12. hearing system-08-09

SOUNDS AT HUMAN LEVEL (FREQUENCIES) The human ear recognizes frequencies between 20 to 20,000 Hz as sounds. All frequencies below 20 Hz we call ' infrasounds ' , and all frequencies above 20 kHz ' ultrasounds '. Not all animal ears work within the same frequency range. The mole rat ear perceives sounds 2 octaves below the lower limit of the human ear (below 10 Hz). On the other hand, a dog or a cat ear is able to perceive sounds 1 octave above the human frequency range (40 kHz), and a bat ear may react to sounds 3 octaves above that which we can hear (up to 160 Kz).

SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL ,[object Object]

FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE EAR ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

THE OUTER (EXTERNAL) EAR ,[object Object],[object Object]

THE INNER EAR ( COCHLEA ) ,[object Object]

Cross section of one single turn of the cochlea ,[object Object]

The organ of Corti ,[object Object]

lower - higher frequency ,[object Object]

RECEPTOR POTENTIAL ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

RECEPTOR POTENTIAL ,[object Object],[object Object]

RELEASE OF SYNAPTIC TRANSMITTER ,[object Object]

AUDITORY NERVE ,[object Object]

PRIMARY AUDITORY PATHWAY ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

PRIMARY AUDITORY PATHWAY ,[object Object],[object Object]

NON-PRIMARY OR RETICULAR AUDITORY PATHWAYS ,[object Object],[object Object]

SENSATION AND CONSCIOUS PERCEPTION

12. hearing system-08-09

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12. hearing system-08-09