1. Unauthorized reproduction or distribution prohibited. Copyright© 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. SQL Star International Limited
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Oracle Database nt G SQL
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Fundamentals II
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D17111GC30
Edition 3.0
January 2009
D57873

2. SQL Star International Limited
Authors Copyright © 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Disclaimer
Salome Clement
Chaitanya Koratamaddi This document contains proprietary information and is protected by copyright and
Priya Vennapusa other intellectual property laws. You may copy and print this document solely for your
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Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other
hlk his S
names may be trademarks of their respective owners.
r
Editors
A O ( se t
Nita Pavitran
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Atanu Raychaudhuri
AN nse
U L M lice
AH rable
Graphic Designer
R
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SanjeevE
A
AR on-tra
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Publishers
Jobi Varghese
Giri Venugopal

3. SQL Star International Limited
Contents
Unauthorized reproduction or distribution prohibited. Copyright© 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Preface
I Introduction
Objectives I-2
Course Objectives I-3
Course Overview I-4
Course Application I-5 a
Summary I-6
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1 Controlling User Access ailฺ uide
Objectives 1-2 gm t G
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Controlling User Access 1-3
a rale tude
Privileges 1-4
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System Privileges 1-5
A O ( se t
Creating Users 1-6
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User System Privileges 1-7 e
L M lice
Granting System Privileges 1-8
U
What Is a Role? le
R AHandrab 1-9 Privileges to a Role 1-10
LE ansfe Granting 1-11
Creating
A Changing Your Password
AR on-tr Privileges 1-12
K n Object
Granting Object Privileges 1-14
Passing On Your Privileges 1-15
Confirming Privileges Granted 1-16
Revoking Object Privileges 1-17
Summary 1-19
Practice 1: Overview 1-20
2 Managing Schema Objects
Objectives 2-2
ALTER TABLE Statement 2-3
Adding a Column 2-5
Modifying a Column 2-6
Dropping a Column 2-7
SET UNUSED Option 2-8
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4. SQL Star International Limited
Adding a Constraint Syntax 2-10
Adding a Constraint 2-11
ON DELETE CASCADE 2-12
Deferring Constraints 2-13
Unauthorized reproduction or distribution prohibited. Copyright© 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Dropping a Constraint 2-14
Disabling Constraints 2-15
Enabling Constraints 2-16
Cascading Constraints 2-18
Overview of Indexes 2-20
CREATE INDEX with the CREATE TABLE Statement 2-21
Function-Based Indexes 2-23
Removing an Index 2-24
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DROP TABLE … PURGE 2-25
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FLASHBACK TABLE Statement 2-26
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External Tables 2-28 ailฺ uide
Creating a Directory for the External Table 2-30 gm t G
Creating an External Table 2-32 le@ n
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Creating an External Table by Using ORACLE_LOADER
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Querying External Tables 2-36
A O ( se t
Summary 2-37
Practice 2: Overview 2-38 N
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A nse
U L M lice
3 Manipulating Large Datae
AH rabl Sets
R
Objectives 3-2 fe
LE ans to Manipulate Data 3-3
A tr
AR onSubqueries Another Table 3-4
Using
-
K Copying Rows from
nInserting Using a Subquery as a Target 3-5
Retrieving Data with a Subquery as Source 3-7
Updating Two Columns with a Subquery 3-8
Updating Rows Based on Another Table 3-9
Deleting Rows Based on Another Table 3-10
Using the WITH CHECK OPTION Keyword on DML Statements 3-11
Overview of the Explicit Default Feature 3-12
Using Explicit Default Values 3-13
Overview of Multitable INSERT Statements 3-14
Types of Multitable INSERT Statements 3-16
Multitable INSERT Statements 3-17
Unconditional INSERT ALL 3-19
Conditional INSERT ALL 3-20
Conditional INSERT FIRST 3-22
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5. SQL Star International Limited
Pivoting INSERT 3-24
MERGE Statement 3-27
MERGE Statement Syntax 3-28
Merging Rows 3-29
Unauthorized reproduction or distribution prohibited. Copyright© 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Tracking Changes in Data 3-31
Example of the Flashback Version Query 3-32
VERSIONS BETWEEN Clause 3-34
Summary 3-35
Practice 3: Overview 3-36
4 Generating Reports by Grouping Related Data
Objectives 4-2 a
Review of Group Functions 4-3
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Review of the GROUP BY Clause 4-4
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Review of the HAVING Clause 4-5 ailฺ uide
GROUP BY with ROLLUP and CUBE Operators 4-6 gm t G
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ROLLUP Operator 4-7
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ROLLUP Operator: Example 4-8
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CUBE Operator 4-9 O ( se t
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CUBE Operator: ExampleKR
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4-10
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GROUPING Function 4-11 n
L M Example 4-12
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GROUPING Function: lic
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GROUPING SETS 4-13
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AL GROUPING SETS: Example 4-15
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Composite Columns: Example 4-19
Concatenated Groupings 4-21
Concatenated Groupings: Example 4-22
Summary 4-23
Practice 4: Overview 4-24
5 Managing Data in Different Time Zones
Objectives 5-2
Time Zones 5-3
TIME_ZONE Session Parameter 5-4
CURRENT_DATE, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, and LOCALTIMESTAMP 5-5
CURRENT_DATE 5-6
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP 5-7
LOCALTIMESTAMP 5-8
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DBTIMEZONE and SESSIONTIMEZONE 5-9
TIMESTAMP Data Type 5-10
TIMESTAMP Data Types 5-11
TIMESTAMP Fields 5-12
Unauthorized reproduction or distribution prohibited. Copyright© 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Difference Between DATE and TIMESTAMP 5-13
TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE Data Type 5-14
TIMESTAMP WITH TIMEZONE: Example 5-15
TIMESTAMP WITH LOCAL TIMEZONE 5-16
TIMESTAMP WITH LOCAL TIMEZONE: Example 5-17
INTERVAL Data Types 5-18
INTERVAL Fields 5-20
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INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH Data Type 5-21
INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH: Example 5-22 )
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INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND Data Type 5-23
INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND Data Type: Example 5-24
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EXTRACT 5-25
TZ_OFFSET 5-26 a
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O ( se t TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ 5-29
TIMESTAMP Conversion Using FROM_TZ 5-28
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Converting to TIMESTAMP Using TO_TIMESTAMP and
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Time Interval Conversion with TO_YMINTERVAL
s
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Using TO_DSINTERVAL: Example
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AH rable
Daylight Saving Time 5-32
SummaryR
A LE 5:ansfe 5-35
5-34
AR on-tr
Practice Overview
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6 Retrieving Data Using Subqueries
Objectives 6-2
Multiple-Column Subqueries 6-3
Column Comparisons 6-4
Pairwise Comparison Subquery 6-5
Nonpairwise Comparison Subquery 6-6
Scalar Subquery Expressions 6-7
Scalar Subqueries: Examples 6-8
Correlated Subqueries 6-10
Using Correlated Subqueries 6-12
Using the EXISTS Operator 6-14
Find Employees Who Have At Least One Person Reporting to Them 6-15
Find All Departments That Do Not Have Any Employees 6-16
Correlated UPDATE 6-17
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7. SQL Star International Limited
Using Correlated UPDATE 6-18
Correlated DELETE 6-20
Using Correlated DELETE 6-21
WITH Clause 6-22
Unauthorized reproduction or distribution prohibited. Copyright© 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates.
WITH Clause: Example 6-23
Summary 6-25
Practice 6: Overview 6-27
7 Hierarchical Retrieval
Objectives 7-2
Sample Data from the EMPLOYEES Table 7-3
Natural Tree Structure 7-4 a
Hierarchical Queries 7-5
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Walking the Tree 7-6
c om ฺ
Walking the Tree: From the Bottom Up 7-8 ailฺ uide
Walking the Tree: From the Top Down 7-9
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Ranking Rows with the LEVEL Pseudocolumn 7-10
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Formatting Hierarchical Reports Using LEVEL and LPAD 7-11
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Pruning Branches 7-13
A O ( se t
Summary 7-14
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Practice 7: Overview N
A 7-15nse
U L M lice
AH rable
8 Regular Expression Support
R
LE ansfe 8-2
Objectives
A Regular Expression: Overview 8-3
AR on-tr Characters 8-4
K n Meta
Using Meta Characters 8-5
Regular Expression Functions 8-7
REGEXP Function Syntax 8-8
Performing Basic Searches 8-9
Checking the Presence of a Pattern 8-10
Example of Extracting Substrings 8-11
Replacing Patterns 8-12
Regular Expressions and Check Constraints 8-13
Summary 8-14
Practice 8: Overview 8-15
Appendix A: Practice Solutions
Appendix B: Table Descriptions and Data
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Appendix C: Writing Advanced Scripts
Objectives C-2
Using SQL to Generate SQL C-3
Creating a Basic Script C-4
Unauthorized reproduction or distribution prohibited. Copyright© 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Controlling the Environment C-5
The Complete Picture C-6
Dumping the Contents of a Table to a File C-7
Generating a Dynamic Predicate C-9
Summary C-11
Appendix D: Oracle Architectural Components
Objectives D-2
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Oracle Database Architecture: Overview D-3
Database Physical Architecture D-4 ) has
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Control Files D-5
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Redo Log Files D-6 gm t G
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Tablespaces and Data Files D-7
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Segments, Extents, and Blocks D-8
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Oracle Instance Management D-9
A
Oracle Memory Structures D-10
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Oracle Processes D-12
L M lice
Other Key Physical Structures D-13
U
AH rable
Processing a SQL Statement D-14
R
Connecting to an Instance D-15
A LE ansfe
Processing a Query D-17
AR on-tr
K nShared Pool D-18
Database Buffer Cache D-20
Program Global Area (PGA) D-21
Processing a DML Statement D-22
Redo Log Buffer D-24
Rollback Segment D-25
COMMIT Processing D-26
Summary D-28
Appendix E: Using SQL Developer
Objectives E-2
What Is Oracle SQL Developer? E-3
Key Features E-4
Installing SQL Developer E-5
Menus for SQL Developer E-6
Creating a Database Connection E-7
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9. SQL Star International Limited
Browsing Database Objects E-9
Creating a Schema Object E-10
Creating a New Table: Example E-11
Using SQL Worksheet E-12
Unauthorized reproduction or distribution prohibited. Copyright© 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Executing SQL Statements E-14
Viewing the Execution Plan E-15
Formatting the SQL Code E-16
Using Snippets E-17
Using Snippets: Example E-18
Using SQL*Plus E-19
Database Reporting E-20
Creating a User Defined Report E-21
a
Summary E-22
) has
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Index
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Additional Practices
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O ( se t
Additional Practice Solutions
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U L M lice
R AH rable
A LE ansfe
AR on-tr
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10. Unauthorized reproduction or distribution prohibited. Copyright© 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. SQL Star International Limited
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11. SQL Star International Limited
Preface
Unauthorized reproduction or distribution prohibited. Copyright© 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates.
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A O ( se t
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A LE ansfe
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12. Unauthorized reproduction or distribution prohibited. Copyright© 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. SQL Star International Limited
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ailฺ uide
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a rale tude
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A O ( se t
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13. SQL Star International Limited
Profile
Before You Begin This Course
Before you begin this course, you should have working experience with SQL.
Prerequisites
Oracle Database 10g: SQL Fundamentals I
Unauthorized reproduction or distribution prohibited. Copyright© 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates.
How This Course Is Organized
Oracle Database 10g: SQL Fundamentals II is an instructor-led course featuring
lectures and hands-on exercises. Online demonstrations and written practice
sessions reinforce the concepts and skills that are introduced.
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Preface - 3

14. SQL Star International Limited
Related Publications
Oracle Publications
Title Part Number
Oracle® Database Reference 10g Release 2 (10.2) B14237-02
Oracle® Database SQL Reference 10g Release 2 (10.2) B14200-02
Unauthorized reproduction or distribution prohibited. Copyright© 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Oracle® Database Concepts 10g Release 2 (10.2) B14220-02
Oracle® Database Application Developer's Guide -
Fundamentals 10g Release 2 (10.2) B14251-01
SQL*Plus® User's Guide and Reference B14357-01
Additional Publications
• System release bulletins a
• Installation and user’s guides ) has
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• read.me files
• International Oracle User’s Group (IOUG) articles gm t G
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• Oracle Magazine
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A O ( se t
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U L M lice
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Preface - 4

15. SQL Star International Limited
Typographic Conventions
The following two lists explain Oracle University typographical conventions for
words that appear within regular text or within code samples.
1. Typographic Conventions for Words Within Regular Text
Unauthorized reproduction or distribution prohibited. Copyright© 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Convention Object or Term Example
Courier New User input; Use the SELECT command to view
commands; information stored in the LAST_NAME
column, table, and column of the EMPLOYEES table.
schema names;
functions; Enter 300.
PL/SQL objects;
paths Log in as scott
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Assign a When-Validate-Itemc om to ฺ
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Initial cap Triggers; trigger
user interface object the ORD block.
names, such as @ n gm t G
button names
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Click the Cancel button.e
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Italic Titles of
coursesNI
KR to umore information on the subject see
e Oracle SQL Reference
MA icens Manual
and
ULemphasized
manuals;
A H ble l
L aE R nsfera or phrases; Do not save changes to the database.
words
RA -tr
placeholders or
KA non variables Enter hostname, where
hostname is the host on which the
password is to be changed.
Quotation marks Lesson or module This subject is covered in Lesson 3,
titles referenced “Working with Objects.”
within a course
Preface - 5

16. SQL Star International Limited
Typographic Conventions (continued)
2. Typographic Conventions for Words Within Code Samples
Convention Object or Term Example
Uppercase Commands, SELECT employee_id
Unauthorized reproduction or distribution prohibited. Copyright© 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates.
functions FROM employees;
Lowercase, Syntax variables CREATE ROLE role;
italic
Initial cap Forms triggers Form module: ORD
Trigger level: S_ITEM.QUANTITY
item
Trigger name: When-Validate-Item
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. . .
h as
Lowercase Column names, . . .
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OG_ACTIVATE_LAYER ilฺc
table names,
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filenames, gm t G
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PL/SQL objects . . .
SELECT a
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last_name
(
FROM t his
Text that must R
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Bold CREATE
MA icen
be entered by a IDENTIFIED BY tiger;
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user
A HU ble l
L E R nsfera
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Preface - 6

17. Unauthorized reproduction or distribution prohibited. Copyright© 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. SQL Star International Limited
Introduction
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ailฺ uide
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a rale tude
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A O ( se t
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AN nse
L M Copyright © 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.
U le lice
H
E RA ferab
R AL trans
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