The article discusses DNA computing as a potential future technology that could go beyond Moore's Law. DNA computing uses DNA rather than silicon chips to solve complex mathematical problems. Researchers believe DNA computing will allow vastly more storage, as all of the world's information could fit in just 1 pound of DNA. The author's project aims to develop "bacterial computers" using common techniques like PCR and DNA sequencing to store and extract coded information from cells, as a way to honor Alan Turing's work in cryptography during World War II. However, this new technology could raise controversial issues if misused.

1. Biotechnology and Art
By John Madrigal
Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics
June 6,2012
Honors 177
Professor Victoria Vesna

2. A Culture Divided
Mon, 04/09/2012
My name is John Madrigal. I am a senior majoring in Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics
(MIMG). It’s unclear what I’ll be doing after graduation, but I am optimistic of my future to become a
doctor will not be impeded. Growing up I always had a knack for the culture of science. It began by
having a good understanding of mathematics and later found its way to biology, chemistry, and physics.
I did dabble in the art field by learning the trumpet, but later grew out of it as high school went along. It
was encouraged when I was younger to try to broaden my horizons, to try to feel out what I was good at
and where I can potentially develop a career. It wasn’t until college where I was heavily encouraged by
my educational institution to determine a specialty by choosing a major. In the Two Cultures lecture,
the separation of humanities and science placed educational institutions in possessing a hand in this
problem. At UCLA, there is a distinction between humanities and science through the separation of
North and South campus. The architecture between the two parts of UCLA are different and there are
stereotypes behind being a part of North or South campus. There were even T-shirts being made to
emphasize the fact that the two are different.
It is encouraging that this gap between humanities and science is starting to come closer, shown by the
creation of this class. The rapid development of technology, especially the internet, has created a
massive growth of information to be shared which encourages collaboration. Pop culture has been a
center for many of these collaborations. These range from different fashion designers coming together
and making stunning pieces of work to different recording artists and producers making mash ups with
new sounds. In the lecture we saw last week, scientist and artist are attempting to bridge the gap and
bring art and science back together to the days of Leonardo Di Vinci. Hopefully in the near future, the
internet helps play a role in the closing of the gap and maybe one day have the term science and art
become synonymous once again.

4. My Favorite Part of the Morning
Sun, 04/15/2012
Most morning, before I leave for school, I have breakfast and drink a full glass of orange juice. An
essential part of my morning ritual, I never really thought about where this particular drink came from,
and what had it gone through from beginning to its final destination to me.
Orange juice begins at orange groves. The major distributors of oranges are the United States and Brazil.
In the United States, Florida and California are the leading states for growing oranges for the nation.
Large plantations are devoted to cultivating oranges and harvested seasonally. They are picked from
these plantations where they are sent to extraction plants where the juice is collected, pasteurized and
sent for distribution. There are two types of orange juice, fresh and concentrated. Concentrated, which I
was unfamiliar of, is when the juice is extracted and the water is taken out from it, making it
concentrated. When it goes into the distribution process, water is put back in and the juice is then
drunk.
Picture: Orange Juice Process
Orange juice is inflicted with a disease that has no known cure at the moment called Huanglongbing.
Known as the Yellow Dragon Disease or HLB, is a bacterial infection carried by psyllid which causes a
disease that makes oranges turn green, called greening. It may seem like a early orange fruit, but it is a
disease that can kill the entire tree all together. Due to this bacterium, there have been many different
measures to combat the disease including the use of pesticides and research in genetic engineering.
Research includes sequencing of genomes of different citrus trees and the bacteria itself to try and
develop a resistance to fight HLB. Attempts at cross breeding different citrus fruits that have developed

5. some form of resistance are being tested to find a potential cure. Even the use of guava leaves have
been shown to provide some type of cure, but research has not been fruitful in helping oranges.
Picture: "Greening" of Oranges
The future in the orange industry holds the potential of biotechnology intervening to sustain the
production similarly to papaya. HLB is a crippling disease that has found no cure and seems that
biotechnology will have a stake in finding that cure. Whether or not it occurs today, or tomorrow, if the
state of the orange industry follows a continuing decline, it will be important to develop transgenic
oranges whether we want to have them or not. Some research has been developed to create a
transgenic orange called blood oranges which is not for HLB, but for heart health benefits to help
prevent heart attack and stroke.
Picture: Not a grapefruit, but blood oranges.

6. Luckily I have an orange tree in my backyard, so if at any point I do feel uncomfortable with GMO of
oranges, I have a backup.
References:
http://www.newsytype.com/3535-citrus-greening-disease-attacks-florida-orange-groves/
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/9138762/Genetically-modified-blood-oranges-
developed-by-scientists.html
http://www.thegrower.com/news/citrus-greening/Genetically-modified-orange-trees-set-for-Florida-
field-trials-137441598.html
http://www.floridasnatural.com/juices/not-from-concentrate
http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/12/03/us-gmo-oranges-idUSTRE6B24ZE20101203

7. Cows Are a Man’s Best Friend (+Strange Culture)
Sun, 04/22/2012
I am apologetic to any vegetarians and vegans, but I enjoy eating meat, specifically steak. I do not get to
eat steak that often, but when I do, I try and savor the experience as much as I can. In high school, I
remember my English class read an excerpt from “The Jungle” by Upton Sinclair, which described the
process of how meat was packaged. After reading it, I was sick to my stomach the entire day, not being
able to eat a thing the entire day, let alone meat. However, the next day I was perfectly fine, back to my
meat eating ways.
When it came to write this blog, it reminded me of the way carnivores such as myself view meat. Before
reading the excerpt my relationship toward a cow was strictly food based. I knew it through slices of
steak and ground beef cheeseburger, not a face. This is probably due to not seeing cows on an everyday
bases and connecting the meat I eat to a face. After I had read the excerpt, I became disgusted, mostly
of the in depth description Sinclair used to how cows were being treated and eventually packaged. My
view that day changed from apathy to empathy toward the cow as if it were my own dog.

8. The relationship I have with a dog is completely different than my relationship with a cow. I view dogs as
companions and have emotional feelings toward. With a cow however, I have little emotional
connection and view as a food source. In some cultures it is acceptable to eat dogs and in others it is
unacceptable to eat cows. The view we have for animals is not universal and no definitive line can be
drawn on how to treat a certain species of animal. In my case, I think it is fine to prepare cows as food,
but to treat dogs more sympathetically.
This translates to transgenic animals, specifically cows, where I have little/no problems with using these
animals for genetic engineering. Some benefits have come from research such as transgenic cows having
the ability to produce human antibodies at the expense of the cows antibodies. More recent studies
have shown scientist to develop cows that have the ability to produce human milk and others show the
ability to produce therapeutic proteins from cow milk.

9. The movie Strange Culture was fascinating because what we would consider as art science was seen by
the government as bioterrorism. It seemed that the people prosecuting Kurtz are unaware of the ability
for an artist to express his project using biotechnology. They found it suspicious for an artist to possess
such technology and the only logical reason they could come up with is for Kurtz to have ulterior
motives and use it as bioterrorism. It’s remarkable how the times have changed from Da Vinci where art
and science can be found in the same room and hopefully this can change back to the merging of art and
science
References:
http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2000/01/17/BU101956.DTL
http://www.dailypaul.com/161035/transgenics-genetically-modified-cows-produce-human-milk
http://www.cyberspaceag.com/farmanimals/beefcattle/beefhistory.htm
http://www.pegasus.wur.nl/wever.internet/applications/SSG_PegasusViewer/GetImage.aspx?ID=73
http://www.capitalcentury.com/1906.html

10. Live Forever
Sun, 05/06/2012
When watching the video lectures, I was really interested in the process of preserving flesh. I first looked
to the Egyptians and mummification. The reason they preserved the body of humans and pets, is they
believed that if the body were to survive so would there soul to live on in the afterlife. The process
included dehydration, removal of organs (intestine, stomach, brain, etc.), cleaning, and wrapping with
cloth. This ritual is one of the earliest forms of preservation, but not used as a learning purpose as it is
most commonly used today.
Picture: Water is replaced by acetone and then acetone is replaced by a plastic solvent like silicon to
embed the plastic within the organ (forced impregnation).
Fast forward to 1977 with the invention of plastination by Gunther von Hagens. Hagens was inspired
when he worked as an anatomy assistant and wondered of using polymers on the inside of organs and

11. muscle instead of the outside which was usually the case. Esentially, plastination is process of
preserving bodies by replacing the water and fat that is naturally in them with plastic. Common
polymers used today are silicon, epoxy, and polyester-copolymer. Hagens ran with the idea of
plastination and created the Body’s World Exhibit which travels all around the world with different
focuses such as the heart exhibit or the animal exhibit. There have been similar body exhibits such as
Bodies Revealed which travels around in the US.
Link: http://youtu.be/sSViLS4-kaI
It was intriguing to discover that the cadavers being exhibited were real people, not statues. People who
donate their body for the use of science are displayed in these exhibits in hopes that they can educate
people beyond their lifetime. I found it breathtaking to actually have someone immortalized in this art
form and to have the human experience celebrated with the invention of plastination. I was also
interested in the different context preservation has from Egyptians to now. Egyptians wished to live in
the afterlife by preserving their bodies and allowing their soul to live on. With the Body’s World exhibit,
these people, whether we know their name or not, are able to live forever through inspiration and
learning.
References:
http://www.historylink101.net/egypt_1/religion_mummification_history.htm
http://www.bodyworlds.com/en/exhibitions/current_exhibitions.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastination
http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xbstu0_newca-com-body-worlds-plastination_tech
http://www.kingtutone.com/mummies/mummification/
http://www.bodiesrevealed.com/

12. First Blood
Mon, 05/14/2012
In the lectures we viewed this week I was intrigued about Kathy High’s Vampire Study Group. Not
because of the emergence of the vampire culture, but of the mystic property that our blood holds. From
general knowledge, we know that our blood is powerful. It is a property that gives us life and that a pint
of blood can save 3 lives when we donate it to the Red Cross. There is also a saying that blood is thicker
than water and through history, some families have tried to keep their blood “pure” through inbreeding.
When High was exhibiting Blood Wars, it gave blood another dimension to the many tropes it already
has. In our blood we have Red and White blood cells. Red blood cells help transport the oxygen needed
out to the body and export out carbon dioxide out of the body. White blood cells are the sentinels that
guard the body from infection, or our immune system. What Kathy has done has pitted these soldiers of
our body against one another and tried to determine who has the greatest army.
Picture: Macrophage (orange) surrounded by bacteria (blue) fighting off infection
I was intrigued by this concept because I took a quarter of immunology and never really thought of an
art exhibit that would have two people battle each other’s immune system. This was a neat exhibit to
show in a small scale of the properties of blood has on not just supporting life, but for fighting for it. We
know of this small scale experiment through tissue transplantation. When organ donors are chosen,
genetic similarities are important in order to have a successful transplantation. If this is not found, the
immune system can amount an attack on that newly acquired organ and reject it altogether.

13. Link to video if not working still: http://vimeo.com/20421154
It was great that she challenged some of the ideas blood has gained over the years such as pure bloods,
blood letting, and blue bloods, and how this life source can attack each other when not compatible.
Above is a video of 2 combatants that were put in an arena where eventually the red wins out. Each
blood had a nice back story to engage the audience in the imaginative spectacle of two armies battles
each other. It is a bit confusing at first, but you can see that some green ones begin to disappear and red
ones gain a yellowish color representing engulfment. What was neat was after the tournament was
finished, the winner would receive a blood trophy at the end to signify the dominant blood.
References:
http://vampirestudygroup.com/bloodwars/
www.npr.org/blogs/health/2011/02/11/133655669/my-neutrophils-can-kick-
yo...">http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2011/02/11/133655669/my-neutrophils-can-...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transplant_rejection
www.fi.edu/learn/heart/blood/white.html">http://www.fi.edu/learn/heart/blood/white.html
www.fi.edu/learn/heart/blood/red.html">http://www.fi.edu/learn/heart/blood/red.html

14. DNA Computing
Sun, 05/20/2012
Alan Turing is known to be the father of computer science. During WWII he was an integral player in
cryptology and developing ways to send as well as intercept messages during the war. In the modern
day, computers have evolved in smaller size and speed since Turing’s day and always seems to be
changing with every passing moment. Currently, technology follows a trend known as Moore’s Law. It
states that every 18 months the number of transistors that can be placed on an integrated circuit
doubles. This represents an exponential growth curve on the way computers evolve and is indicative of
how technology changes. Those who know of this law know that eventually, Moore’s Law will come to a
halt because the limitations of putting transistors on a circuit are limited by silicon, the material we use
to develop these circuits. Eventually we will reach a limit and can’t put anymore transistors.
The future that researchers are looking into is DNA computing. DNA computing is the use of DNA instead
of silicon chips to solve complex mathematical problems. Researchers believe that DNA computing will
be the future of computers and will be the technology that helps get past Moore’s Law. There are many
advantages to DNA computing over our current mode that make it an ideal next step to developing
computers; size (much smaller), large supply (cheap), parallel processing (vs. linear in modern
computers). One researcher discovered that DNA can solve a complex math problem known as
Hamiltonian Path Problem with what they called a bacterial computer.

15. Picture: Representation of Hamiltonian Path Problem using DNA computing
Our project, at its current infancy, deals with the development of these bacterial/cellular computers and
the celebration of Alan Turing and cryptology. The development of these DNA computers will allow the
storage of a large amount of information that hasn’t been achieved before by our current computers.
We will be able to store all the information in the world with the use of only 1 pound of DNA. The
project we propose deals with the ability to store information as DNA in cells. It would be a new way of
sending coded messages to people and we felt using a military motif like Turing was in to establish this
idea. Common techniques such as PCR and DNA sequencing will be the way to extract the information.

16. Picture: The Bombe, the computer tool made of vacuum tubes that helped cryptologist decipher
German intelligence.
When dealing with this new concept, it brought up controversial issues of how this new technology
could be used. We are in the development of bio-computers, living organisms that are able to solve
complex problems. In a sense, cells already do this by having gene regulation, but now we will use this
concept to solve mathematical problems that can’t be solved by our current computing power. An
astonishing idea, and to think that our possible future is not metallic robots, but beings formed by DNA
computers. In addition, we bring to the table the manipulation of humans by being able to inject these
onto people. It relates to the development of artificial intelligence with these DNA computers and
having them integrated to a person. Many issues about this project emerge and we hope that we can
bring these to light to discuss with the public.
References
http://computer.howstuffworks.com/dna-computer.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moores_law
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_computing
http://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/21/science/21DNA.html
http://www.jbioleng.org/content/pdf/1754-1611-3-11.pdf

17. Conclusion
Learning about Biotechnology and Art was a different experience. Being a science major, our intellect is
measured by the amount one is able to replicate ideas the professor has instructed you to learn. This
class went a different approach and measure my intellect based on creativity, a process that was
frightening at first, but settled as a fun and unique experience. The nature of the course being science
related helped ease me into this process and expand on ideas I never thought I can create. The midterm
(not published) challenged not only my creativity, but my science knowledge, and how I can put those
two together to create a piece that can manifest into reality. Before entering this class, I couldn’t
believe science and art can exist together in a room, but now leaving this class, I can’t think of any other
way.