Unix Shell Scripting

Instructor
Mustafa Qasim

Certified Ethical Hacker (CEH)
Oracle Certified Expert Solaris Security Administrator
Oracle Certified Professional Solaris System Administrator
Oracle Certified Associate Solaris 10 Operating System
Oracle Certified Associate MySQL 5.5/5
Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA)

Catch Me

LinkedIn pk.linkedin.com/in/mustafaqasim
Google+ gplus.to/mustu
Twitter twitter.com/mustafaqasim

Introduction
●
Name
●
Job Description
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Professional Experience
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Expectations from Unix Shell Scripting course

Ideal Participants

Hardworking
?

Ideal Participants

?
Hardworking

ŊÖ

Ideal Participants

LaaazzZZzzyyy....

Unix
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AT&T Employees at Bell Labs in 1969
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Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Brian Kernighan, Douglas McIlroy,
Michael Lesk and Joe Ossanna
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Unix Family OS
– University of California, Berkeley's BSD
– Solaris
– HP-UX
– AIX
– Sequent and as well as Darwin

GNU
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GNU Not Unix
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Richard Stallman, 1983
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GNU General Public License (GPL)
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GNU Compiler Collection (GCC), the GNU C library (glibc), and
GNU Core Utilities (coreutils),[1] but also the GNU Debugger
(GDB), GNU Binary Utilities (binutils),[18] and the bash shell.
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GNU Hurd Kernel
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Free Software Foundation (FSF)

GNU/Linux
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In April 1991, Linus Torvalds, a 21-year-old
student at the University of Helsinki, Finland
started working on some simple ideas for an
operating system
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Kernel vs OS

Linus Torvalds

To Do
Make yourself familiar with Unix, Unix Derivatives, GNU, Linux and
software license GPL and Free & Open Source Software (FOSS).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix
http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/philosophy.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU
http://www.gnu.org/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux

Compiler vs Interpreted

Complete Program > Compiler > Executable

Program Fragment > Interpreter > Instant Output

Compiler vs Interpreted (Contd.)
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Compiled Languages
– C/C++
– Pascal
– FORTRAN
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Interpreted Languages
– Unix Shell
– Perl
– Tcl/Tk

Unix Shell
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First shell for Version 6 Unix was written by Ken Thompson
(Bell Labs) in 1971
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It was only Interactive Shell

Bourne Shell
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Created by Stephen Bourne at AT&T Bell Labs for V7 UNIX
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Goals
– Interpreted Language
– Scripting
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New Features
– Control Flows, Loops, Variables
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Lacked Functions

Bourne Shell (Contd.)
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Bourne Shell Derivatives
– Korn Shell (ksh)
– Almquist shell (ash)
– Bourne Again Shell (Bash)

C Shell (csh)
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Bill Joy in 1978 for BSD
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Create a scripting language similar to C
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Prominent Feature
– Command History
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Tenex Enhancements (tcsh)
– Command completion
– Command line editing

Korn Shell (ksh)
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By David Korn
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Backward compatibility with Bourne Shell (sh)
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Derivative of Bourne Shell (sh)

Bourne Again Shell (Bash)
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GNU Project
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Superset of sh and ksh

POSIX
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Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IEEE)
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International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
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POSIX Compliance
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Bash, gawk

Responsibilities of Shell
1. Reading input and parsing the command line
2. Evaluating special characters, such as wildcards and the
history character
3. Setting up pipes, redirection, and background processing
4. Handling signals
5. Setting up programs for execution

To Do
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Perform Login and Logout on a Unix shell
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Perform and understand the following commands
– ls, dir, touch, mkdir, cd, rm, mv, cat, less, more, which, pwd, man,
info
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Use vi editor to create and edit files
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Understand Unix File System hierarchy especially the
following directories
– /bin, /sbin, /home, /root, /var

Unix Startup
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OS is booted and very first process is born
– Init, PID 1
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OS authenticates the user and provides access to shell
– /bin/login
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Data Streams are set
– Stdout, stderr, stdin
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A process is forked to run Graphical Desktop

Parsing Commands
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Lexical Analysis
– The process of breaking the line up into tokens is called lexical
analysis.
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Tokens
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Command?
– Built-in command => Execute Internally
– Executable command => Fork a Child Shell
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Forking Child Shel

Types of Commands
1. Aliases
2. Keywords
3. Functions
4. Built-in commands
5. Executable programs

Shell Processes
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PID
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ps
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Linux: pstree
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Solaris: ptree

System Calls

}
fork
exit
Kernel
exec

wait

fork System Call
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Parent/Child
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Inheritance of environment, open files, real and user
identifications, umask, current working directory, and
signals.

wait System Call
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Waits for Child's PID & Exit Code
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Zombie Process
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Orphan Zombie Process

exec System Call
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exec call for executable
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Executable becomes the child

exit System Call
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sigchild signal to parent
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Exit code 0 - 255

To Do
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Perform and Understand the following commands
– top, ps, pgrep, pstree/ptree, kill
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Learn to hunt a specific process and kill it
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Learn to hunt a specific instance of a binary running multiple
times simultaneous

Environment and Inheritance
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UID, GID
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Ownership
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Permission
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Variables
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Working Directory

User & Group IDs
$ id
uid=502(mustu) gid=502(mustu)

File Creation Mask
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Umask

777 (Directory) 666 (File)
–022 (umask value) –022 (umask value)
------- ---------
755 644
drwxr-xr-x -rw-r--r--

Set Ownership & Permission
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chown
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chmod

Variables
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Local Variables
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Environment Variables
– $env

File Descriptor
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0 stdin
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1 stdout
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2 stderr

To Do
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Understand & Practice the following
– Bash Environmental variables
– Check your current environment variables (hint: $env)
– Check your user's UID & GID
– Check a file's permission set for owner, group and others
– Change a file/folder permission using both numerical and character format
– Change a file/folder owner and group
– Redirect stdout and stderr into a file
– Pipe or Redirect output of programs

Writing Bash Script
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Shebang
– #!/bin/bash
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Comments
– #Getting input for value of age
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Make script executable
– Chmod +x myscript.sh
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Execute Script
– ./myscript.sh

Simple Bash Script
#!/bin/bash

# This is a comment
echo “Khamoshi Ka Boycot”

Use Variable
#!/bin/bash

name=”Telenor”
echo “$name Khamoshi Ka Boycot”

Pass Arguments
./myscript ali 15 Lahore

#!/bin/bash

echo “Mr. $1 is $2 years old and belongs to $3”

Get Input
#!/bin/bash

echo "What is your name?"
read uname

echo ” Welcome $uname”

Arithmetic Operators

== Equal to
!= Not equal to
> Greater then
>= Greater then, equal to
< Less then
<= Less then, equalt o

Logical Operators

&& and
|| or
! not

Conditional Statements
if Construct:

if command
then
block of statements
fi

if/else Construct:

if command
then
block of statements
else
block of statements
fi

if/else if/else Construct:

if command
then
block of statements
elif command
then
block of statements
else
block of statements
fi

Iterative Statements
for variable in word_list

do
block of statements
done

Schedule Script
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Cron
– crontan -l #List Exiting Crons
– crontab -e #Edit Cron Scheduling File

REMEMBER
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Environment Variable Differ in Cron
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Use the MAIL parameter to receive cron errors
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Use the PATH parameter to set environment variables in cron
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If your program needs to use neighbor files to run properly
then in cron script first change directory (cd) to your
program's path then run the program.

Tip :)
Your best buddy

http://www.corntab.com/

Regular Expressions
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Pattern of characters used to match the same characters in a
search
●
Enclosed by forward slash /telenor/

Regular Expressions
Hi Asad,

We've a upcoming training on Unix shell Programming later this week.
As you've to deal with programming tasks frequently I would highly
recommend you to participate in this training. It will improve your
programming skills and help you perform daily tasks efficiently.

Thanks

Regular Expressions
:1,$s/programming/scripting/g

Regular Expression Metacharacters
:1,$s/<[Pp]rogramming>/scripting/g

1,$ First Line to Last Line
s Substitute
<, > Beginning and End of Word
[Pp] Match one of the word
<[Pp]rogramming> Programming OR programming
g Globally

Meta Character
^

Function
Beginning of line anchor

Example
/^lahore/

What It Matched
Matches all lines beginning with lahore

Meta Character
$

Function
End of line anchor

Example
/lahore$/

What It Matched
Matches all lines ending with lahore

Meta Character
.

Function
Matches one character

Example
/la...e/

What It Matched
Matches all starting with la, followed by three characters, followed by e

Meta Character
*

Function
Matches zero or more of the preceding characters

Example
/ *lahore/

What It Matched
Matches lines with zero or more spaces, followed by the pattern lahore

Meta Character
[]

Function
Matches one in the set

Example
/[Ll]ahore/

What It Matched
Matches lines containing Lahore or lahore

Meta Character
[x-y]

Function
Matches one character within a range in the set

Example
/[A-Z]ahore/

What It Matched
Matches letters from A through Z followed by ahore

Meta Character
[^]

Function
Matches one character not in the set

Example
/[^A-Z]ahore/

What It Matched
Matches any character not in the range between A and Z

Meta Character

Function
Used to escape a metacharacter

Example
/lahore./

What It Matched
Matches lines containing lahore, followed by a literal period; Normally the period matches one of any
character

Meta Character
<

Function
Beginning-of-word anchor

Example
/<lahore/

What It Matched
Matches lines containing a word that begins with lahore (supported by vi and grep)

Additional
Meta Character
>

Function
Ending-of-word anchor

Example
/lahore>/

What It Matched
Matches lines containing a word that ends with lahore (supported by vi and grep)

Additional
Meta Character
(..)

Function
Tags match characters to be used later

Example
/(love)able 1er/

What It Matched
May use up to nine tags, starting with the first tag at the leftmost part of the pattern. For example, the pattern love
is saved as tag 1, to be referenced later as 1. In this example, the search pattern consists of lovable followed by lover
(supported by sed, vi, and grep)

Additional
Meta Character
x{m} or x{m,} or x{m,n}

Function
Repetition of character x, m times, at least m times, at least m and not more than n times

Example
o{5,10}

What It Matched
Matches if line contains between 5 and 10 consecutive occurrences of the letter o (supported by vi and grep)

Sed
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Streamlined, non-interactive editor

How Sed Works

abc abc abc

Text File Sed Buffer Sed Output

Awk
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UNIX programming language used for manipulating data and
generating reports

How Awk Works
$0
Ahmad 33 LHR
Shakir 35 ISB Ahmad 33 LHR
Qasim 28 KHI
Awk takes a line and put in an internal variable $0

Text File

$1 $2 $3
Ahmad 33 LHR

Line is broken into fields separated by spaces and stored
into internal numbered variables starting from $1

How Awk Works

Ahmad 33 LHR
Shakir 35 ISB
Qasim 28 KHI

data.txt

#awk '{print $1, $3}' data.txt

Ahmad LHR
Shakir ISB
Qasim KHI

To Do
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Practice Regular Expressions with grep, sed and awk.

Unix Shell Scripting

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