1. A Presentation on History of
Analytical Chemistry and
Evolution of Quality
Management
Presented By:
Nasir Nazeer

2. Analytical Chemistry- The History
In ancient Egypt, knowledge of chemistry existed and
was used when embalming pharaohs and dignitaries.
Greek philosophers began to look for the rules to explain
natural phenomenon.
Plato(428-347 BC) believed that diverse atoms could be
differentiated by their constitution, atoms of one element
could be changed into other by just modifying them.
Aristotle(384-322 BC) postulated that all elements and
substances formed from them were composed of a kind
of original substance, which take on may forms, shapes
and color in course of time.
Empedocles (430-490BC) explained that all substances
of were composed of four elements, namely fire, earth,
water and air.

3. Analytical Chemistry- The History
(Contd…)
Ever since beginning of alchemy, man has
sought for the material which to be best convert
metal fastest and most simply and that could be
exploited best. It was regarded as God’s mercy
and useless without God’s intervention.
The Phlogiston theory (George Ernst 16591734) All flammable substances contain
phlogiston.
Aristotle added fifth supernatural element;
Quintessence. The most inner core of all the
substances, sum of body’s own effective powers
and qualities.

4. Analytical Chemistry- The History
(Contd…)
In Babylonians astronomy planets were
linked with certain materials e.g. moonsilver and sun-gold.
The Renaissance witnessed the birth of
attempts to renew chemistry.
The chemists upheld research and the
critical ability to think, reason, as the
highest judge of the truth of a theory.

5. Analytical Chemistry and its Role in
Today’s society
Analytical chemistry is interdisciplinary branch of
Chemistry.
Terms quality and quantity owe their existence to the
results of analytics.
It is demand of the society to analytically secure data and
judgments instead of empirical or traditional foundations.
Good analytics create trust and thus are a prerequisite for
production and marketing.
In this globalize world where borders are porous and
products of one country are available in another country,
there are chances of affecting millions of peoples, then
responsibilities lie on the shoulders of quality which could
not be achieved without maintaining good research and
experiments.

6. Analytical Chemistry and its Role in
Today’s society
In order to guarantee uniform procedures across
international borders when collecting analytical
information, international guidelines, such as
Good Laboratory Practices (GLP), Good
manufacturing practices (GMP) or standards for
good analytical work. International Organizations
of Standards (ISO) have been introduced.
ISO 15189 for diagnostic laboratories and ISO
17025 for industries..

7. Evolution of Quality Management
Definition of Quality:
There is hardly any term mentioned more often in connection
with products and services.
General Definition:
It is synonymous with high value. It is not measurable but
rather it can merely grasped by experience.
Value related definition:
Quality means a favorable price/performance ratio.
Process related Definition:
Quality is equated with compliance with specifications.

8. Evolution of Quality Management
(Contd..)
Historical background:
The pre-industrial technical production was handicraft
production and guilds system played a decisive role.
Guilds determined the manufacturing procedure, tool type, tool
usage and even production quantities. Their rigidity impeded
innovation, technical progress and the expansion of
production. It was a centralized manufacturing system.
With industrial revolution in Great Britain (1780-1820)
technology changed drastically. (e.g, Watt’s steam engine)
In mechanize process division of labor was a blessing in
disguise. Mass productions started resulted in fall in prices.
Division of labor lead to rationalization of workflow. Breaking
down the production process into calculable elements and
recording and recording and eliminating redundant
movements and hidden breaks.

9. Evolution of Quality Management
(Contd…)
Variability
All systems and processes demonstrates a certain
variability. No two things are exactly identical, even
if they appear to be identical at a first glance.
When we are interested in quality, we must
understand where variability comes from and how
its influences the process or the work results.
Shewart one of the early pioneers of quality
management divides variability into two;


Systematic influences (common causes)
Random influences (special causes)

10. Evolution of Quality Management
(Contd…)
Shewart’s statistical process control
(SPC):
A phenomenon is regarded as controlled, when
future behavior can be forecast by experience at
least in a limited area. A prediction within certain
limits means that the likelihood that the
phenomenon will move within certain limits in future
can be estimated.
A process is regarded as controlled when the
changes caused by such a process are affected
exclusively within the control limits.

11. Evolution of Quality Management
(Contd…)
Four Pillars of Wisdom (Deming)
Understanding the system
Understanding dispersion
Understanding the theory of Knowledge (How do
we learn? How do we improve ourselves?)
Understanding psychology and human nature

12. Evolution of Quality Management
(Contd…)
Why Standards?
In order to guarantee that milestones, delivery,
comply with the finished project and finished
product a common language had to be invented to
ensure
that
misunderstandings,
false
interpretations and so on were not the cause of
failures, many thins had to be standardized.

13. Evolution of Quality Management
(Contd…)
Zero-Defect Tolerance by Philip Crosby:
This model aims at eliminating deviations in
production without scrap and rework. It is based on
four pillars.




Quality does not mean excellence but rather meeting the
specifications (conformity).
Quality does not arise by discovering deviations, but by
avoiding them.
The aspired quality standards are not acceptable quality
levels, but zero defects.
Quality is not measured by indices, but by the price of
deviation.

14. Evolution of Quality Management
(Contd…)
Development of a QMS according to ISO:
By ascertaining the requirements and expectations of the
customers and other interested partners and parties
By determining the organization’s quality policy and quality
goals
By determining the necessary processes and responsibilities,
in order to achieve the defined quality goals
By determining and providing the necessary resources, to
achieve the quality goals
By introducing methods to measure the effectiveness and
efficiency of each process
By applying this measurements to ascertain the current
effectiveness and efficiency of each process
By introducing and applying a process for the continuous
improvement of the QMS.

15. I am not afraid of stroms, for I
am learning to sail my ship.

16. The End