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GOVERNMENT OF KERALA
                                  Abstract

MALAYALAM SCRIPT-ADOPTION OF NEW SCRIPT FOR USE-ORDERS ISSUED

                         EDUCATION ‘P’ DEPARTMENT
G. O. (P) 37/71/Edn.                     Dated, Trivandrum, 23rd March 1971.

Read: G.O. (P) 329/68/Edn.dated 11-7-1968

                                        ORDER
       The question of reducing the unwieldy number of alphabets and signs in
Malayalam which consume much time and labour in the process of printing and
typewriting, has been under consideration of Government for some time. In 1967
Government appointed a Committee with Shri Soornad P. N. Kunjan pillai, Editor,
Malayalam Lexicon as convener to advise them on the question of reformation of
Malayalam script. The committee in its report has made recommendations to reduce 75%
of the total number of existing characters in printing and typewriting. The reformed
Malayalam script recommended by the above Committee was revised with slight
modifications by another committee appointed in 1969 to expedite the adoption of the
new script for use. The recommendations of the above two committees in the matter of
reformation of the Malayalam script are in brief as follows:

                 i.    D, Du, E, d F¶nhbpsS am{XIÄ hyRvP§fn n¶pw
                       hnSphn¡pI
                ii.    {]Nmcw Ipdª Iq«£c§Ä N{µ¡e D]tbmKn¨v ]ncn¨v
                       FgpXpI.

2. In January 1971 a conference of Managing Editors of important newspapers in the
   State was convened to discuss the question of adoption of the new Malayalam script
   for use. The conference has recommended that the reformed script as revised by the
   committee might be adopted for use with effect from 15th April 1971 (Vishu Day).

3. Government have considered the question in detail and are pleased to accept the
   reformed Malayalam script as revised by the Committee for use. The new script will
   be adopted for all official purposes with effect from 15th April 1971 (Vishu Day). A
   booklet “en]n]cnjvIcWw” containing the details of the new script accepted by
   Government is appended to this G.O.

4. All newspapers and periodicals in Malayalam are requested to co-operate with
   Government in the implementation of the scheme and to adopt the new script from
   the stipulated date.
ii

5. The Superintendent of Government Presses is requested to take necessary steps for
   implementing the above orders in time. The Government Gazette and other
   Government publications will be printed in the new script from the above date.

6. The Director of Public Relations is requested to give wide publicity to the scheme and
   to publish an advertisement in all news-papers about the programme for the change
   over of the script.

7. Government advertisements from 15-4-1971 will be in the new script. As far as
   possible, advertisements will be given in stereo-blocks.



                                                             By order of the Governor,
                                                         PADMA RAMACHANDRAN,
                                                            Education Secretary.

To
       All Heads of Departments and Officers.
       The Superintendent of Government Presses.
       The Secretary, Kerala Public Service Commission (with C.L.)
       The Registrar, High Court (with C.L.)
       The Registrar, University of Kerala.
       The Registrar, University of Calicut.
       The Director of Public Relations.
       The Gazette.
       The Editors of all newspapers and periodicals.
       All members of Script Reformation Committee.
       All Departments of Secretariat.
en]n]cnjvIcWw




        ©
   tIcfkÀ¡mÀ
       1971
`mjm`nhr²nsb klmbn¡p¶ LSI§fn Xosc A{][maÃm¯
ØmamWv en]nIÄ¡pffXv. EPphpw efnXhpamb en]nk{¼Zmbw `mj
ssIImcyw sN¿p¶Xp kpKaam¡p¶p. `mcXob`mjIÄ¡p sshhn[yw
ndª en]nk{¼ZmbamWv nehnencn¡p¶Xv.        `mcXob`mjIfpsS
en]nk{¼Zmbw      GIoIcn¡pI       F¶      {]ivw    Ct¸mÄ
kPohaÃmXmbn¯oÀ¶ncn¡p¶Xv Cu sshhn[yw aqeapff {]bmk§Ä
hyàambXpsIm−mbncn¡Ww.       tdma³ en]n kzoIcn¡pIbmhpw Cu
GIoIcW¯nv ]änb amÀ¤w F¶v nÀt±in¡s¸«ncp¶p. ]t£ AXv
`qcn]£wt]À¡pw kzoImcyambnÃ.
      aebmf   `mjbpsS   en]nk{¼Zmbw   k¦oÀ®amb   H¶mWv.
hyRvP§tfmSp      kzc§Ä        tNÀ¡pt¼mgpw,   Iq«£c§Ä
krãn¡pt¼mgpw, NnÃpIÄ tNÀs¯gpXpt¼mgpw aäpw {]tXyI en]nIÄ
krjvSn¨XmWv Cu k¦oÀ®Xbv¡p ImcWw. aebmf en]nIfpsS F®w
C¡mcW¯m {IamXoXambn hÀ²n¡bpw sNbvXncp¶p.          FÃmw
ssIsIm−v FgpXnh¶Ime¯v Cu k¦oÀ®X sIm−pff {]bmkw
A{Xt¯mfw      Ap`hs¸«ncp¶nÃ.   F¶m    A¨Snb{´¯nsâbpw
ssS¸vssdädnsâbpw BhnÀ`mht¯msS Cu en]nk{¼Zmbw sIm−pff
hnjaXIÄ IqSpXembn Ap`hs¸«p. aebmf¯nv C¶pw shSn¸mbn
ssS¸v sN¿m³ DXIp¶ Hcp Iot_mÀUv cq]s¸Sp¯mmbn«nsænÂ
AXnsâ apJyImcWw en]nk{¼Zmb¯nse Cu k¦oÀ®X Xs¶bmWv.
en]n]cnjvIcW kwcw`§Ä
     aebmfen]n ]cnjvIcn¡p¶Xnpff bXv§Ä A§n§v Bcw`n¨n«v
Iptd¡meambn. kz´ambn CXnte¡v DÂkmln¡pIbpw, ]co£W§fpw
{]bXv§fpw S¯pIbpw sNbvX ]{X§Ä¡pw ssS¸v nÀ½mXm¡Ä¡pw
kzm`mhnIambpw Ah ^e{]m]vXnbnse¯n¡m³ IgnªnÃ. Kh¬saâv
ap³ssI FSp¯p S¸m¡m¯ ]cnjvImc§Ä¡v kmÀÆ{XnIamb
AwKoImcw tSm³ hnjahpap−v.        1967 AhkmamWv kwØm
Kh¬saâv     en]n]cnjvIcW¯nmhiyamb       S]SnIÄ     kzoIcn¨p
XpS§nbXv.    ChbpsS {]mcw`w F¶ nebn en]n]cnjvIcW
hnjb¯n XmÂ]cyhpw, AXnmhiyamb nÀt±i§Ä kaÀ¸n¡m³
Ignhpw Dff GXmpw {]apJ DtZymKØmptZymKسamcpsS Hcp
kt½fw tNÀ¶p.      ]{Xm[n]³amcpw, ssS¸vssdänwKv A¨Sn XpS§nb
cwK§fnse hnZKv²³amcpw, hnZym`ymk {]hÀ¯Icpw aäpw ]s¦Sp¯
{]kvXpX tbmK¯n h¨v en]n ]cnjvIcWw kw_Ôn¨v Hcp ]²Xn
X¿mdm¡n Kh¬saânte¡v kaÀ¸n¡m³ Hcp I½nän cq]oIcn¡Wsa¶v
Xocpamn¨p.   A[nIw XmaknbmsXXs¶ I½nän cq]oIcn¡pIbpw
sNbvXp.
2



     kwØm¯v aebmfw `cW`mjbpw, D¶XhnZym`ymk¯npff
am[yahpw   Bbns¡m−ncn¡p¶XnmÂ,     `mjbpsS   hfÀ¨bv¡pw
hnImk¯npw klmbIamwhn[w en]nIÄ ]cnjvIcn¡Wsa¶mbncp¶p
Xocpamn¡s¸«Xv.   aebmfw A¨Snbpw aebmfw ssS¸vssdänwKpw
k{¼Zmb§Ä        eLqIcnt¡−Xnsâ     BhiyIXbpw     {]tXyIw
]cnKWn¡s¸«p.       F¶m     qäm−pIfmbn  D]tbmKn¨phcp¶
`mjmen]nIfn s]mSp¶s kaqeamb amäw hcp¯pI P§Ä¡v
{]bmkw krãn¡psa¶ hkvXpX IW¡nseSp¯psIm−v Ignbp¶{X
IqSpXÂ {]tbmPw kn²n¡p¶ eLphmb t`ZKXnIÄ am{Xta
hcpt¯−XpÅq F¶ A`n{]mbamWv Kh¬saâv {]ISn¸n¨Xv.        Cu
e£y§Ä ap³nÀ¯n Bhiyamb NÀ¨Ifpw ]T§fpw S¯nbtijw,
en]n]cnjvIcWI½nän     Kh¬saânte¡v    bYmImew     dnt¸mÀ«v
kaÀ¸n¡pIbp−mbn. Kh¬saâv I½nänbpsS ip]mÀiIÄ s]mXphnÂ
kzoIcn¡pIbpw      AXpkcn¨v      Bhiyamb     D¯chpIÄ
]pds¸Sphn¡pIbpw sNbvXp.
     Ct¸mÄ aebmf¯n Aªqdne[nIw en]nIÄ nehnep−v.
C¶s¯ coXn¡p `mj ssIImcyw sN¿p¶Xnv A{Xbpw en]nIÄ
BhiyhpamWv. en]nIfpsS Cu B[nIyw A¨Snbnepw ssS¸vssdänwKnepw
nch[n hnjaXIÄ krãn¡p¶p−v.       AXnm en]nIfpsS F®w
{]mtbmKnIamwhn[w F{Xt¯mfw Ipdbv¡mw F¶Xmbncp¶p I½nänbpsS
apJy Nn´mhnjbw. ]pXnb en]nIÄ BhnjvIcn¨v S¸n hcp¯pI
ZpjvIcambXnm nehnepff en]nk{¼Zmbw Xs¶ ]cnjvIcn¨v
eLqIcn¡mmWv I½nän nÀt±in¨ncn¡p¶Xv. hyRvP§tfmSv kzc§Ä
tNÀ¶p−mIp¶       A£c§fptSbpw     Iq«£c§fptSbpw       F®w
Ipdbv¡pIbmbncp¶p CXnte¡pff {]mtbmKnI amÀ¤w.
en]n]cnjvIcWkanXnbpsS nÀt±i§Ä
1   D, Du, E F¶o kzc§Ä hyRvP§tfmSp tNcpt¼mÄ {]tXyI
    en]nIÄXs¶ cq]saSp¡p¶ C¶s¯ coXn¡p]Icw Ahbv¡v {]tXyI
    Nn GÀs¸Sp¯pI. A, B, C, Cu, F, G, sF, H, Hm, Hu F¶o
    kzc§Ä¡v GXp hyRvPt¯mSpw tNÀ¡mhp¶ {]tXyI NnÓ§Ä
    Ds−¶ hkvXpX ChnsS HmÀ½nt¡−Xp−v.                    D, Du, E F¶o
    kzc§fpsS Imcy¯nepw B k{¼Zmbw GÀs¸Sp¯nbm H«[nIw
    en]nIÄ Ipdbv¡m³ Ignbpw. CXnte¡v ‘D’ F¶Xnv ‘p’ F¶
    NnÓhpw ‘Du’ hnv ‘q’ F¶ NnÓhpw BWv nÀt±in¡s¸«ncn¡p¶Xv.
    EImc¯nv Ct¸mÄ hyRvPt¯mSp tNÀ¶phcp¶ NnÓwXs¶
    thÀs]Sp¯n Ipd¨p hyXykvXXtbmsS ‘r’ F¶ NnÓam¡nbmÂ
    aXnbmhpw.
               DZm :--þ Ip, Iq, Ir; Xp, Xq, Xr CXymZn.
3



2 ap¼n tc^w (À) tNcp¶ Iq«£c§Ä Ct¸mÄ c−pXc¯nÂ
  FgpXmdp−v

  DZm:-þ     , AÀ¡³.           , ]mÀ¯ew.   , tÀ¨.

  CXn   BZys¯   coXn  (‘ ’NnÓw apIfn CSp¶  coXn)
  Dt]£n¡mhp¶XmWv. AXnp ]Icw FÃmbnS¯pw ‘À’ F¶ NnÃv
  ap³]n FgpXpI F¶p hyhØ sNbvXm aXnbmIpw. hmÀ¯,
  ]mÀ¡pI F¶n§s.
3 `mjbnse Iq«£c§fn ¡, ¦, §, ¨, ©, ª, «, −, ®, ¯, ´,
  ¶, ¸, ¼, ½, ¿, Ã, Æ F¶nh Xn aebmf]Z§fn kmÀÆ{XnIambn
  hcp¶hbmWv.      Ch Ct¸mgs¯t¸mse nenÀ¯msa¶v I½nän
  ip]mÀi sNbvXncn¡p¶p.      aäpff Iq«£c§Ä Gdnb]¦pw
  kwkvIrX¯nÂn¶pw kzoIcn¨n«pffhbmWv. Ahsb N{µ¡ebn«v
  thÀXncn¨pw AÃmsX H¶n¨ptNÀ¯pw FgpXp¶ coXnIÄ Ct¸mÄ
  nehnep−v.
  DZm:-þ IvXþà, ivNþÝ
  Chbn N{µ¡ebn«v thÀXncns¨gpXp¶ BZys¯         coXn   am{Xw
  nenÀ¯pI F¶XmWv I½nänbpsS ip]mÀi.
4 bv, cv, ev, hv F¶o a[ya§Ä tNÀ¶phcp¶ Iq«£c§Ä Ct¸mÄ
  ]e{]Imc¯n FgpXp¶p−v. bv, hv F¶nh tNcpt¼mÄ {]tXyI
  Nn sImSp¯v thÀXncns¨gpXpIbmWv ]Xnhv. Iy, Xy, Iz, Xz
  F¶n§s. “cv” AYhm “dv” F¶ hyRvPw tNcp¶ Iq«£c¯n “{”
  F¶ {]tXyI NnÓw ÂIn {], {I, {X F¶n§s FgpXmsa¶ I½nän
  nÀt±in¨ncn¡p¶p. “ev” AYhm “fv” tNcp¶nS¯v N{µ¡ebn«v
  thÀXncnt¨m Ct¸mgs¯t¸mse {]tXyI A£camtbm (¢, ¹
  F¶n§s) FgpXmsa¶mWv I½nänbpsS ip]mÀi.
       NnÃpIÄ (¬, ³, À, Â, Ä) Ct¸mgs¯t¸mse nenÀ¯msa¶v
  I½nän   ip]mÀi   sNbvXncn¡p¶p.   FgpXp¶Xnv  Ct¸mgs¯
  en]nk{¼Zmbw Xs¶ XpSÀ¶psIm−v ssS¸vssdänwKnepw A¨Snbnepw
  ]pXnb k{¼Zmbw kzoIcn¨m aXnbmIpsa¶pw I½nän ip]mÀi
  sNbvXn«p−v.
       nehnepff Aªqdne[nIw en]nIfn `qcn]£hpw Cu
  nÀt±i§Ä kzoIcn¨p S¸m¡p¶ ]£w IpdhpsN¿mhp¶XmWv.
  A¨Snbnepw     ssS¸vssdänwKnepw  en]nIfpsS    B[nIywaqew
  C¶p`hs¸Sp¶ {]bmkw At¸mÄ KWyamb tXmXn IpdbpIbpw
  sN¿pw.     C¶s¯        en]nk{¼Zmb¯n      kzoIcn¡p¶Xnv
  {]bmkap−mhnÃ.
4

  Cu nÀt±i§fn NnesX¦nepw C¶v ]e A¨Snime¡mcpw,
]{XØm]§fpw S¸n hcp¯nbn«pffhbmWv. aäp NnesXms¡
]co£Whnt[bam¡nbn«p−v. C¶p Cu hnjb¯n XmÂ]cyapff
]ecpw   ]e   coXnbn ]co£n¨ptm¡p¶   en]n]cnjvIcWw
imkv{XobmSnØm¯n GtIm]n¸n¡p¶Xnpw Cu ip]mÀiIÄ¡p
Ignbpw
   en]n]cnjvIcWkanXnbpsS   ip]mÀiIÄ     Apkcn¨v    ]e
en]nIÄ¡pw kapNnXamb ap{ZWamXrIIÄ cq]s¸Spt¯−XmWv.
A¨Snbnepw ssS¸vssdänwKnepw C¯cw amXrIIÄ D−m¡m³
Bhiyamb S]SnIÄ Kh¬saâv kzoIcn¨phcp¶p−v. ]cnjvIcn¨
en]nIÄ¡v       GIoIrXamb      It¼mknwKvtIkv      S¸nÂ
hcp¯p¶Xnmhiyamb S]SnIfpw kzoIcn¨phcp¶p.
   aebmfw {IampKXambn tIcf¯nsâ HutZymKnI `mjbmbn
amdns¡m−ncn¡pIbmWv. ]e L«§fnembn S¸n hcp¯p¶ Cu
amäw ]qÀ¯nbmIpt¼mtg¡v ]pXnb en]nk{¼Zmb¯nsâ D]tbmKw
kmÀÆ{XnIambn¯otc−XmhiyamWv. F¦nÂam{Xta HutZymKnIamb
FÃm Bhiy§Ä¡pw aebmf`mjsb kpKaamwhn[w D]tbmKn¡m³
Ignbq. AXnm ]pXnb en]nIÄ ntXym]tbmK¯nem¡n¯oÀ¡m³
`mjm`namnIÄ ]cn{iant¡−nbncn¡p¶p.
5

            Cn nehn hcp¶ en]nIÄ
kzc§Ä apXembh           hyRvP§Ä
  A    B           I    J     K      L   M
  C    D           N    O     P      Q   R
  F    G           S    T     U      V   W
  H    E           X    Y     Z      [   
  s    t           ]    ^     _      `   a
  n    o           b    c     e      h
  m    w           i    j     k      l
  y    z           f    g     d
  u    v
  p    q                    NnÃpIÄ
  {    r
  x                ¬    ³     À      Â   Ä

                   Iq«£c§Ä
                  ¡     ¦     §
                  ¨     ©     ª
                  «     −     ®
                  ¯     ´     ¶
                  ¸     ¼     ½
                  ¿     Ã     Æ
                  É     Ç     Ë ¾
                  »     ¹     ¥ ¢

                [sam¯w 90 en]nIÄ]

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Order

  • 1. GOVERNMENT OF KERALA Abstract MALAYALAM SCRIPT-ADOPTION OF NEW SCRIPT FOR USE-ORDERS ISSUED EDUCATION ‘P’ DEPARTMENT G. O. (P) 37/71/Edn. Dated, Trivandrum, 23rd March 1971. Read: G.O. (P) 329/68/Edn.dated 11-7-1968 ORDER The question of reducing the unwieldy number of alphabets and signs in Malayalam which consume much time and labour in the process of printing and typewriting, has been under consideration of Government for some time. In 1967 Government appointed a Committee with Shri Soornad P. N. Kunjan pillai, Editor, Malayalam Lexicon as convener to advise them on the question of reformation of Malayalam script. The committee in its report has made recommendations to reduce 75% of the total number of existing characters in printing and typewriting. The reformed Malayalam script recommended by the above Committee was revised with slight modifications by another committee appointed in 1969 to expedite the adoption of the new script for use. The recommendations of the above two committees in the matter of reformation of the Malayalam script are in brief as follows: i. D, Du, E, d F¶nhbpsS am{XIÄ hyRvP§fn n¶pw hnSphn¡pI ii. {]Nmcw Ipdª Iq«£c§Ä N{µ¡e D]tbmKn¨v ]ncn¨v FgpXpI. 2. In January 1971 a conference of Managing Editors of important newspapers in the State was convened to discuss the question of adoption of the new Malayalam script for use. The conference has recommended that the reformed script as revised by the committee might be adopted for use with effect from 15th April 1971 (Vishu Day). 3. Government have considered the question in detail and are pleased to accept the reformed Malayalam script as revised by the Committee for use. The new script will be adopted for all official purposes with effect from 15th April 1971 (Vishu Day). A booklet “en]n]cnjvIcWw” containing the details of the new script accepted by Government is appended to this G.O. 4. All newspapers and periodicals in Malayalam are requested to co-operate with Government in the implementation of the scheme and to adopt the new script from the stipulated date.
  • 2. ii 5. The Superintendent of Government Presses is requested to take necessary steps for implementing the above orders in time. The Government Gazette and other Government publications will be printed in the new script from the above date. 6. The Director of Public Relations is requested to give wide publicity to the scheme and to publish an advertisement in all news-papers about the programme for the change over of the script. 7. Government advertisements from 15-4-1971 will be in the new script. As far as possible, advertisements will be given in stereo-blocks. By order of the Governor, PADMA RAMACHANDRAN, Education Secretary. To All Heads of Departments and Officers. The Superintendent of Government Presses. The Secretary, Kerala Public Service Commission (with C.L.) The Registrar, High Court (with C.L.) The Registrar, University of Kerala. The Registrar, University of Calicut. The Director of Public Relations. The Gazette. The Editors of all newspapers and periodicals. All members of Script Reformation Committee. All Departments of Secretariat.
  • 3. en]n]cnjvIcWw © tIcfkÀ¡mÀ 1971
  • 4. `mjm`nhr²nsb klmbn¡p¶ LSI§fn Xosc A{][maÃm¯ ØmamWv en]nIÄ¡pffXv. EPphpw efnXhpamb en]nk{¼Zmbw `mj ssIImcyw sN¿p¶Xp kpKaam¡p¶p. `mcXob`mjIÄ¡p sshhn[yw ndª en]nk{¼ZmbamWv nehnencn¡p¶Xv. `mcXob`mjIfpsS en]nk{¼Zmbw GIoIcn¡pI F¶ {]ivw Ct¸mÄ kPohaÃmXmbn¯oÀ¶ncn¡p¶Xv Cu sshhn[yw aqeapff {]bmk§Ä hyàambXpsIm−mbncn¡Ww. tdma³ en]n kzoIcn¡pIbmhpw Cu GIoIcW¯nv ]änb amÀ¤w F¶v nÀt±in¡s¸«ncp¶p. ]t£ AXv `qcn]£wt]À¡pw kzoImcyambnÃ. aebmf `mjbpsS en]nk{¼Zmbw k¦oÀ®amb H¶mWv. hyRvP§tfmSp kzc§Ä tNÀ¡pt¼mgpw, Iq«£c§Ä krãn¡pt¼mgpw, NnÃpIÄ tNÀs¯gpXpt¼mgpw aäpw {]tXyI en]nIÄ krjvSn¨XmWv Cu k¦oÀ®Xbv¡p ImcWw. aebmf en]nIfpsS F®w C¡mcW¯m {IamXoXambn hÀ²n¡bpw sNbvXncp¶p. FÃmw ssIsIm−v FgpXnh¶Ime¯v Cu k¦oÀ®X sIm−pff {]bmkw A{Xt¯mfw Ap`hs¸«ncp¶nÃ. F¶m A¨Snb{´¯nsâbpw ssS¸vssdädnsâbpw BhnÀ`mht¯msS Cu en]nk{¼Zmbw sIm−pff hnjaXIÄ IqSpXembn Ap`hs¸«p. aebmf¯nv C¶pw shSn¸mbn ssS¸v sN¿m³ DXIp¶ Hcp Iot_mÀUv cq]s¸Sp¯mmbn«nsæn AXnsâ apJyImcWw en]nk{¼Zmb¯nse Cu k¦oÀ®X Xs¶bmWv. en]n]cnjvIcW kwcw`§Ä aebmfen]n ]cnjvIcn¡p¶Xnpff bXv§Ä A§n§v Bcw`n¨n«v Iptd¡meambn. kz´ambn CXnte¡v DÂkmln¡pIbpw, ]co£W§fpw {]bXv§fpw S¯pIbpw sNbvX ]{X§Ä¡pw ssS¸v nÀ½mXm¡Ä¡pw kzm`mhnIambpw Ah ^e{]m]vXnbnse¯n¡m³ IgnªnÃ. Kh¬saâv ap³ssI FSp¯p S¸m¡m¯ ]cnjvImc§Ä¡v kmÀÆ{XnIamb AwKoImcw tSm³ hnjahpap−v. 1967 AhkmamWv kwØm Kh¬saâv en]n]cnjvIcW¯nmhiyamb S]SnIÄ kzoIcn¨p XpS§nbXv. ChbpsS {]mcw`w F¶ nebn en]n]cnjvIcW hnjb¯n XmÂ]cyhpw, AXnmhiyamb nÀt±i§Ä kaÀ¸n¡m³ Ignhpw Dff GXmpw {]apJ DtZymKØmptZymKسamcpsS Hcp kt½fw tNÀ¶p. ]{Xm[n]³amcpw, ssS¸vssdänwKv A¨Sn XpS§nb cwK§fnse hnZKv²³amcpw, hnZym`ymk {]hÀ¯Icpw aäpw ]s¦Sp¯ {]kvXpX tbmK¯n h¨v en]n ]cnjvIcWw kw_Ôn¨v Hcp ]²Xn X¿mdm¡n Kh¬saânte¡v kaÀ¸n¡m³ Hcp I½nän cq]oIcn¡Wsa¶v Xocpamn¨p. A[nIw XmaknbmsXXs¶ I½nän cq]oIcn¡pIbpw sNbvXp.
  • 5. 2 kwØm¯v aebmfw `cW`mjbpw, D¶XhnZym`ymk¯npff am[yahpw Bbns¡m−ncn¡p¶XnmÂ, `mjbpsS hfÀ¨bv¡pw hnImk¯npw klmbIamwhn[w en]nIÄ ]cnjvIcn¡Wsa¶mbncp¶p Xocpamn¡s¸«Xv. aebmfw A¨Snbpw aebmfw ssS¸vssdänwKpw k{¼Zmb§Ä eLqIcnt¡−Xnsâ BhiyIXbpw {]tXyIw ]cnKWn¡s¸«p. F¶m qäm−pIfmbn D]tbmKn¨phcp¶ `mjmen]nIfn s]mSp¶s kaqeamb amäw hcp¯pI P§Ä¡v {]bmkw krãn¡psa¶ hkvXpX IW¡nseSp¯psIm−v Ignbp¶{X IqSpX {]tbmPw kn²n¡p¶ eLphmb t`ZKXnIÄ am{Xta hcpt¯−XpÅq F¶ A`n{]mbamWv Kh¬saâv {]ISn¸n¨Xv. Cu e£y§Ä ap³nÀ¯n Bhiyamb NÀ¨Ifpw ]T§fpw S¯nbtijw, en]n]cnjvIcWI½nän Kh¬saânte¡v bYmImew dnt¸mÀ«v kaÀ¸n¡pIbp−mbn. Kh¬saâv I½nänbpsS ip]mÀiIÄ s]mXphn kzoIcn¡pIbpw AXpkcn¨v Bhiyamb D¯chpIÄ ]pds¸Sphn¡pIbpw sNbvXp. Ct¸mÄ aebmf¯n Aªqdne[nIw en]nIÄ nehnep−v. C¶s¯ coXn¡p `mj ssIImcyw sN¿p¶Xnv A{Xbpw en]nIÄ BhiyhpamWv. en]nIfpsS Cu B[nIyw A¨Snbnepw ssS¸vssdänwKnepw nch[n hnjaXIÄ krãn¡p¶p−v. AXnm en]nIfpsS F®w {]mtbmKnIamwhn[w F{Xt¯mfw Ipdbv¡mw F¶Xmbncp¶p I½nänbpsS apJy Nn´mhnjbw. ]pXnb en]nIÄ BhnjvIcn¨v S¸n hcp¯pI ZpjvIcambXnm nehnepff en]nk{¼Zmbw Xs¶ ]cnjvIcn¨v eLqIcn¡mmWv I½nän nÀt±in¨ncn¡p¶Xv. hyRvP§tfmSv kzc§Ä tNÀ¶p−mIp¶ A£c§fptSbpw Iq«£c§fptSbpw F®w Ipdbv¡pIbmbncp¶p CXnte¡pff {]mtbmKnI amÀ¤w. en]n]cnjvIcWkanXnbpsS nÀt±i§Ä 1 D, Du, E F¶o kzc§Ä hyRvP§tfmSp tNcpt¼mÄ {]tXyI en]nIÄXs¶ cq]saSp¡p¶ C¶s¯ coXn¡p]Icw Ahbv¡v {]tXyI Nn GÀs¸Sp¯pI. A, B, C, Cu, F, G, sF, H, Hm, Hu F¶o kzc§Ä¡v GXp hyRvPt¯mSpw tNÀ¡mhp¶ {]tXyI Nn Ds−¶ hkvXpX ChnsS HmÀ½nt¡−Xp−v. D, Du, E F¶o kzc§fpsS Imcy¯nepw B k{¼Zmbw GÀs¸Sp¯nbm H«[nIw en]nIÄ Ipdbv¡m³ Ignbpw. CXnte¡v ‘D’ F¶Xnv ‘p’ F¶ NnÓhpw ‘Du’ hnv ‘q’ F¶ NnÓhpw BWv nÀt±in¡s¸«ncn¡p¶Xv. EImc¯nv Ct¸mÄ hyRvPt¯mSp tNÀ¶phcp¶ NnÓwXs¶ thÀs]Sp¯n Ipd¨p hyXykvXXtbmsS ‘r’ F¶ NnÓam¡nbm aXnbmhpw. DZm :--þ Ip, Iq, Ir; Xp, Xq, Xr CXymZn.
  • 6. 3 2 ap¼n tc^w (À) tNcp¶ Iq«£c§Ä Ct¸mÄ c−pXc¯n FgpXmdp−v DZm:-þ , AÀ¡³. , ]mÀ¯ew. , tÀ¨. CXn BZys¯ coXn (‘ ’NnÓw apIfn CSp¶ coXn) Dt]£n¡mhp¶XmWv. AXnp ]Icw FÃmbnS¯pw ‘À’ F¶ NnÃv ap³]n FgpXpI F¶p hyhØ sNbvXm aXnbmIpw. hmÀ¯, ]mÀ¡pI F¶n§s. 3 `mjbnse Iq«£c§fn ¡, ¦, §, ¨, ©, ª, «, −, ®, ¯, ´, ¶, ¸, ¼, ½, ¿, Ã, Æ F¶nh Xn aebmf]Z§fn kmÀÆ{XnIambn hcp¶hbmWv. Ch Ct¸mgs¯t¸mse nenÀ¯msa¶v I½nän ip]mÀi sNbvXncn¡p¶p. aäpff Iq«£c§Ä Gdnb]¦pw kwkvIrX¯nÂn¶pw kzoIcn¨n«pffhbmWv. Ahsb N{µ¡ebn«v thÀXncn¨pw AÃmsX H¶n¨ptNÀ¯pw FgpXp¶ coXnIÄ Ct¸mÄ nehnep−v. DZm:-þ IvXþà, ivNþÝ Chbn N{µ¡ebn«v thÀXncns¨gpXp¶ BZys¯ coXn am{Xw nenÀ¯pI F¶XmWv I½nänbpsS ip]mÀi. 4 bv, cv, ev, hv F¶o a[ya§Ä tNÀ¶phcp¶ Iq«£c§Ä Ct¸mÄ ]e{]Imc¯n FgpXp¶p−v. bv, hv F¶nh tNcpt¼mÄ {]tXyI Nn sImSp¯v thÀXncns¨gpXpIbmWv ]Xnhv. Iy, Xy, Iz, Xz F¶n§s. “cv” AYhm “dv” F¶ hyRvPw tNcp¶ Iq«£c¯n “{” F¶ {]tXyI NnÓw ÂIn {], {I, {X F¶n§s FgpXmsa¶ I½nän nÀt±in¨ncn¡p¶p. “ev” AYhm “fv” tNcp¶nS¯v N{µ¡ebn«v thÀXncnt¨m Ct¸mgs¯t¸mse {]tXyI A£camtbm (¢, ¹ F¶n§s) FgpXmsa¶mWv I½nänbpsS ip]mÀi. NnÃpIÄ (¬, ³, À, Â, Ä) Ct¸mgs¯t¸mse nenÀ¯msa¶v I½nän ip]mÀi sNbvXncn¡p¶p. FgpXp¶Xnv Ct¸mgs¯ en]nk{¼Zmbw Xs¶ XpSÀ¶psIm−v ssS¸vssdänwKnepw A¨Snbnepw ]pXnb k{¼Zmbw kzoIcn¨m aXnbmIpsa¶pw I½nän ip]mÀi sNbvXn«p−v. nehnepff Aªqdne[nIw en]nIfn `qcn]£hpw Cu nÀt±i§Ä kzoIcn¨p S¸m¡p¶ ]£w IpdhpsN¿mhp¶XmWv. A¨Snbnepw ssS¸vssdänwKnepw en]nIfpsS B[nIywaqew C¶p`hs¸Sp¶ {]bmkw At¸mÄ KWyamb tXmXn IpdbpIbpw sN¿pw. C¶s¯ en]nk{¼Zmb¯n kzoIcn¡p¶Xnv {]bmkap−mhnÃ.
  • 7. 4 Cu nÀt±i§fn NnesX¦nepw C¶v ]e A¨Snime¡mcpw, ]{XØm]§fpw S¸n hcp¯nbn«pffhbmWv. aäp NnesXms¡ ]co£Whnt[bam¡nbn«p−v. C¶p Cu hnjb¯n XmÂ]cyapff ]ecpw ]e coXnbn ]co£n¨ptm¡p¶ en]n]cnjvIcWw imkv{XobmSnØm¯n GtIm]n¸n¡p¶Xnpw Cu ip]mÀiIÄ¡p Ignbpw en]n]cnjvIcWkanXnbpsS ip]mÀiIÄ Apkcn¨v ]e en]nIÄ¡pw kapNnXamb ap{ZWamXrIIÄ cq]s¸Spt¯−XmWv. A¨Snbnepw ssS¸vssdänwKnepw C¯cw amXrIIÄ D−m¡m³ Bhiyamb S]SnIÄ Kh¬saâv kzoIcn¨phcp¶p−v. ]cnjvIcn¨ en]nIÄ¡v GIoIrXamb It¼mknwKvtIkv S¸n hcp¯p¶Xnmhiyamb S]SnIfpw kzoIcn¨phcp¶p. aebmfw {IampKXambn tIcf¯nsâ HutZymKnI `mjbmbn amdns¡m−ncn¡pIbmWv. ]e L«§fnembn S¸n hcp¯p¶ Cu amäw ]qÀ¯nbmIpt¼mtg¡v ]pXnb en]nk{¼Zmb¯nsâ D]tbmKw kmÀÆ{XnIambn¯otc−XmhiyamWv. F¦nÂam{Xta HutZymKnIamb FÃm Bhiy§Ä¡pw aebmf`mjsb kpKaamwhn[w D]tbmKn¡m³ Ignbq. AXnm ]pXnb en]nIÄ ntXym]tbmK¯nem¡n¯oÀ¡m³ `mjm`namnIÄ ]cn{iant¡−nbncn¡p¶p.
  • 8. 5 Cn nehn hcp¶ en]nIÄ kzc§Ä apXembh hyRvP§Ä A B I J K L M C D N O P Q R F G S T U V W H E X Y Z [ s t ] ^ _ ` a n o b c e h m w i j k l y z f g d u v p q NnÃpIÄ { r x ¬ ³ À Â Ä Iq«£c§Ä ¡ ¦ § ¨ © ª « − ® ¯ ´ ¶ ¸ ¼ ½ ¿ Ã Æ É Ç Ë ¾ » ¹ ¥ ¢ [sam¯w 90 en]nIÄ]