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Composite Baseball Bats
Manufacturing Process & Comparison with Aluminum Bats




Syed Mustijab Haider Rizvi (MM111117)
Composite Baseball Bats

              Table of Contents

1. Introduction
2. Shapes
3. Aluminum and Composite Bats
4. Properties of Baseball Bats
5. Manufacturing Process
6. Comparison
7. Conclusions
8. References
Composite Baseball Bats

                    Introduction

 Baseball bats fall within three material classifications


1. Wood                2. Aluminum            3.Composite
Composite Baseball Bats

                            Shapes

Baseball bats in the early days of baseball came in all
shapes and sizes
(long, short, flat, and heavy)


• 1859 – Maximum diameter 2.5 inches
• 1869 – Maximum length 42 inches
• 1890 – No more flat bats only round with
   maximum diameter 2.87inches
Composite Baseball Bats

       Aluminum and Composite Bats
1924 – A patent for the first metal baseball bat
1970 – First metallic bat in the game
1980 – First composite bat in the game




  Worth Aluminum baseball bat      Easton Aluminum baseball bat
Composite Baseball Bats

          Properties of a baseball bat

Important features


  Durability and strength
  Stiffness
  Swing weight
  Trampoline effect
  Vibrations
Composite Baseball Bats

                   Manufacturing Process

Following steps are involved in composite baseball bat manufacturing
process

  1. Starting material                  6.   Hot pressure molding
  2. Steel bat frame                    7.   Extracting steel bat form
  3. Winding of polypropylene layer     8.   Inspection and flexibility testing
  4. Baking                             9.   Black primer coating
  5. Braided carbon and glass layers    10. Finishing operations
Composite Baseball Bats

                   1. Starting Material

Resin infused pliable carbon fiber sheets

•     Sheet layers
•     Hot rolling – melting of resin and diffusion of fibers




    Sheet layers                               Hot rolling
Composite Baseball Bats

                          2. Steel Bat Form

The fiber sheets are then spiral around the steel bat form at different angles
to make a fine bat form.




         Steel bat form                      Fiber sheet wrapping on steel bat form
Composite Baseball Bats

                     3. Winding of polypropylene

         A layer of polypropylene is winded to squeeze out any trapped air between
                                         the layers
                                                                               Fiber sheet
                                                                              wrapped bat
                                                                                  form




Polypropylene
    layer
Composite Baseball Bats

            4. Baking

Baking for two hours  Resin curing




       Placing bats in baking oven
Composite Baseball Bats

        5. Braided carbon and glass layers
After the removal of polypropylene, bat form is wrapped with three layers
                                         (3)
  •     Braided carbon and glass (1)
  •     A thick layer of carbon (2)
  •     Aramid Fiber layer (3)



  (1)                                    (2)
Composite Baseball Bats

                          6. Hot Pressure Molding

              The bats are placed in the mold and epoxy resin is injected with high
                                  pressure at high temperature

                                                                                 Bats in mold




 Hole for
epoxy resin
 injection
Composite Baseball Bats

            7. Extracting the Steel Bat Form

            After the removal from the mold steel bat form is extracted

                                                                          Steel bat
                                                                            form




 Hollow
Composite
   bat
Composite Baseball Bats

  8. Inspection and Flexibility Testing

Bat is inspected for any visible defects and tested on flexibility testing
       machine to ensure that bat has attained desired flexibility
Composite Baseball Bats

               9. Black Primer Coating

After inspection black primer coating is applied and bats are hanged to dry
Composite Baseball Bats

                    10. Finishing Operations
                                       (4)
      •   Spray Paint (1)
      •   Brand
      •   Adjust weight (2)
      •   Adjust balance
      •   In-cap (3)
      •   Grip (4)


(1)                           (2)             (3)
Comparison
                    Comparison of aluminum and composite baseball bats

              Composite                                      Aluminum
                                     Swing weight
Lower swing weight and maximum
effect of swing weight by having both
                                              Relatively higher swing weight
a lower moment of inertia as well as a
center of mass closer to the handle
                                   Trampoline effect
The softer barrel allows the ball to          Due to isotropic properties it is difficult
come off with small losses in energy          to make different parts with different
while maintaining the stiffness of the        stiffness so stiffness of barrel must be
bat in the handle                             high
                                       Vibration
Very high damping rate causing no
                                              High vibrations cause a sting
observable vibrations
Comparison
                Composite                                     Aluminum
                                   Temperature effect
Cannot be used at lower temperature            Can be used at any temperature
                                        Durability
Relatively low life time                       Can be used for long period of times
                                 Flexibility in properties

Properties can be tailored at will             Difficult to obtain anisotropic properties

                                 Performance with time

Performance improves with usage due
                                               Performance decreases with time
to loosing of fibers up till a certain limit

            Sweet spot (area of bat which transfer maximum power to ball)
Larger sweet spot                              Relatively small sweet spot
                                           Cost
High cost                                      Low cost
Composite Baseball Bats

                               Conclusion


Composite bats have outperformed aluminum bats by their superior and tailor
able qualities;

•   The swing weight for these bats is more easily controllable,
•   Trampoline effect may be tuned,
•   Bending stiffness may be tuned and
•   Bending vibrations are more highly damped.


These all properties together made them the first choice of any player
Thank You!
References

[1] Mahesh M. Shenoy et al (2001). “Performance assessment
of wood, metal and composite baseball bats”, Composite
Structures 397-404
[2] Matthew Broe et al (2010). “Experimental study of the
evolution of composite baseball bat performance”, Procedia
Engineering 2 2653–2658
[3]http://www.baseball-bats.net/baseball-bats/baseball-bat-
history/index.html 18-05-2012 at 1:45 PM
[4]http://americanarmchaircricketer.blogspot.com/2012/02/goi
ng-batty-or-what-are-those-sticks.html 18-05-2012 at 2:00 PM
[5]http://www.bplowestprices.com/easton-sv12-bsv1-baseball-
bat-high-school-adult-3.html 18-05-2012 at 2:25 PM
[6] http://www.woodbat.org/ 18-05-2012 at 4:00 PM
[7]http://science.discovery.com/search/results.html?focus=site
&query=baseball+bats&search= 18-05-2012 at 5:00 PM

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Composite Baseball Bat Manufacturing Process

  • 1. Composite Baseball Bats Manufacturing Process & Comparison with Aluminum Bats Syed Mustijab Haider Rizvi (MM111117)
  • 2. Composite Baseball Bats Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Shapes 3. Aluminum and Composite Bats 4. Properties of Baseball Bats 5. Manufacturing Process 6. Comparison 7. Conclusions 8. References
  • 3. Composite Baseball Bats Introduction Baseball bats fall within three material classifications 1. Wood 2. Aluminum 3.Composite
  • 4. Composite Baseball Bats Shapes Baseball bats in the early days of baseball came in all shapes and sizes (long, short, flat, and heavy) • 1859 – Maximum diameter 2.5 inches • 1869 – Maximum length 42 inches • 1890 – No more flat bats only round with maximum diameter 2.87inches
  • 5. Composite Baseball Bats Aluminum and Composite Bats 1924 – A patent for the first metal baseball bat 1970 – First metallic bat in the game 1980 – First composite bat in the game Worth Aluminum baseball bat Easton Aluminum baseball bat
  • 6. Composite Baseball Bats Properties of a baseball bat Important features Durability and strength Stiffness Swing weight Trampoline effect Vibrations
  • 7. Composite Baseball Bats Manufacturing Process Following steps are involved in composite baseball bat manufacturing process 1. Starting material 6. Hot pressure molding 2. Steel bat frame 7. Extracting steel bat form 3. Winding of polypropylene layer 8. Inspection and flexibility testing 4. Baking 9. Black primer coating 5. Braided carbon and glass layers 10. Finishing operations
  • 8. Composite Baseball Bats 1. Starting Material Resin infused pliable carbon fiber sheets • Sheet layers • Hot rolling – melting of resin and diffusion of fibers Sheet layers Hot rolling
  • 9. Composite Baseball Bats 2. Steel Bat Form The fiber sheets are then spiral around the steel bat form at different angles to make a fine bat form. Steel bat form Fiber sheet wrapping on steel bat form
  • 10. Composite Baseball Bats 3. Winding of polypropylene A layer of polypropylene is winded to squeeze out any trapped air between the layers Fiber sheet wrapped bat form Polypropylene layer
  • 11. Composite Baseball Bats 4. Baking Baking for two hours  Resin curing Placing bats in baking oven
  • 12. Composite Baseball Bats 5. Braided carbon and glass layers After the removal of polypropylene, bat form is wrapped with three layers (3) • Braided carbon and glass (1) • A thick layer of carbon (2) • Aramid Fiber layer (3) (1) (2)
  • 13. Composite Baseball Bats 6. Hot Pressure Molding The bats are placed in the mold and epoxy resin is injected with high pressure at high temperature Bats in mold Hole for epoxy resin injection
  • 14. Composite Baseball Bats 7. Extracting the Steel Bat Form After the removal from the mold steel bat form is extracted Steel bat form Hollow Composite bat
  • 15. Composite Baseball Bats 8. Inspection and Flexibility Testing Bat is inspected for any visible defects and tested on flexibility testing machine to ensure that bat has attained desired flexibility
  • 16. Composite Baseball Bats 9. Black Primer Coating After inspection black primer coating is applied and bats are hanged to dry
  • 17. Composite Baseball Bats 10. Finishing Operations (4) • Spray Paint (1) • Brand • Adjust weight (2) • Adjust balance • In-cap (3) • Grip (4) (1) (2) (3)
  • 18. Comparison Comparison of aluminum and composite baseball bats Composite Aluminum Swing weight Lower swing weight and maximum effect of swing weight by having both Relatively higher swing weight a lower moment of inertia as well as a center of mass closer to the handle Trampoline effect The softer barrel allows the ball to Due to isotropic properties it is difficult come off with small losses in energy to make different parts with different while maintaining the stiffness of the stiffness so stiffness of barrel must be bat in the handle high Vibration Very high damping rate causing no High vibrations cause a sting observable vibrations
  • 19. Comparison Composite Aluminum Temperature effect Cannot be used at lower temperature Can be used at any temperature Durability Relatively low life time Can be used for long period of times Flexibility in properties Properties can be tailored at will Difficult to obtain anisotropic properties Performance with time Performance improves with usage due Performance decreases with time to loosing of fibers up till a certain limit Sweet spot (area of bat which transfer maximum power to ball) Larger sweet spot Relatively small sweet spot Cost High cost Low cost
  • 20. Composite Baseball Bats Conclusion Composite bats have outperformed aluminum bats by their superior and tailor able qualities; • The swing weight for these bats is more easily controllable, • Trampoline effect may be tuned, • Bending stiffness may be tuned and • Bending vibrations are more highly damped. These all properties together made them the first choice of any player
  • 22. References [1] Mahesh M. Shenoy et al (2001). “Performance assessment of wood, metal and composite baseball bats”, Composite Structures 397-404 [2] Matthew Broe et al (2010). “Experimental study of the evolution of composite baseball bat performance”, Procedia Engineering 2 2653–2658 [3]http://www.baseball-bats.net/baseball-bats/baseball-bat- history/index.html 18-05-2012 at 1:45 PM [4]http://americanarmchaircricketer.blogspot.com/2012/02/goi ng-batty-or-what-are-those-sticks.html 18-05-2012 at 2:00 PM [5]http://www.bplowestprices.com/easton-sv12-bsv1-baseball- bat-high-school-adult-3.html 18-05-2012 at 2:25 PM [6] http://www.woodbat.org/ 18-05-2012 at 4:00 PM [7]http://science.discovery.com/search/results.html?focus=site &query=baseball+bats&search= 18-05-2012 at 5:00 PM