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INNOVATIVE IDEAS FOR LIGHT MODULES
FLNG FORUM 2010:24 MARCH
PRESENTED BY MUKES GUPTA – MD CANADOIL ENGINEERING




     © 2010 Canadoil Group  © MG
     www.canadoilgroup.com
INNOVATIVE IDEAS FOR LIGHT MODULES FOR FPSO & FLNG

1.) INTRODUCTION ……HERE BACKGROUND OF SELF AND PAST
EXPERIENCE WITH MODULES SHALL BE SHARED

2) FPSO & FLNG ……CURRENT STATUS

3) FUTURE PROSPECTS FOR FPSO & FLNG……..PERSPECTIVE
PLANNING & GROWTH PROSPECTS

4) CHALLENGES IN DEVELOPING FLNG PROJECTS

5) INNOVATIVE IDEAS & APPROACH

6) EXPECTED TRENDS IN FLNG / FPSO

7) A POSSIBLE WAY FORWARD

8) CONCLUSION
1. INTRODUCTION


CANADOIL ENGINEERING CAPABILITIES



    World Class P
    W ld Cl     Provider Of E i
                    id      Engineering S l ti
                                    i   Solutions
STATE OF ART FACILITIES
STATE OF ART FACILITIES
CANADOIL ENGINEERING CONCEPT
CANADOIL ENGINEERING CONCEPT
THE ONE STOP SHOP
               THE ONE STOP SHOP

       1   DESIGN/                                5 ONSITE
       ENGINEERING                                COMMISSIONING




2     PIPE & FITTING                              4 INTEGRATED
    MANUFACTURING                                   COATING




                       3 FABRICATION / SPOOLING
2. FPSO & FLNG CURRENT STATUS……
  CURRENTLY @ 100+ FPSO’S UNDER OPERATION
                          ’
  ONE FLNG PLANT UNDER EPC AND COUPLE OF THEM UNDER FEED / CONCEPT STAGE
  MAINLY ONSHORE TECHNOLOGY & PLANT DESIGN CONCEPT APPLIED TO SHIP. ENGINEERING WISE 
POSSIBLE TO IMPROVE WITH INVOLVEMENT OF ESTABLISHED ENGG COMPANY HAVING BOTH 
POSSIBLE TO IMPROVE WITH INVOLVEMENT OF ESTABLISHED ENGG COMPANY HAVING BOTH
OFFSHORE & ONSHORE EXPERIENCE
  NEED TO INVOLVE MODULE SUPPLIERS HAVING ENGINEERING BACKGROUND TO ENSURE TROUBLE 
FREE MODULE TIE UP & OPERATION ON THE SHIP
FREE MODULE TIE UP & OPERATION ON THE SHIP
  CURRENTLY THE FLNG CONCEPT OF FULL LAND BASED PLANT BEING FIXED ON FLOATING HAS SOME 
CHALLENGES TO ADDRESS ISSUE RELATED TO SLOSHING MOVEMENT, INTER SHIP TRANSFER, 
OPERATION OF PLANT DURING ROUGH WEATHER CONDITION ETC
OPERATION OF PLANT DURING ROUGH WEATHER CONDITION ETC
  Worldwide need for clean burning fuel
     • Shortage of large fields near shore leads to high project cost.
     • The cost escalation has led to floating LNG production on a vessel (FLNG)
b) A way to develop stranded gas fields, isolated, remote from land and other Infrastructure
c) Alternative to flaring and re-injection
d) Alternative to land-based Greenfield LNG-plants
 )                                            p
e) Market uncertainty
     • Improved technology in LNG storage & transfer (sloshing and motion effects)
     • FPSOs are conventional, over 100 in operation
                                                p
     • Hundreds of offshore gas fields over 0.5 trillion cubic feet, suitable for 1 – 2 MTPA
        FLNG.
SIMPLIFIED LNG BLOCK DIAGRAM SHOWING DIFFERENT MODULES (TYPICAL)
                                                       (       )
MAIN MODULES, PACKAGES & EQUIPMENTS……….FOR FLNG
                ,             Q


                                   •   ACID GAS ABSORBER : packed column
                                       ACID GAS ABSORBER : packed column
•   SLUG CATCHER 

                                   •   HEAT EXCHANGERS
•   GAS FILTERATION / SEPARATION
    GAS FILTERATION / SEPARATION
                                        – Coil‐Wound Heat Exchanger (CWHE)
                                        – Plate Fin Heat Exchangers (PFHE) 
•   GAS TREATMENT COMPRISING OF 
                                        – Core‐in‐kettle
                                           Core in kettle
                                        – Low fin tubes heat exchangers
•   GAS DEHYDRATION
                                        – Printed Circuit Heat Exchangers (PCHE)

•   GAS DRYING
                                   •   ROTATING MACHINES
                                        – Compressors
                                              p
•   GAS SWEETENING
    GAS SWEETENING
                                        – Turboexpanders
                                        – Gas turbines and power generators
•   MERCURY REMOVAL
3. FUTURE PROSPECT & GROWTH……
 DEMAND FOR 150 MILLION TON PER YEAR OF LNG BY 2012

 POSSIBLE TO HAVE A MEDIUM SIZE FLNG WITH CAPACITY OF 1 TO 2 MILLION TON PER YEAR 

 REQUIREMENT OF LIQUEFACTION VS CNG TO BE EVALUATED (NOT ECONOMICAL FOR DISTANCE LESS THEN 3000 
MILES).
4. CHALLENGES IN DEVELOPING FLNG PROJECTS 
There are a number of issues that need to be carefully examined when considering 
a floating LNG facility
a floating LNG facility
• Location & sea condition
• Survival in storm conditions
• Ensuring smooth facility operation in motion & rough sea
  E     i          h f ili         i i        i &       h
• Suitable sites having available large quantity of Gas which can be trapped subsea
• Availability of skilled manpower to build & operate, material and equipments / 
package modules suitable for operation in marine environment, suppliers, 
Certifying agency….. 
                      y             g
• Whether we really need such huge FLNG terminals or whether a smaller version 
can be more productive and economical
• Access for export / import vessels (tugs & pilotage)
• Type of plant, liquefaction / regasification
• Type of plant liquefaction / regasification
• Type of vessel & containment
• Mooring of the facility
• Method of transfer of cargo
  M th d f t        f    f
• Deck congestion
5. INNOVATIVE IDEAS & APPROACH……FOR MODULARIZATION

  BENEFITS OF MODULARIZATION

 MODULARIZATION APPROACH & ISSUES

 CASE STUDY ZORA
 CASE STUDY ZORA

 CASE STUDY SPG

 CASE STUDY QGII

 CASE STUDY WITH MODULE SUPPLIERS

 DISCIPLINE ENGINEERING INVOLVING INNOVATIVE IDEAS FOR LIGHTER 
MODULES
BENEFITS OF MODULARIZATION

  FASTER TO BUILT, QUICKER CASH FLOW FRM PRODUCT DELIVERY, EARLY PROD
  SAFER
  COST EFFECTIVE (CONST COST SAVING, LESS TESTING ON SITE / SHIP)
  BETTER QUALITY DUE TO CONTROLLED WORKING CONDITION
  MINIMIZE IMPACT & FIELD WORK AT FINAL PRODUCTION SITE
  MINIMIZE IMPACT & FIELD WORK AT FINAL PRODUCTION SITE
  MINIMIZE LAYDOWN SPACE
  MINIMIZE IN‐AIR WORK
  STRUCTURAL / FOUNDATION REQUIREMENT SIMPLIFIED
  REDUCE DELAYS DUE TO ADVERSE WEATHER
  FEWER FITTING ERRORS
  FEWER FITTING ERRORS
  PROCUREMENT SIMPLIFIED
  MATERIAL & EQUIPMENT ARE EXPENSIVE & DIFFICULT TO OBTAIN ON TIME
  SHORTEN SCHEDULES FURTHER BY CONCURRENT PROCESSES SUCH AS 
FABRICATION, PERMITTING & LOGISTICAL ARRANGEMENTS
  UNIQUE MODEL OF COMPANY CAPABLE OF LSTK ENGG, FABRICATION, 
  UNIQUE MODEL OF COMPANY CAPABLE OF LSTK ENGG FABRICATION
PROCUREMENT & CONSTRUCTION SERVICES FOR MODULAR PROJECT
  GLOBAL NETWORK OF ENGG PROCUREMENT CONSTRUCTION RESOURCES 
ENSURING FASTER DELIVERY
PITFALLS OF MODULARIZATION

   Bad Management
   Incomplete planning
   Incomplete planning
   Material delivery not synchronized with the module assembly
   Location of module yard 
   Construction begins too soon
   Construction begins too soon
   Decisions during construction are made based on construction completion date not on 
 the basis of the potential incurred cost by incomplete or un‐installed components
   Case study: 
              y
 •Typical issue like for one module the EHT (Electric Heat Tracing) had not been designed and 
 they were proceeding with the installation of the Insulation. 
 •The modules were going to be finished and shipped in this state. Someone had made the 
 decision that shipping the modules without the EHT but installing the insulation was the 
 best thing to do. 
 •This decision was a typical example of how the modularization concept can turn from a  
 major cost reduction initiative to a disaster. 
 major cost reduction initiative to a disaster
 •The insulation and cladding will have to be removed and probably wasted because the size 
 will most likely be larger than installed at the yard
 •The EHT cables will have to be field installed
  The EHT cables will have to be field installed 
 •The power points and connections and will have to be field installed
 •Field costs will be exponentially more as compared to the cost of those at the module yard 
 Commissioning and start‐up will be delayed.
                g             p             y
 • The project will see a major cost overrun.
INNOVATIVE & CORRECT APPROACH FOR MODULARIZATION
   Modularization concept must start at feed stage
   Create a strong integrated Management team for the Detailed design
   Plan the procurement of materials in the order of assembly
   Pl    h                  f      i l i h     d    f       bl
   The detailed design must be initiated using the module or modules as the 
 basis and the components and equipment must be designed to fit the module 
 not the module designed to suit the equipment
   Constructability must be done at the planning stage, e.g. the fabricators and 
                  y                                             g
 module assembly team should be involved at the detailed design stage. g
   Long lead items must be identified and purchased well in advance
   Module assembly must be done using the 80/20 rule meaning that the 
 assembly does not begin unless 80% of the module materials have been 
 assembly does not begin unless 80% of the module materials have been
 received and the other 20% have been purchased and are in the process of 
 being delivered.
   The module assembly yard should be adjacent to the water to avoid 
   The module assembly yard should be adjacent to the water to avoid
 shipping constraints in terms of size and weight.
INNOVATIVE COST SAVING METHOD FOR MODULARIZATION

  Standardize the sizes of structural components
  Meaning that do not over engineer if a common size works, 
  Meaning that do not over engineer if a common size works
even if it is a heaver section than is required the bulk purchase of 
a common size will result in cost saving g
  Bulk purchase electrical cable and wire early
  If there are multiple modules that will be assembled together 
  If there are multiple modules that will be assembled together
on the vessel, perform all hydrostatic testing in the module yard 
and use the “In‐Process” inspection system for the joints 
between the modules.
  Maximize the work in the module yard and minimize the work 
performed in the field or on the ship.
Q
QATAR GAS OFFSHORE & AMINE FILTERATION MODULE……CASE STUDY
TEMPORARY FLARE PACKAGE SUITABLE TO FIT & USE ON 3 DIFF PLATFORMS
ASSEMBLY OF MODULES……MODULARIZATION IDEAS




DESIGNING GAS/ LNG FACILITIES FOR LOCATION ON
  FLOATER……




AMINE SWEETENING MODULE
ONSHORE PLANT CONVERTED TO MODULE TO BE SHIPPED…….CASE STUDY
TYPICAL GAS DEHYDRATION PACKAGE MODULE…….CASE STUDY
WEIGHT REDUCTION ANALYSIS & OPTIMIZATION OF MODULES FOR OFFSHORE
PLATFORM ………..CASE STUDY ZORA PLATFORM
WEIGHT REDUCTION ON THE OFFSHORE ..…..CASE STUDY ZORA PLATFORM
WEIGHT REDUCTION ON THE OFFSHORE ..…..CASE STUDY ZORA PLATFORM
CONTROL ROOM & SWITCHGEAR MODULES IN FLOATING ENVIRONMENT ARE
QUITE STANDARDIZED AND USED IN PAST FOR POWER BARGE CASE STUDY FPP
                                              BARGE.….CASE
6. EXPECTED TRENDS IN MODULARIZATION - PRINCIPLES DRIVING THE MODULE
DESIGN…….
DESIGN
  •   Safety
  •   Process functions rationale
       – Central interconnecting pipe rack to feed process modules
       – Follow logic of flows to minimize piping lengths
       – Minimize motions of key equipment
           Minimize motions of key equipment
  •   Modularization philosophy
       – Well‐defined hull / topsides interfaces
       – Mechanical completion by function – easier testing & pre‐commissioning
       – Size / weight of modules selected to enable lifting by conventional means
  •   Addressed technological difficulties
      Addressed technological difficulties
       –   Process selection / on board floater
       –   Machinery selection
       –   Layout / plot plan
                  / plot plan
  •   Good understanding of technical quantities / cost of facilities
  •   Facility remains « on par » in terms of project magnitude with currently delivered large 
      oil FPSOs
  •   Important commercial potential for medium scale gas accumulations
GAS TURBINES GUIDELINES




The Gas Turbine selected has to be referenced as:
• Off shore application (FPSO)
• Power generation (Electrical motor)
• Mechanical driver (High “power density” and efficiency for big compressors)
                           power density
• Aero-derivative (high efficiency)
• Machine proven reliability
LIQUEFACTION TECHNOLOGY SELECTION CRITERIA……

•    TECHNOLOGICAL SELECTION STRATEGY

      – Selection of a simple and robust liquefaction process, adapted to medium capacity 
          l          f      l    d b l          f                 d    d        d
        and marine environment with high inherent safety
      – Avoid the use of large HydroCarbon (HC) liquid inventory (such as: refrigerants 
        used in onshore LNG plants)
      – Minimization of two‐phase flows
      – Minimization of distillation towers 
      – No by‐products (as LPG) to avoid logistics constraints
      – Use of proven equipment in identical or similar technologies (gas turbines, heat 
        exchangers…)
        exchangers )
      – For utilities and common facilities (sea water cooling, flare …), stay within 
        capacities already in place in large FPSOs. (200,000 BOPD)


                                                                                             LNG FPSO


    OFFSHORE 
      LNG

                                              FSRUs
ACID GAS REMOVAL PACKAGE …….
•     RECOMMENDED INTERNALS IN MOVING ENVIRONMENT : STRUCTURED PACKING
       – Trays and random packing are not recommended because of liquid channeling and 
              y            p    g                                  q             g
          efficiency drops




      – Structured packing is less affected by tilt and motion thanks to an higher
        hydraulic resistance to sideways flow

•     MOTION IMPACT ON STRUCTURED PACKING PERFORMANCES

      – A permanent tilt has an effect on liquid flow repartition.
          p                                 q           p

      – Periodic oscillations have a natural mixing effect, less damaging on
        performances than permanent tilt
CRITICAL ISSUES FOR MODULE /EQUIPMENT LOCATIONS……
                             Q
   – The column should be located as close as possible from the centre of gravity of 
     the ship to limit liquid maldistribution

   – Intermediate remixing distributors reduce the consequence of the liquid flow 
     distortion. This leads to an increase of the column length.

   – Specific distributors, enable to mitigate motion on distribution – experienced
     vendors to be considered to avoid problems
Process design aspects 
                              •   Natural gas (typical composition > 86% CH4, N2, C2,
                                  C3, C4)

                              •   At temp. –256 F (–160 C) and atmospheric pressure it
                                  condenses to a liquid called liquefied natural gas (LNG).

                              •   The LNG storage and transportation is accomplished by
                                  super insulation in a pressurized, double tank system.

                              •   Design pressure of equipment is kept as low as possible,
                                  to ensure low thickness and hence weight .

                              •   The storage pressure of about 8 bar is maintained.

                              •   From safety point of view, the equipment structure
                                  must have superior fire, blast and low
                                  temperature resistance.

                              •   It should also be able to withstand significant collision
                                  loads from supply boats or LNG carriers ”
                                                                  carriers.



© 2010 Canadoil Group  © MG
www.canadoilgroup.com
Typical LNG Offloading 
               yp                  g

– LNG Carrier offloading every three days
– Berthing offloading & departure: 18 hours
  Berthing, offloading & departure: 18 hours
– Rate:  10,000 to 14,000 cubic meters/hour


                                                                   NGL Pipeline
                                                                   NGL Pipeline




                                               Gas Conditioning 
                                               Plant

                                LNG
                                                                       Gas Pipelines
                                                                       G Pi li
      L N G
              Surface Storage
                                Vaporization
Liquefaction Process Criteria
  q
Risk Management for‐LNG
Technology for LNG covers the “Gas Transportation Chain”

                                             Propulsion 
                                   Hull
                                              Vibration
                               Maintenance
                                                               Dual Fuel
                     Containment 
                     System Integrity
                     System Integrity

             Collision and 
             Grounding

       Structural                                               Terminal 
       Integrity
       I t it                                              Class/Certification


         Ice Strengthening 
         and Cold Weather 
         Operations

  46
INSTRUMENTATION




© 2010 Canadoil Group  © MG
www.canadoilgroup.com
FLNG
Automation typically accounts for only 3% of the capital costs for an FLNG
project, but is critical to its successful operation. The automation
technology and p j
         gy      project execution methodology p y a large role in
                                                gy play     g
determining how successful ongoing operations will be.

The key in accelerating project execution for FLNG is in deploying recent
technologies such as wireless and electronic marshalling combined with an
advanced project execution model




© 2010 Canadoil Group  © MG
www.canadoilgroup.com
FLNG
A distributed modular approach for the automation….

    Reduces Control room footprint, and cable size & weight,
    Facilitates modular design
                        design,
    Pre-assembly and test which helps reduce the project timeline.

Wireless Instrumentation approach for the automation..

   Eliminate cables, conduit, cable tray, and the overall steel and space
   required, which translate into lower operational costs.
   Electronic marshalling reduces design, engineering, drawings, cabinets and
   the associated incremental installation and commissioning effort required.
   These technologies combined with a structured project execution
   methodology help to reduce the overall project risk and cost. It also
   p
   provides the vessel's staff with the control, safety, and information
                                               ,      y,
   © 2010 Canadoil Group  © MG
   required for efficient, ongoing operations
   www.canadoilgroup.com
PIPING




© 2010 Canadoil Group  © MG
www.canadoilgroup.com
FLNG
FLNG HIGHLIGHTS – Piping Discipline inputs
                    p g       p       p

  Layout of the topside facilities is driven by the sequential placement of the
  processing systems

  The key to an optimal layout is modularization by process or utility system. Each
  major system i t
    j       t    is treated as a stand-alone system and as a modularized
                         t d         t d l           t      d              d l i d
  component of the entire facility.

  The t d di d layout uses a central corridor with modules on either side and
  Th standardized l       t           t l     id    ith    d l       ith    id    d
  pipe racks running from bow to stern. The piping interfaces between modules
  should be kept to a minimum. This configuration minimizes the impact of
  relative motion caused by wave action and resulting hog and sag of mid ship
                                                                           mid-ship
  bending. It also fosters personnel safety by allowing for access, egress, and the
  materials handling necessary for operation and maintenance.




    © 2010 Canadoil Group  © MG
    www.canadoilgroup.com
A) Equipment Layout Consideration

The modularization of layout in to various modules & sub modules to be used for
entire layout system
Each major system is treated as a stand-alone module system and as a modularized
         j   y                                        y
component of the entire facility

Modularization takes care of following

a) Various units s to kept and assembled as modules
b) The piping interfaces between modules should be kept to a minimum
c) The piping is contained within the specific module with a basic in/out
   connection to the adjoining module to form a contiguous pipe rack once the
   modules are integrated.
d) To integrate the pipe rack into the module structure.



     © 2010 Canadoil Group  © MG
     www.canadoilgroup.com
Typical example of modular system is given below as a Electric Generator Set
Electric Generator system can be modularized by following manner

----Generator unit to be skid mounted

----Skid to be equipped with all accessories including with fuel tank, Lube tank,
and start up compressed Air Tank etc.

----Equipments location on skid to be decided to have minimum length of piping on
skid to be located Interconnecting piping of acceries to main skid

----All secondary pipe supports to be taken from main support frame of skid

----Vent & d i
    V t drain points f skids t b
                i t for kid to brought t th b tt
                                    ht to the battery li it aw a single ti point
                                                      limit       i l tie i t
for each skid




     © 2010 Canadoil Group  © MG
     www.canadoilgroup.com
B) Piping component Weight reduction consideration

For optimization /reduction weight is discussed below

1) Use light weight material with similar technical properties, Example of same is
   given below.
     e..g.
     e g For water service /drain service use plastics such as GRP , PP,HDPE
                                                                     PP HDPE

2) In order to reduce pipe weight by reducing pie thickness of pipe can be achieved
   by use Superior grade piping material with Superior corrosion resistance &
   allowable stresses bearing capacities.
     e.g. Instead of A 53 use A106 Material
           Instead f
           I t d of CS use SS Material
                               M t i l




     © 2010 Canadoil Group  © MG
     www.canadoilgroup.com
B) Stress/Flexibility related factor for Weight
    reduction consideration

Impact on weigh due to stress/flexibility factors can be kept under control with
following steps

----Feasibility for Using alternative Light weight material for supports to be reviewed
      on case to case basis

------Piping stresses t b optimized so th t l
      Pi i    t       to be ti i d     that least possible fitti & R ti l
                                                t     ibl fitting  Routine length i
                                                                               th is
      reviewed & used

------No of life cycles to be based on no of years for system operability requirements
      No




      © 2010 Canadoil Group  © MG
      www.canadoilgroup.com
INNOVATION & COST
           CONTROLLING ASPECTS IN
           STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
               OF FLNG PROJECTS




© 2010 Canadoil Group  © MG
www.canadoilgroup.com
THREE MAJOR ASPECTS
●   CHOICE OF MATERIAL

● CORROSSION RESISTANCE

●   USE OF MODULAR STRUCTURES




© 2010 Canadoil Group  © MG
www.canadoilgroup.com
Plastics and Synthetic Materials, Composites
 Increasingly, plastic and similar synthetic materials are being utilized in the
marine environment.
 Glass, carbon, and aramid fibers are embedded in a resinous synthetic polymer.
      ,       ,                                               y        p y
 Uses range from glass fiber–reinforced plastic for pipelines to neoprene and
natural rubber fenders and bearings, to polyethylene bags for slope protection and
polyurethane foams for buoyancy
                       buoyancy.
  Porous geotextile filter fabrics are extensively © 2000 by CRC Press LLC
employed under riprap to prevent leaching of sand. Epoxies are injected for repair
or applied as jointing and coating compounds
                                   compounds.
   Polyethylene pipes have been used for cold water pipelines in depths up to 2000
ft (600 m) off the island of Hawaii, and Kevlar, nylon, and carbon fiber mooring
lines are i common use i fl ti offshore operations.
li        in             in floating ff h        ti
  Glass fiber–reinforced plastic is used for fender piles to protect wharves.
Fiberglass and carbon tendons have been employed as prestressing tendons on an
experimental basis.
  Ductility of concrete piles and columns has been increased by encasement in
aramid fibers. Carbon fiber sheets, affixed to the bottom of beams, increase the
                                  ,                               ,
bending capacity while carbon fiber sheets, affixed to the sides, increase the
shear capacity. Aramid fibers (Kevlar) are increasingly utilized in deepwater
mooring systems.
     © 2010 Canadoil Group  © MG
     www.canadoilgroup.com
Titanium
Titanium is the “ultimate” material for marine applications, due to its strength and
freedom f
f   d   from
corrosion. However, it is very expensive.
Titanium is used in critical marine installations which are subject to rapid corrosion,
e.g., saltwater
ballast lines that are in frequent use. Titanium cladding was applied to the steel
shafts of the Trans-Tokyo Bay Bridge
                              Bridge.
Titanium structural elements can be rolled with the following properties:


Strength 800–1200 MPa (120,000–160,000 psi)
Endurance limit under cyclic loading 400–500 MPa (60,000–70,000 psi)
Unit Weight
U it W i ht 48 kN/ 3 4 8 T/ 3(300 lb/
               kN/m3= 4.8 T/m3(300 lb/cu. ft )
                                          ft.)
`Cost Five times that of steel


Future developments in metallurgy may make titanium more available at lower costs.

      © 2010 Canadoil Group  © MG
      www.canadoilgroup.com
CORROSSION RESISTANCE

DNV rules require that the provisions for coating include:
1. A description of general application conditions at coating yard
2. Method and equipment for surface preparation
3. Ranges of temperature and relative humidity
4. Application
4 A li i methods
               h d
5. Time between surface preparation and first coat
6. Minimum and maximum dry film thickness of a single coat
7. Number of coats and minimum total dry film thickness
8. Relevant drying characteristics
9. Procedure for repair of damaged coating
10. Methods of inspection — for example, adhesion testing and holiday detection




   © 2010 Canadoil Group  © MG
   www.canadoilgroup.com
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (PHOTOGRAPHS; ARTICLES & PRESENTATION….)
·   ABS

·   Shell

·   FPC

·   Technip

·   FlexLNG

·   QG

·   ConocoPhillips

·   Saipem

·   DNV

·   Aker

·   Waller Marine

·   EnerSea Votrans

·   E & P (Brian)

·   Asim Deshpande & Michael
    Economides

·   CE & CG Team (Bill / Milind)
    & others

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Mg Innovation Flng Cn 2010 R1

  • 1. INNOVATIVE IDEAS FOR LIGHT MODULES FLNG FORUM 2010:24 MARCH PRESENTED BY MUKES GUPTA – MD CANADOIL ENGINEERING © 2010 Canadoil Group  © MG www.canadoilgroup.com
  • 2. INNOVATIVE IDEAS FOR LIGHT MODULES FOR FPSO & FLNG 1.) INTRODUCTION ……HERE BACKGROUND OF SELF AND PAST EXPERIENCE WITH MODULES SHALL BE SHARED 2) FPSO & FLNG ……CURRENT STATUS 3) FUTURE PROSPECTS FOR FPSO & FLNG……..PERSPECTIVE PLANNING & GROWTH PROSPECTS 4) CHALLENGES IN DEVELOPING FLNG PROJECTS 5) INNOVATIVE IDEAS & APPROACH 6) EXPECTED TRENDS IN FLNG / FPSO 7) A POSSIBLE WAY FORWARD 8) CONCLUSION
  • 3. 1. INTRODUCTION CANADOIL ENGINEERING CAPABILITIES World Class P W ld Cl Provider Of E i id Engineering S l ti i Solutions
  • 4. STATE OF ART FACILITIES STATE OF ART FACILITIES CANADOIL ENGINEERING CONCEPT CANADOIL ENGINEERING CONCEPT
  • 5. THE ONE STOP SHOP THE ONE STOP SHOP 1 DESIGN/ 5 ONSITE ENGINEERING COMMISSIONING 2 PIPE & FITTING 4 INTEGRATED MANUFACTURING COATING 3 FABRICATION / SPOOLING
  • 6. 2. FPSO & FLNG CURRENT STATUS…… CURRENTLY @ 100+ FPSO’S UNDER OPERATION ’ ONE FLNG PLANT UNDER EPC AND COUPLE OF THEM UNDER FEED / CONCEPT STAGE MAINLY ONSHORE TECHNOLOGY & PLANT DESIGN CONCEPT APPLIED TO SHIP. ENGINEERING WISE  POSSIBLE TO IMPROVE WITH INVOLVEMENT OF ESTABLISHED ENGG COMPANY HAVING BOTH  POSSIBLE TO IMPROVE WITH INVOLVEMENT OF ESTABLISHED ENGG COMPANY HAVING BOTH OFFSHORE & ONSHORE EXPERIENCE NEED TO INVOLVE MODULE SUPPLIERS HAVING ENGINEERING BACKGROUND TO ENSURE TROUBLE  FREE MODULE TIE UP & OPERATION ON THE SHIP FREE MODULE TIE UP & OPERATION ON THE SHIP CURRENTLY THE FLNG CONCEPT OF FULL LAND BASED PLANT BEING FIXED ON FLOATING HAS SOME  CHALLENGES TO ADDRESS ISSUE RELATED TO SLOSHING MOVEMENT, INTER SHIP TRANSFER,  OPERATION OF PLANT DURING ROUGH WEATHER CONDITION ETC OPERATION OF PLANT DURING ROUGH WEATHER CONDITION ETC Worldwide need for clean burning fuel • Shortage of large fields near shore leads to high project cost. • The cost escalation has led to floating LNG production on a vessel (FLNG) b) A way to develop stranded gas fields, isolated, remote from land and other Infrastructure c) Alternative to flaring and re-injection d) Alternative to land-based Greenfield LNG-plants ) p e) Market uncertainty • Improved technology in LNG storage & transfer (sloshing and motion effects) • FPSOs are conventional, over 100 in operation p • Hundreds of offshore gas fields over 0.5 trillion cubic feet, suitable for 1 – 2 MTPA FLNG.
  • 7. SIMPLIFIED LNG BLOCK DIAGRAM SHOWING DIFFERENT MODULES (TYPICAL) ( )
  • 8. MAIN MODULES, PACKAGES & EQUIPMENTS……….FOR FLNG , Q • ACID GAS ABSORBER : packed column ACID GAS ABSORBER : packed column • SLUG CATCHER  • HEAT EXCHANGERS • GAS FILTERATION / SEPARATION GAS FILTERATION / SEPARATION – Coil‐Wound Heat Exchanger (CWHE) – Plate Fin Heat Exchangers (PFHE)  • GAS TREATMENT COMPRISING OF  – Core‐in‐kettle Core in kettle – Low fin tubes heat exchangers • GAS DEHYDRATION – Printed Circuit Heat Exchangers (PCHE) • GAS DRYING • ROTATING MACHINES – Compressors p • GAS SWEETENING GAS SWEETENING – Turboexpanders – Gas turbines and power generators • MERCURY REMOVAL
  • 9. 3. FUTURE PROSPECT & GROWTH…… DEMAND FOR 150 MILLION TON PER YEAR OF LNG BY 2012 POSSIBLE TO HAVE A MEDIUM SIZE FLNG WITH CAPACITY OF 1 TO 2 MILLION TON PER YEAR  REQUIREMENT OF LIQUEFACTION VS CNG TO BE EVALUATED (NOT ECONOMICAL FOR DISTANCE LESS THEN 3000  MILES).
  • 10. 4. CHALLENGES IN DEVELOPING FLNG PROJECTS  There are a number of issues that need to be carefully examined when considering  a floating LNG facility a floating LNG facility • Location & sea condition • Survival in storm conditions • Ensuring smooth facility operation in motion & rough sea E i h f ili i i i & h • Suitable sites having available large quantity of Gas which can be trapped subsea • Availability of skilled manpower to build & operate, material and equipments /  package modules suitable for operation in marine environment, suppliers,  Certifying agency…..  y g • Whether we really need such huge FLNG terminals or whether a smaller version  can be more productive and economical • Access for export / import vessels (tugs & pilotage) • Type of plant, liquefaction / regasification • Type of plant liquefaction / regasification • Type of vessel & containment • Mooring of the facility • Method of transfer of cargo M th d f t f f • Deck congestion
  • 11. 5. INNOVATIVE IDEAS & APPROACH……FOR MODULARIZATION BENEFITS OF MODULARIZATION MODULARIZATION APPROACH & ISSUES CASE STUDY ZORA CASE STUDY ZORA CASE STUDY SPG CASE STUDY QGII CASE STUDY WITH MODULE SUPPLIERS DISCIPLINE ENGINEERING INVOLVING INNOVATIVE IDEAS FOR LIGHTER  MODULES
  • 12. BENEFITS OF MODULARIZATION FASTER TO BUILT, QUICKER CASH FLOW FRM PRODUCT DELIVERY, EARLY PROD SAFER COST EFFECTIVE (CONST COST SAVING, LESS TESTING ON SITE / SHIP) BETTER QUALITY DUE TO CONTROLLED WORKING CONDITION MINIMIZE IMPACT & FIELD WORK AT FINAL PRODUCTION SITE MINIMIZE IMPACT & FIELD WORK AT FINAL PRODUCTION SITE MINIMIZE LAYDOWN SPACE MINIMIZE IN‐AIR WORK STRUCTURAL / FOUNDATION REQUIREMENT SIMPLIFIED REDUCE DELAYS DUE TO ADVERSE WEATHER FEWER FITTING ERRORS FEWER FITTING ERRORS PROCUREMENT SIMPLIFIED MATERIAL & EQUIPMENT ARE EXPENSIVE & DIFFICULT TO OBTAIN ON TIME SHORTEN SCHEDULES FURTHER BY CONCURRENT PROCESSES SUCH AS  FABRICATION, PERMITTING & LOGISTICAL ARRANGEMENTS UNIQUE MODEL OF COMPANY CAPABLE OF LSTK ENGG, FABRICATION,  UNIQUE MODEL OF COMPANY CAPABLE OF LSTK ENGG FABRICATION PROCUREMENT & CONSTRUCTION SERVICES FOR MODULAR PROJECT GLOBAL NETWORK OF ENGG PROCUREMENT CONSTRUCTION RESOURCES  ENSURING FASTER DELIVERY
  • 13. PITFALLS OF MODULARIZATION Bad Management Incomplete planning Incomplete planning Material delivery not synchronized with the module assembly Location of module yard  Construction begins too soon Construction begins too soon Decisions during construction are made based on construction completion date not on  the basis of the potential incurred cost by incomplete or un‐installed components Case study:  y •Typical issue like for one module the EHT (Electric Heat Tracing) had not been designed and  they were proceeding with the installation of the Insulation.  •The modules were going to be finished and shipped in this state. Someone had made the  decision that shipping the modules without the EHT but installing the insulation was the  best thing to do.  •This decision was a typical example of how the modularization concept can turn from a   major cost reduction initiative to a disaster.  major cost reduction initiative to a disaster •The insulation and cladding will have to be removed and probably wasted because the size  will most likely be larger than installed at the yard •The EHT cables will have to be field installed The EHT cables will have to be field installed  •The power points and connections and will have to be field installed •Field costs will be exponentially more as compared to the cost of those at the module yard  Commissioning and start‐up will be delayed. g p y • The project will see a major cost overrun.
  • 14. INNOVATIVE & CORRECT APPROACH FOR MODULARIZATION Modularization concept must start at feed stage Create a strong integrated Management team for the Detailed design Plan the procurement of materials in the order of assembly Pl h f i l i h d f bl The detailed design must be initiated using the module or modules as the  basis and the components and equipment must be designed to fit the module  not the module designed to suit the equipment Constructability must be done at the planning stage, e.g. the fabricators and  y g module assembly team should be involved at the detailed design stage. g Long lead items must be identified and purchased well in advance Module assembly must be done using the 80/20 rule meaning that the  assembly does not begin unless 80% of the module materials have been  assembly does not begin unless 80% of the module materials have been received and the other 20% have been purchased and are in the process of  being delivered. The module assembly yard should be adjacent to the water to avoid  The module assembly yard should be adjacent to the water to avoid shipping constraints in terms of size and weight.
  • 15. INNOVATIVE COST SAVING METHOD FOR MODULARIZATION Standardize the sizes of structural components Meaning that do not over engineer if a common size works,  Meaning that do not over engineer if a common size works even if it is a heaver section than is required the bulk purchase of  a common size will result in cost saving g Bulk purchase electrical cable and wire early If there are multiple modules that will be assembled together  If there are multiple modules that will be assembled together on the vessel, perform all hydrostatic testing in the module yard  and use the “In‐Process” inspection system for the joints  between the modules. Maximize the work in the module yard and minimize the work  performed in the field or on the ship.
  • 16. Q QATAR GAS OFFSHORE & AMINE FILTERATION MODULE……CASE STUDY
  • 17. TEMPORARY FLARE PACKAGE SUITABLE TO FIT & USE ON 3 DIFF PLATFORMS
  • 18. ASSEMBLY OF MODULES……MODULARIZATION IDEAS DESIGNING GAS/ LNG FACILITIES FOR LOCATION ON FLOATER…… AMINE SWEETENING MODULE
  • 19. ONSHORE PLANT CONVERTED TO MODULE TO BE SHIPPED…….CASE STUDY
  • 20. TYPICAL GAS DEHYDRATION PACKAGE MODULE…….CASE STUDY
  • 21. WEIGHT REDUCTION ANALYSIS & OPTIMIZATION OF MODULES FOR OFFSHORE PLATFORM ………..CASE STUDY ZORA PLATFORM
  • 22. WEIGHT REDUCTION ON THE OFFSHORE ..…..CASE STUDY ZORA PLATFORM
  • 23. WEIGHT REDUCTION ON THE OFFSHORE ..…..CASE STUDY ZORA PLATFORM
  • 24. CONTROL ROOM & SWITCHGEAR MODULES IN FLOATING ENVIRONMENT ARE QUITE STANDARDIZED AND USED IN PAST FOR POWER BARGE CASE STUDY FPP BARGE.….CASE
  • 25. 6. EXPECTED TRENDS IN MODULARIZATION - PRINCIPLES DRIVING THE MODULE DESIGN……. DESIGN • Safety • Process functions rationale – Central interconnecting pipe rack to feed process modules – Follow logic of flows to minimize piping lengths – Minimize motions of key equipment Minimize motions of key equipment • Modularization philosophy – Well‐defined hull / topsides interfaces – Mechanical completion by function – easier testing & pre‐commissioning – Size / weight of modules selected to enable lifting by conventional means • Addressed technological difficulties Addressed technological difficulties – Process selection / on board floater – Machinery selection – Layout / plot plan / plot plan • Good understanding of technical quantities / cost of facilities • Facility remains « on par » in terms of project magnitude with currently delivered large  oil FPSOs • Important commercial potential for medium scale gas accumulations
  • 26. GAS TURBINES GUIDELINES The Gas Turbine selected has to be referenced as: • Off shore application (FPSO) • Power generation (Electrical motor) • Mechanical driver (High “power density” and efficiency for big compressors) power density • Aero-derivative (high efficiency) • Machine proven reliability
  • 27. LIQUEFACTION TECHNOLOGY SELECTION CRITERIA…… • TECHNOLOGICAL SELECTION STRATEGY – Selection of a simple and robust liquefaction process, adapted to medium capacity  l f l d b l f d d d and marine environment with high inherent safety – Avoid the use of large HydroCarbon (HC) liquid inventory (such as: refrigerants  used in onshore LNG plants) – Minimization of two‐phase flows – Minimization of distillation towers  – No by‐products (as LPG) to avoid logistics constraints – Use of proven equipment in identical or similar technologies (gas turbines, heat  exchangers…) exchangers ) – For utilities and common facilities (sea water cooling, flare …), stay within  capacities already in place in large FPSOs. (200,000 BOPD) LNG FPSO OFFSHORE  LNG FSRUs
  • 28. ACID GAS REMOVAL PACKAGE ……. • RECOMMENDED INTERNALS IN MOVING ENVIRONMENT : STRUCTURED PACKING – Trays and random packing are not recommended because of liquid channeling and  y p g q g efficiency drops – Structured packing is less affected by tilt and motion thanks to an higher hydraulic resistance to sideways flow • MOTION IMPACT ON STRUCTURED PACKING PERFORMANCES – A permanent tilt has an effect on liquid flow repartition. p q p – Periodic oscillations have a natural mixing effect, less damaging on performances than permanent tilt
  • 29. CRITICAL ISSUES FOR MODULE /EQUIPMENT LOCATIONS…… Q – The column should be located as close as possible from the centre of gravity of  the ship to limit liquid maldistribution – Intermediate remixing distributors reduce the consequence of the liquid flow  distortion. This leads to an increase of the column length. – Specific distributors, enable to mitigate motion on distribution – experienced vendors to be considered to avoid problems
  • 30. Process design aspects  • Natural gas (typical composition > 86% CH4, N2, C2, C3, C4) • At temp. –256 F (–160 C) and atmospheric pressure it condenses to a liquid called liquefied natural gas (LNG). • The LNG storage and transportation is accomplished by super insulation in a pressurized, double tank system. • Design pressure of equipment is kept as low as possible, to ensure low thickness and hence weight . • The storage pressure of about 8 bar is maintained. • From safety point of view, the equipment structure must have superior fire, blast and low temperature resistance. • It should also be able to withstand significant collision loads from supply boats or LNG carriers ” carriers. © 2010 Canadoil Group  © MG www.canadoilgroup.com
  • 31. Typical LNG Offloading  yp g – LNG Carrier offloading every three days – Berthing offloading & departure: 18 hours Berthing, offloading & departure: 18 hours – Rate:  10,000 to 14,000 cubic meters/hour NGL Pipeline NGL Pipeline Gas Conditioning  Plant LNG Gas Pipelines G Pi li L N G Surface Storage Vaporization
  • 33. Risk Management for‐LNG Technology for LNG covers the “Gas Transportation Chain” Propulsion  Hull Vibration Maintenance Dual Fuel Containment  System Integrity System Integrity Collision and  Grounding Structural  Terminal  Integrity I t it Class/Certification Ice Strengthening  and Cold Weather  Operations 46
  • 35. FLNG Automation typically accounts for only 3% of the capital costs for an FLNG project, but is critical to its successful operation. The automation technology and p j gy project execution methodology p y a large role in gy play g determining how successful ongoing operations will be. The key in accelerating project execution for FLNG is in deploying recent technologies such as wireless and electronic marshalling combined with an advanced project execution model © 2010 Canadoil Group  © MG www.canadoilgroup.com
  • 36. FLNG A distributed modular approach for the automation…. Reduces Control room footprint, and cable size & weight, Facilitates modular design design, Pre-assembly and test which helps reduce the project timeline. Wireless Instrumentation approach for the automation.. Eliminate cables, conduit, cable tray, and the overall steel and space required, which translate into lower operational costs. Electronic marshalling reduces design, engineering, drawings, cabinets and the associated incremental installation and commissioning effort required. These technologies combined with a structured project execution methodology help to reduce the overall project risk and cost. It also p provides the vessel's staff with the control, safety, and information , y, © 2010 Canadoil Group  © MG required for efficient, ongoing operations www.canadoilgroup.com
  • 38. FLNG FLNG HIGHLIGHTS – Piping Discipline inputs p g p p Layout of the topside facilities is driven by the sequential placement of the processing systems The key to an optimal layout is modularization by process or utility system. Each major system i t j t is treated as a stand-alone system and as a modularized t d t d l t d d l i d component of the entire facility. The t d di d layout uses a central corridor with modules on either side and Th standardized l t t l id ith d l ith id d pipe racks running from bow to stern. The piping interfaces between modules should be kept to a minimum. This configuration minimizes the impact of relative motion caused by wave action and resulting hog and sag of mid ship mid-ship bending. It also fosters personnel safety by allowing for access, egress, and the materials handling necessary for operation and maintenance. © 2010 Canadoil Group  © MG www.canadoilgroup.com
  • 39. A) Equipment Layout Consideration The modularization of layout in to various modules & sub modules to be used for entire layout system Each major system is treated as a stand-alone module system and as a modularized j y y component of the entire facility Modularization takes care of following a) Various units s to kept and assembled as modules b) The piping interfaces between modules should be kept to a minimum c) The piping is contained within the specific module with a basic in/out connection to the adjoining module to form a contiguous pipe rack once the modules are integrated. d) To integrate the pipe rack into the module structure. © 2010 Canadoil Group  © MG www.canadoilgroup.com
  • 40. Typical example of modular system is given below as a Electric Generator Set Electric Generator system can be modularized by following manner ----Generator unit to be skid mounted ----Skid to be equipped with all accessories including with fuel tank, Lube tank, and start up compressed Air Tank etc. ----Equipments location on skid to be decided to have minimum length of piping on skid to be located Interconnecting piping of acceries to main skid ----All secondary pipe supports to be taken from main support frame of skid ----Vent & d i V t drain points f skids t b i t for kid to brought t th b tt ht to the battery li it aw a single ti point limit i l tie i t for each skid © 2010 Canadoil Group  © MG www.canadoilgroup.com
  • 41. B) Piping component Weight reduction consideration For optimization /reduction weight is discussed below 1) Use light weight material with similar technical properties, Example of same is given below. e..g. e g For water service /drain service use plastics such as GRP , PP,HDPE PP HDPE 2) In order to reduce pipe weight by reducing pie thickness of pipe can be achieved by use Superior grade piping material with Superior corrosion resistance & allowable stresses bearing capacities. e.g. Instead of A 53 use A106 Material Instead f I t d of CS use SS Material M t i l © 2010 Canadoil Group  © MG www.canadoilgroup.com
  • 42. B) Stress/Flexibility related factor for Weight reduction consideration Impact on weigh due to stress/flexibility factors can be kept under control with following steps ----Feasibility for Using alternative Light weight material for supports to be reviewed on case to case basis ------Piping stresses t b optimized so th t l Pi i t to be ti i d that least possible fitti & R ti l t ibl fitting Routine length i th is reviewed & used ------No of life cycles to be based on no of years for system operability requirements No © 2010 Canadoil Group  © MG www.canadoilgroup.com
  • 43. INNOVATION & COST CONTROLLING ASPECTS IN STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING OF FLNG PROJECTS © 2010 Canadoil Group  © MG www.canadoilgroup.com
  • 44. THREE MAJOR ASPECTS ● CHOICE OF MATERIAL ● CORROSSION RESISTANCE ● USE OF MODULAR STRUCTURES © 2010 Canadoil Group  © MG www.canadoilgroup.com
  • 45. Plastics and Synthetic Materials, Composites Increasingly, plastic and similar synthetic materials are being utilized in the marine environment. Glass, carbon, and aramid fibers are embedded in a resinous synthetic polymer. , , y p y Uses range from glass fiber–reinforced plastic for pipelines to neoprene and natural rubber fenders and bearings, to polyethylene bags for slope protection and polyurethane foams for buoyancy buoyancy. Porous geotextile filter fabrics are extensively © 2000 by CRC Press LLC employed under riprap to prevent leaching of sand. Epoxies are injected for repair or applied as jointing and coating compounds compounds. Polyethylene pipes have been used for cold water pipelines in depths up to 2000 ft (600 m) off the island of Hawaii, and Kevlar, nylon, and carbon fiber mooring lines are i common use i fl ti offshore operations. li in in floating ff h ti Glass fiber–reinforced plastic is used for fender piles to protect wharves. Fiberglass and carbon tendons have been employed as prestressing tendons on an experimental basis. Ductility of concrete piles and columns has been increased by encasement in aramid fibers. Carbon fiber sheets, affixed to the bottom of beams, increase the , , bending capacity while carbon fiber sheets, affixed to the sides, increase the shear capacity. Aramid fibers (Kevlar) are increasingly utilized in deepwater mooring systems. © 2010 Canadoil Group  © MG www.canadoilgroup.com
  • 46. Titanium Titanium is the “ultimate” material for marine applications, due to its strength and freedom f f d from corrosion. However, it is very expensive. Titanium is used in critical marine installations which are subject to rapid corrosion, e.g., saltwater ballast lines that are in frequent use. Titanium cladding was applied to the steel shafts of the Trans-Tokyo Bay Bridge Bridge. Titanium structural elements can be rolled with the following properties: Strength 800–1200 MPa (120,000–160,000 psi) Endurance limit under cyclic loading 400–500 MPa (60,000–70,000 psi) Unit Weight U it W i ht 48 kN/ 3 4 8 T/ 3(300 lb/ kN/m3= 4.8 T/m3(300 lb/cu. ft ) ft.) `Cost Five times that of steel Future developments in metallurgy may make titanium more available at lower costs. © 2010 Canadoil Group  © MG www.canadoilgroup.com
  • 47. CORROSSION RESISTANCE DNV rules require that the provisions for coating include: 1. A description of general application conditions at coating yard 2. Method and equipment for surface preparation 3. Ranges of temperature and relative humidity 4. Application 4 A li i methods h d 5. Time between surface preparation and first coat 6. Minimum and maximum dry film thickness of a single coat 7. Number of coats and minimum total dry film thickness 8. Relevant drying characteristics 9. Procedure for repair of damaged coating 10. Methods of inspection — for example, adhesion testing and holiday detection © 2010 Canadoil Group  © MG www.canadoilgroup.com
  • 48. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (PHOTOGRAPHS; ARTICLES & PRESENTATION….) · ABS · Shell · FPC · Technip · FlexLNG · QG · ConocoPhillips · Saipem · DNV · Aker · Waller Marine · EnerSea Votrans · E & P (Brian) · Asim Deshpande & Michael Economides · CE & CG Team (Bill / Milind) & others