Pixel shaders are programs that run on the GPU to manipulate pixels. There are different types of shaders including pixel shaders, vertex shaders, and geometric shaders. Shaders replaced fixed functionality with programmability, allowing effects to be programmed. Popular shader programming languages include HLSL, GLSL, and Cg. Cg is a C-like language designed for GPU programming and shader development. It allows shaders to be written in a high-level language and compiled for different GPUs.

1. Pixel shaders: programming the GPU By: Venkata Nanda Kishore

2. What is a Shader? Set of Software Instructions Degree of Flexibility Traits of an entity

5. Vertex Shaders

6. Geometric ShadersBut the name remained as it was!

7. Effect of Shaders Replaced hard coded effects Gives a programmable alternative Fixed Function PipelineProgrammable Function Pipeline 3.Parallel Programming

8. Programming Shaders HLSL (Direct 3d) GLSL (OpenGl) Cg(Nvidia + Microsoft)

9. Cg What is Cg? Is it similar to C? Is it the right question? Can we use it as a general programming language?

10. Background of Cg Use of Assembly level language What is assembly level? What is high level,low level and middle level? How easy is it?

11. Example of assembly level language fib: movedx, [esp+8] cmpedx, 0 ja @f moveax, 0 ret @@: cmpedx, 2 ja @f moveax, 1 ret @@: push ebx movebx, 1 movecx, 1 @@: lea eax, [ebx+ecx] cmpedx, 3 jbe @f movebx, ecx movecx, eax decedx jmp@b @@: pop ebx ret

12. Advantage of Cg Portable Easy Optimize the code

13. Syntax and Semantics(1) Data Types: int, float, half, fixed, bool, sampler* Operators: Arithmetic and logical operators as in C Additional: arithmetic operations for vector and matrix operrations

14. Syntax and Semantics(2) Functions and Control Structures: Similar to C Standard Cg Library: Specialised GPU programming tasks Eg. Texture Mapping functions tex1D and tex2D Cg Runtime Library:Can be used with OpenGl or DirectX

15. Example Shader // input vertexstructVertIn { float4 pos : POSITION; float4 color : COLOR0; }; // output vertexstructVertOut { float4 pos : POSITION; float4 color : COLOR0; }; // vertex shader main entry VertOutmain(VertIn IN, uniform float4x4 modelViewProj) { VertOut OUT; OUT.pos= mul(modelViewProj, IN.pos); // calculate output coords OUT.color = IN.color; // copy input color to output OUT.color.z= 1.0f; // blue component of color = 1.0f return OUT; }

16. Games that Use Cg HIT MAN : Blood Money BATTLE FIELD 2 FAR CRY RACER And many more

17. How to use Pixel Shaders?