddleclass.org, a legislative tracking site sponsored by
the nonpartisan Drum Major Institute for Public Policy, has
purchased nearly every senator’s name for paid search adver-
tisement. Senate challengers are much more promiscuous on
Google, and the majority are purchasing search terms, includ-
ing incumbent names.
KEY FINDINGS
DIGITAL IQ BY VOTING RECORD
Most
Liberal
Liberal Middle of the
Road
Conservative Most
Conservative
93
98
99
113
80
90
100
110
120
Average Digital IQ
Republicans
Democrats96
Source: National Journal, 2010

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CASE STUD IES
A Platform Is a Terrible Thing to Waste
Republican heavyweights Sarah Palin (more than 2.2 million
Facebook likes) and Mike Huckabee (almost 90,000 Twitter
followers) use their platforms to garner support for fellow
Republicans. In the recent Republican gubernatorial primary
in Georgia, Huckabee out-tweeted Palin, voicing support for
eventual victor Nathan Deal on several of his social media
platforms. Huckabee also helped Deal rally volunteers through
his Facebook page. Challenger Karen Handel’s candidacy had
Palin’s offline support, but received scant social media backing
until the campaign’s final day, when Palin went on Facebook to
urge Georgia voters to the polls.
Barack Obama, Social Media’s Elvis, boasts more than 12
million Facebook “likes” and 4.9 million Twitter followers.
Obama’s outreach focuses on policy and has yet to use the
platform(s) to support candidates. Democratic candidates are
also without the social media support of former President Bill
Clinton and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton. Neither Clinton has
endorsed candidates using social media.
Mike Huckabee’s
“Team Huck” site
rallies volunteer
support for fellow
Conservatives
nationwide
Huckabee posts endorsement
videos on his YouTube channel
Huckabee uses social media to
both endorse candidates and drive
traffic to the “Team Huck” site

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CASE STUD IES
Jim DeMint Is a Social ‘Genius’
South Carolina Republican Jim DeMint’s number two position in
the Digital IQ Index is impressive, given McCain’s colossal social
media audiences were boosted during his presidential bid.
DeMint has attacked digital platforms from the ground up,
garnering support among ultra-conservatives online through
aggressive social media tactics. In July alone he added more
followers than any other senator, growing his base by 3,600
with provocative tweets and an aggressive following strategy
(he follows more than 30,000 people versus McCain’s 178).
The South Carolina Senator has also engaged in media buys
on Facebook and tops all senators in number of
YouTube subscribers.
DeMint’s YouTube
channel has more
subscribers than
any other senator
Republican senator Jim DeMint’s
robust Facebook page
DeMint demonstrates
an aggressive following
strategy on Twitter,
following over 30,000
people

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CASE STUD IES
Republican Idol
In April 2010, House Republicans launched the “New Media
Challenge.” The brainchild of Washington Representative Cathy
McMorris Rodgers, the six-week contest pitted Republican
Representatives against each other in March Madness-like
contests focused on weekly growth on Twitter, Facebook,
and YouTube. Louisiana Representative John Fleming took
top accolades, followed by Rep. Phil Gingrey (GA) and Rep.
Lamar Smith (TX).
Building on momentum from the “New Media Challenge,” the
Republican party launched “America Speaking Out,” a 2.0 site
designed to solicit citizen input for the 2010 party platform.
In mid-June, House Democrats attempted to play catch up,
initiating the “Member Online All Star Competition.” Similar
in format to the “New Media Challenge,” the two-week com-
petition was extended after a Facebook glitch froze the “like”
counts of several congressmen.
The campaign is carried out
over YouTube, Twitter,
Facebook, and Flickr
The Republican Party’s
“America Speaking Out”
2.0 site solicits citizen
input for the 2010 party
platform
Twitter page for Cathy McMorris
Rodgers, originator of the Republi-
can Party’s “New Media Challenge”

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TEAM
SCOTT GALLOWAY
Clinical Associate Professor of Marketing, NYU Stern
Founder, L2
Scott is a Clinical Associate Professor at the NYU Stern School
of Business where he teaches brand strategy and digital
marketing and is the founder of L2, a think tank for prestige
brands. Scott is also the founder of Firebrand Partners, an
operational activist firm that has invested more than $1 billion
in U.S. consumer and media companies. In 1997, he founded
Red Envelope, an Internet-based branded consumer gift retailer
(revenues: $100 million). In 1992, Scott founded Prophet,
a brand strategy consultancy that employs more than 120
professionals in the United States, Europe, and Asia. Scott was
elected to the World Economic Forum’s “Global Leaders of
Tomorrow,” which recognizes 100 individuals under age 40
“whose accomplishments have had impact on a global level.”
Scott has served on the boards of directors of Eddie Bauer
(Nasdaq: EBHI), The New York Times Company (NYSE: NYT),
Gateway Computer, and UC Berkeley’s Haas School of
Business. He received a B.A. from UCLA and an M.B.A. from
UC Berkeley.
DOUG GUTHRIE
Dean, George Washington University School of Business
Founder, Guthrie & Associates
An expert in the fields of management, economic reform in Chi-
na, leadership, and corporate governance, Doug is the Dean
of The George Washington University School of Business.
Previously, he served as Professor of Management at NYU
Stern School of Business. He also held a joint appointment as
Professor of Sociology at NYU’s College of Arts and Sciences.
Doug has been a trusted adviser of both multinationals and
local Chinese companies and a student of China for some 25
years. He is the author of Dragon in a Three-Piece Suit:
The Emergence of Capitalism in China, China and Globalization:
The Social, Economic and Political Transformation of Chinese
Society, and Social Connections in China: Institutions, Culture,
and the Changing Nature of Guanxi. He is currently writing
China’s Radical Transformation: Economic Reform, Global
Integration, and Political Change in the World’s Largest Nation,
which is an in-depth look at how China’s government-driven
form of capitalism has successfully overcome traditional theo-
ries of development and helped China become the economic
and political juggernaut it is today.
In addition to NYU Stern, Doug has also taught at Harvard Busi-
ness School, INSEAD, and the graduate schools of business at
Stanford University, Columbia University, and Emory University.
He received his B.A. in Chinese Literature from the University
of Chicago and a Ph.D. in Organizational Sociology from the
UC Berkeley.
MAUREEN MULLEN
L2
Maureen leads L2’s research and advisory group and has
benchmarked and/or developed digital and social media initia-
tives for over 300 prestige brands. She began her career at
Triage Consulting Group in San Francisco. At Triage, she led
several managed care payment review and payment bench-
marking projects for hospitals including UCLA Medical Center,
UCSF, and HCA. She has gone on to lead research and con-
sulting efforts focused on digital media, private banking, M&A,
insurance industry risk management, and renewable energy

18. © L2 2010 L2ThinkTank.com 18
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TEAM
economics for professional firms and academics. Maureen
has a B.A. in Human Biology from Stanford University and an
M.B.A. from NYU Stern.
CHRISTINE PATTON
L2
Christine is a brand and marketing consultant with more than
15 years of experience creating brand identities and market-
ing communications for aspirational and luxury brands. She
began her career at Cosí, where she developed the brand
and oversaw its evolution from concept through growth to 100
restaurants. Since then she has provided creative direction
for a wide array of clients, including the launch of Kidville and
CosmoGIRL! magazine. Most recently, she led creative services
at ELLE during the most successful years of the magazine’s
history, developing innovative integrated marketing programs
for advertisers. Christine received a B.A. in Economics and
Journalism from the University of Connecticut and an M.B.A.
from NYU Stern.

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