1. Object oriented methodologies
1

3. Rumbaugh’s Object Modeling Technique (OMT)
-A method for analysis, design and implementation by
an object oriented technique.
-fast and intuitive approach for identifying and
modeling all objects making up a system.
-Class attributes, methods, inheritance and association can
be expressed easily.
-Dynamic behavior of objects can be described using
the OMT dynamic model.
-Detailed specification of state transitions and their
-descriptions within a system

4. Rumbaugh ET AL’s Object
Modeling Technique:
 Four phases of OMT (can be performed iteratively)
 Analysis: objects,dynamic and functional models
 System Design: Basic architecture of the system.
 Object Design: static, dynamic and functional models
of objects.
 Implementation: reusable, extendible and robust
code.

5. Three different parts of OMT modeling
 An object model - object model & data
dictionary
 A dynamic model - state diagrams & event
flow diagrams
 A functional model - data flow &
constraints

6. Object Model
 structure of objects in a system.
 Identity, relationships to other objects,
attributes and operations.
 Object diagram

7. The OMT object model of a bank system. The boxes represent
classes and the filled triangle represents specialization.
Association between Account and Transaction is one to many;
since one account can have many transactions, the filled circle
represents many (zero or more). The relationship between Client
and Account classes is one to one: A client can have only one
account and account can belong to only one person (in this model
joint accounts are not allowed).

8. Object Diagram
 Classes interconnected by association
lines
 Classes- a set of individual objects
 Association lines- relationship among
classes (i.e., objects of one class to
objects of another class)

9. OMT Dynamic Model
 States, transitions, events and actions
 OMT state transition diagram-network
of states and events

10. State transition diagram for the bank application user
interface. The round boxes represent states and the
arrows represent transitions.

11. State transition diagram:

13. OMT Functional Model
 DFD- (Data Flow Diagram)
 Shows flow of data between different
processes in a business.
 Simple and intuitive method for describing
business processes without focusing on the
details of computer systems.

14. Data Flow Diagram
 Four primary symbols
Process- any function being performed
Data Flow- Direction of data element movement
Data Store – Location where data is stored
External Entity-Source or Destination
of a data element

16. The Booch Methodology
 Widely used OO method
 Uses the object paradigm
 Covers the design and analysis phase of
an OO system
 Criticized for his large set of symbols

17. Diagrams of Booch method
 Class diagrams-
describe roles and responsibilities of objects
 Object diagrams
describe the desired behavior of the system in terms
of scenarios
 State transition diagrams
state of a class based on a stimulus
 Module diagrams
to map out where each class & object should be
declared
 Process diagrams
to determine to which processor to allocate a process
 Interaction diagrams
describes behavior of the system in terms of scenarios

18. Diagrams of Booch method
Class diagrams
describe roles and
responsibilities of
objects
Object diagrams
describe the desired
behavior of the system in
terms of scenarios

19. State transition diagrams
state of a class based on a stimulus

20. Process diagrams
to determine to which processor to
allocate a process

21. Module diagrams
to map out where
each class & object
should be declared

22. Interaction diagrams
describes behavior of the
system in terms of scenarios

23. Booch method prescribes:
 Macro Development Process
 Micro Development Process

24. Macro Development Process
 Controlling framework for the micro
process.
 Primary concern-technical management
of the system.

25. Steps for macro development
process
1. Conceptualization
2. Analysis & Development of the model
3. Design or create the system architecture
4. Evolution or implementation
5. Maintenance

26. Object modeling using Booch notation. The arrows
represent specialization; for example, class Taurus is
subclass of the class Ford.

27. An alarm class state transition diagram with Booch
notation. This diagram can capture the state of a class
based on a stimulus. For example, a stimulus causes the
class to perform some processing, followed by a
transition to another state. In this case, the alarm
silenced state can be changed to alarm sounding state
and vice versa.

28. Micro Development Process
Each macro process has its own micro
development process
Steps:
- Identify classes & objects
- Identify class & objects semantics
- Identify class & object relationship
- Identify class & objects interface and
implementation

29. JACOBSON METHODOLOGIES
 Use Cases.
 Object Oriented Software Engineering.
 Object Oriented Business Engineering.

30. Use Cases
 Understanding system requirements
 Interaction between Users and Systems
 The use case description must contain
 How and when the use case begins and ends.
 The Interaction between the use case and its actors,
including when the interaction occurs and what is
exchanged.
 How and when the use case will need data stored in the
system.
 Exception to the flow of events
 How and when concepts of the problem domain are
handled.

31. Some uses of a library. As you can see, these are external
views of the library system from the actor such as a
member. The simpler the use case, the more effective it
will be. It is unwise to capture all of the details right at
the start; you can do that later.

32. OOSE
 Object Oriented Software Engineering.
 Objectory is built around several
different models:
 Use case model. The use-case model defines the outside
(actors) and inside (use case) of the systems behavior.
 Domain object model. The objects of the “real” world are
mapped into the domain object model.
 Analysis object model. The analysis object model presents
how the source code (implementation) should be carried out
and written.
 Implementation model. The implementation model
represents the implementation of the system.
 Test model. The test model constitutes the test plans,
specifications, and reports.

33. The use-case model is considered in every model and
phase.

34. OOBE
 Object Oriented Business Engineering
 OOBE is object modeling at the
enterprise level.
 Analysis phase
 Design and Implementation phase
 Testing phase
 E.g. Unit testing, integration and system
testing.

35. PATTERNS
 It is an instructive information that
captures the essential structure and
insight of a successful family of proven
solutions to a recurring problem that
arises within a certain context and
system of forces.

36. Good Pattern will do the
following
 It solves a problem.
 It is a proven concept.
 The Solution is not obvious.
 It describes a relationship.
 The pattern has a significant human
component.

37. Patterns
Patterns
Generative Patterns Non Generative Patterns
(describe recurring phenomena (describe recurring phenomena
with saying how to without saying how to
reproduce them) reproduce them)

38. Patterns Template
 Essential Components should be clearly recognizable
on reading a pattern:
 Name
 Problem
 Context
 Forces
 Solution
 Examples
 Resulting context
 Rationale
 Related Patterns
 Known uses

39. Frameworks
 Way of delivering application
development patterns to support best
practice sharing during application
development.
 Can be viewed as the implementation
of a system of design patterns.

40. Benefits of Frameworks
 Reusability
 Modularity
 Extensibility
 Inversion of Control

41. Difference between Patterns and
Frameworks
 Design patterns are more abstract than
frameworks.
 Design patterns are smaller
architectural elements than
frameworks.
 Design patterns are less specialized
than frameworks.

42. Model
 An abstract representation of a
system.
 Types of model
1. Use case model
2. Domain model
3. Analysis object model
4. Implementation model
5. Test model

43. Model
 Types of model
1. Use case model  defines the outside (actors)
& inside (use case) of the system’s behavior.
2. Domain model  maps real world object into
the domain object model.
3. Analysis object model  how source code
should be carried out & written.
4. Implementation model represents the
implementation of the system.
5. Test model  test plans, specifications &
reports.

44. Model
 Model is an iterative process.
 It can represent static or dynamic
situations.
 Model
Static Dynamic
Provides a system’s Represents a system’s behaviors
parameters at rest or at a that, taken together, reflect its
specific point in time. behavior over time.
(e.g.) class diagram (e.g.) interaction & activity diagrams

45. Why modeling
 Blue print
 Clarity
 Familiarity
 Maintenance
 Simplification

46. Advantages of modeling
 Easy to express complex ideas
 Reduce complexity
 Enhance & reinforce learning and
training
 Low cost
 Easy to change the model

47. What is Unified Modeling
Language (UML)?
 The UML is a graphical / standard
language for visualizing,
specifying, constructing &
documenting the artifacts of a
software system.

48. History of UML
 1980 – 1990  Many different
methodologies
1. Booch method by Grady Booch
2. Object Modeling Technique (OMT) by Jim Rumbaugh
3. Object Oriented Software Engineering (OOSE) by Ivar
Jacobson
 Each method had its strengths &
weaknesses.
1. Booch was great in design
2. OMT & OOSE were great in analysis

49. History of UML 1997)
UML 1.0 (January
UML 1.1 (November 1997)
UML 1.3 (Current Minor revision 1999)
UML 1.4 (Planned Minor revision 2000)
UML 2.0 (Planned Major revision 2004)

50. UML Concepts
 UML can be used to support your
entire life cycle.
1. The interaction of your application with the outside
world (use case diagram)
2. Visualize object interaction (sequence &
collaboration diagrams)
3. The structure of your system (class diagram)
4. View the system architecture by looking at the
defined package.
5. The components in your system (component
diagram)

51. What are Diagrams ?
 Graphical presentation of model
elements.
 A diagram is a graphical means to view
a system’s parts

52. UML Diagrams
 8 diagrams
 You will model the following 5 diagrams only:
1. Use case diagram
2. Activity diagram
3. Sequence diagram Interaction
4. Collaboration diagram diagram
5. Class diagram
 The other UML diagrams that can be modeled in
Rose are:
1. State chart diagram
2. Component diagram
3. Deployment diagram

53. Behavior Diagram
Interaction
 Sequence diagram diagram
behavior
 Collaboration diagram diagram
 State chart diagram
 Activity diagram

54. UML Diagrams
1. Class diagram
2. Use case diagram
3. Activity diagram
4. Sequence diagram
5. Collaboration diagram
6. State chart diagram
7. Component diagram
8. Deployment diagram

55. 1. Class diagram
 Class  a set of objects that share the
same attributes, operations & relationships.
 It represented by a compartmentalized
rectangle.
 It shows the structure of your software.
 3 compartments
1. Top
2. Middle
3. Bottom

56. 1. Class diagram
1. Top  shows class name
2. Middle  shows class attributes
3. Bottom  shows class operation

57. 1. Class diagram
1. Attributes  defines the characteristics or
structure of a class.
 displayed in the middle of the
compartmentalized rectangle.
Attributes

58. 1. Class diagram
2. Operation  the service provided by the class.
 displayed in the bottom of the
compartmentalized rectangle.
Operations

59. 2.Use case diagram
 It shows a set of use cases and actors and
their relationships.
 Address the static view of a system.
 Actor  user (or) someone / something
outside the system that interacts with the
system (it must be a noun) & it is
represented by a stickman.
……contd

60. 2.Use case diagram
 Use case  a sequences of actions (it must be
a verb) & it is represented by an oval.
 Relationship illustrates a connection among
model elements.
Unidirectional Bi-directional
 It is created to visualize the interaction of your
system with the outside world.
 (e.g.) ATM
……contd

61. 2. Use case diagram (ATM)
WITHDRAW
CASH
CUSTOMER DISPENSER
CHECK BALANCE
PRINTER
CHANGE PIN
LOGIN

62. 2. Use case diagram (Pay roll)
 Actors  employee & account
 Use case  count leave, disburse
salary, check loans, calculate PF,
prepare IT returns, calculate HRA &
check salary

63. Count leave
Customer
Disburse salary
Check loans
Calculate HRA
Calculate PF
Check salary
Prepare IT returns

64. 3.Activity Diagram
 It shows the flow of events with our
system & what is going on inside a use
case.
 We draw the activity diagram for each
& every use case.
 Login (use case) – (e.g.) ATM
 It is showing flow of control from
activity to activity.

65. 3.Activity Diagram
 Activity  it represents the performance of a
task within the workflow.
 Activity is represented by a lozenge
(horizontal top and bottom with convex sides)
 Start state shows the beginning of a workflow
on an activity diagram.
 There is only one start state.

66. 3.Activity Diagram
 A start state is represented by a solid
circle.
 An end state represents a final or
terminal state on an activity diagram.
 A end state is represented by a bull’s
eye.

67. 3.Activity Diagram
 A state transition shows what activity
follows after another.
 It is represented by a solid line with an
arrow.

68. 3.Activity Diagram
 A decision is a point in an activity diagram
where guard conditions are used to indicate
different possible transitions.
 It is represented by a diamond.
 Guard conditions control the transition of a
set of alternate transitions that follows after
the activity has been completed.

69. 3.Activity Diagram
AND
Synchronization bar
Joint

70. 3.Activity Diagram
 A synchronization bar allows you to
show concurrent threads in a work flow
of a use case.
 It represented by a thick horizontal or
vertical line.

71. 3.Activity Diagram
 A swimlane is used to partition an
activity diagram to help us better
understand who or what is initiating an
activity.

72. 3.Activity Diagram – Login Use case
Cus tom er Enters
the login details
Sys tem retrives
the details
Sys tem validates
the cus tom er
[ Fals e ]
Sys tem prompts to
reenter
[ True ]
Sys tem welcomes
the cus tom er

73. 4.Sequence Diagram
 It shows step by step what must happen
to accomplish a piece of functionality
provided by the system.
 It has 2Ds.
1. Vertical dimensions  represents time
2. Horizontal dimensions  represents
different objects.
 Vertical line is called the object’s life line.

74. 4.Sequence Diagram
 Life line  the existence object at a
particular time.
 Objects are shown at the top.
 The object role is shown as a vertical
dashed line, the life line.

75. 4.Sequence Diagram
 A message is the communication between 2
objects that triggers an event.
 It is represented by a labeled arrow.
 Each message is represented by an arrow
between the life lines of 2 objects.

76. 4.Sequence Diagram
 A focus of control shows the period of
time during which an object is
performing an action, either directly or
through a subordinate procedure.
 It represented by a tall, thin rectangle.

77. 4.Sequence Diagram – login
success
: Customer : LoginForm : LoginController : CustomerInfo
Enter Login Detail...
Submit( )
Validate( )
getLoginDetails( )

78. 5.Collaboration Diagram
 It displays objects and their links to one
other.
 It is also known as an interaction diagram.

79. 5.Collaboration Diagram
 It is made up of the following basic
elements :
1. Actors
2. Objects
3. Links
4. Messages

80. 5.Collaboration Diagram
1. Actors  user
2. Objects
 data + logic / the representation
of some real world entity.
3. Links  a pathway for communication
between objects.
 represented by a solid line
between 2 objects
4. Messages  the communication between
objects that triggers an event.
 represented by a labeled arrow
above
the link.

81. 5.Collaboration Diagram –
Login use case
1: Enter Login Details ( )
2: Subm it( )
: LoginForm
: Cus tom er
3: Validate( )
4: getLoginDetails ( )
: LoginController
: Cus tom erInfo

82. 6. State Chart Diagram
 It shows the sequence of states.
 A state is represented as a rounded box,
which may contain one or more
compartments.
 Name compartment  holds the name of
the state.
 Internal transition compartment  list of
actions / activities
 Start & end states

83. 7.Component Diagram
 It shows relationship between the
components in the system.
 A component may be a software
component [for (e.g.) a.h file in C++
(or) a .java file in Java], a run time
component [for (e.g.) a.DLL file]

84. 8. Deployment Diagram
 It shows the configuration of run time
processing elements & the software
components, processes & objects that
live in them.
 It shows the nodes in the system & the
connections between them.

85. Review
 Name the 2 benefits of visual modeling.
 What is UML?
 Name three UML diagrams.
 What are the elements of a use-case
diagram?
 Define a use case.
 Define an actor.
 What is meant by a relationship?

86. Module Summary
 Visual modeling
1. The interaction of your application with the outside
world (use case diagram)
2. Visualize object interaction (sequence &
collaboration diagrams)
3. The structure of your system (class diagram)
4. View the system architecture by looking at the
defined package.
5. The components in your system (component
diagram)

87. Module Summary
 UML
The UML is a graphical / standard
language for visualizing, specifying,
constructing & documenting the
artifacts of a software system.

88. Module Summary
 You can model the following 8 UML
diagrams in Rational Rose.
1. Use case diagram
2. Activity diagram
3. Sequence diagram
4. Collaboration diagram
5. Class diagram
6. State chart diagram
7. Component diagram
8. Deployment diagram

89. Views and Diagrams in Rational Rose
 What is model?
A model is a simplification of reality or the blueprint of
the system.
 What is view?
A view is a perspective of the model (ie)
meaningful to specific stakeholders.

90. Views
Logical View Implementation View
(Analyst / Designer) (Programmers)
Structure Software Management
Use case view (end
user functionality
Process View Deployment View
(System integrators) (System Engineering)
Performance, scalability System topology, Delivery,
& throughput installation & Communication

91. Views
 In Rose, you can create the following views
1. Use-case view
2. Logical view
3. Process view
4. Component view (Implementation view)
5. Deployment view
These views together create what we call the
4+1 Architectural View

92. Use Case View
 It specifies WHAT the system should do?
 Servers as a contract between customer and
developer.
 Essential to analysis, design and test
activities.

93. Logical View
 It supports the functional requirements
of the system.
 It includes use-case realizations, class
and interaction diagrams.
 It can also include state chart and
activity diagrams.

94. Process View
 Addresses the performance, scalability and
throughput of the system.
 Is not necessary for a single Processing
environment.

95. Component / Implementation
View
 Addresses issues of ease of
development, management of software
assets, reuse & etc.

96. Deployment View
 Addresses issues like deployment,
installation and performance.
 .Used for distributed system only.

97. Rational Rose Interface
 It includes the following :
 Browser
 Diagram window
 Diagram toolbar
 Documentation window
 Log window
 Options window
The options window is not technically part of the
rose interface. However, it is important in your
initial setup.

98. The Browser
 The browser allow you to textually
view and navigate the views and
diagrams in rational rose.
 Display the elements that you have
modeled. if an element doesn’t
appear in the browser, it not a part of
your modeled system.

99. Diagram window
 The diagram window allows you to
create and update graphical views of
the current model.

100. Diagram Toolbar
 The diagram toolbar includes
the elements to build a
diagram.
 Each diagrams toolbar unique
to that diagram.
 It is active only when the
diagram is displayed.

101. Documentation window
 Used to create, view or modify text that
explains a selected item within a
diagram.

102. Log window
 Reports progress, result and errors.
 For (e.g.) code generation commands post
progress and error messages to this window.
 To display log window, go to View menu,
click LOG to show or hide the window.
 To clear the contents of log window, click
CLEAR LOG.

103. Options window
 Used to set all of your default for
modeling.
 Note that if you change default, existing
model elements are not changed.

104. Basic tool techniques
 There are two basic tool techniques
we will discuss before you begin the
labs. They are
1. Deleting diagram elements
2. Adding diagram elements

105. Deleting diagram elements
 What happens when you delete an
element from the browser? Rose does the
following.
 Removes the selected elements from the
model
 Removes all icons representing the
elements from all diagrams on which they
appear.
 Delete the specification for the element .

106. Deleting Diagram Elements
 There are three ways to delete an element.
1. Click the element in the diagram and then
press ctrl-D
2. Right click the element in browser, and then
click delete
3. Click the element in the browser or
diagram. From the edit menu, click delete
from model.

107. Adding diagram elements
 How do you add diagram elements?
 You add elements to a diagram from either
the diagram tool bar or browser.

108. Review
 What are views?
 Name a view in rose and discuss its
purpose.
 Name two feature of the rose interface
 Discuss deleting from the browser
versus the diagram.

109. Module Summary
 Rational Rose uses views & diagrams to
depict varying perspectives and a system’s
parts.
 There are 5 views in Rational Rose :
1. Use case view
2. Logical view
3. Process view
4. Component / implementation view
5. Deployment view

110. Module Summary
 Diagrams are a graphical means to view a
system’s parts.
 The browser shows all of your model
elements
 Diagram window is to create a view
 Diagram toolbar includes the elements to
build a diagram.
 Documentation window is used to create,
view or modify text that explains a selected
item within a diagram.

111. Module Summary
 Log window reports progress, results &
errors.
 Option window allows you to set your
defaults.
 Deleting diagram elements  ctrl D, DEL key
(or) go to edit menu, click DELETE FROM
MODEL.
 Adding diagram elements  click the element
& then click in the diagram window.

112. Thank You!