missing the present indicative, ser vs. estar, verbs like gustar, and reflexives

1. REPASO DE LAS CONJUGACIONES
DE LOS TIEMPOS VERBALES
PROFESORA SALSICH

2. El pretérito de los verbos regulares

3. El pretérito- Los irregulares –
Ir/Ser, Dar, Ver

4. El Pretérito de los verbos con cambio
ortográfico- spelling change verbs of pretérite

5. Verbos de cambio ortográfico
1) verbos de –car, -gar, -zar
- cambio en la forma de ‘yo’ solamente
- (-car  -qué); ( -gar  -gué); (-zar  -cé)
-acentos normales
2) Verbos –er/-ir de doble vocal
- en las formas de “él, ella, ud” y “ellos, ellas, uds”, la ‘i’
cambia a ‘y’
- acentos sobre todas las formas que tiene ‘i’
3) Verbos que terminan en –uir
- en las formas de “él, ella, ud” y “ellos, ellas, uds”, la ‘i’
cambia a ‘y’
-acentos regulares

6. El pretérito-stem-changing verbs

7. Los verbos de cambio radical
Stem-changing verbs of Preterite
Verbos de –ir que tienen cambio radical (stem-
change) en el PRESENTE, van a tener un cambio
radical en el PRETERITO.
Verbos de –AR y –ER NO TIENEN cambio radical en el
pretérito.
Acentos normales
El cambio está en tercera persona singular y plural

8. Los verbos de cambio radical
Stem-changing verbs of Preterite
-IR verbs that have stem-change in PRESENT, will have
stem-change in preterite
-AR/-ER DO NOT have stem change in the preterite.
Normal accents.
Stem -change in the 3rd person singular and plural
Stem-change in preterite = 1st vowel from stem-change in
present tense

9. El pretérito-Marching song verbs

10. EL IMPERFECTO
The imperfect tense narrates what was going on at a
certain time in the past. It often indicates what was
happening in the background.
Cuando yo era joven, vivía en una ciudad muy grande. Todas las
semanas, mis padres y yo íbamos al centro comercial.
When I was young, I lived in a big city. Each week, my parents and
I went to the mall.
Copyright © 2008 Vista Higher Learning. All rights reserved. 3.2–10

11. Imperfect
How to conjugate the imperfect:
Used to express
actions that happened 1) Drop off the infinitive ending
in the past 2) Add endings
Habitual actions, time
and
date, background, inf
If –ar verb add, If –ir/-er verb add,
ormation
-aba -ábamos -ía -íamos
The beginning or end
-abas -abais -ías -íais
of the action is not
important
-aba -aban -ía -ían

13. Imperfect Irregulars
THERE ARE ONLY 3 IRREGULAR VERBS IN THE IMPERFECT!!!
To the tune of “Another Bites the Dust”
Ir, Ser, Ver son los verbos irregulares
Iba, Era, Veía son las formas irregulares
del imperfecto, del imperfecto,
son los verbos irregulares

14. Letra de la segunda canción: ‘No dejes de creer’
(To the tune of “Don’t Stop Believing”)
The imperfect tense, talking about long ago
Different than the preterite, which is over and done
The imperfect tense sets the background of the scene
Used for time and date and the weather
The imperfect tense, used for habitual past actions http://zachary-
to talk about on-going things that go on and on and on and on… jones.com/zambombazo/vid
-aba, -abas, -aba, -ábamos, -abais, -aban
-ar endings!
eo-glee-no-dejes-de-creer-
-ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -íais, -ían preterito-vs-imperfecto/
-er/-ir!
conocí means “I met”
conocía means “I knew”
Había una vez is “Once upon a time”
Yo supe, “I found out”
sabía, “I knew all along”
Something, something, something…
iba, ibas, iba, íbamos, ibais, iban
The verb ir
era, eras, era, éramos, erais, eran
The verb ser
No dejes de creer
Guarda este sentimiento
No dejes de creer
o, o, o, o
Guarda este sentimiento
ooooo…

15. Otros apuntes sobre el imperfecto
Imperfect of Hay (there is/are) = Había
(there was/were)
Expressions often used with IMPERFECT
De niño/a – As a child
Todos los días - every day
Mientras – while
Siempre - always

16. These words and expressions are often used with the
imperfect because they express habitual or repeated
actions: de niño/a (as a child), todos los días (every
day), mientras (while), siempre (always).
De niño vivía en un suburbio de Madrid.
As a child, I lived in a suburb of Madrid.
Todos los días iba a la casa de mi abuela.
Every day I went to my grandmother’s house.
Siempre escuchaba música mientras corría en el parque.
I always listened to music while I ran in the park.
Copyright © 2008 Vista Higher Learning. All rights reserved. 3.2–16

18. The Preterite vs. Imperfect
The Preterite
Uses of the Preterite–
1. The completion of past actions or states.
Ex. Anoche llovió( it rained last night).
2. The beginning of past actions or states. Ex.
Los europeos llegaron a América y impusieron
su religion a los indígenas.
3. Specific Event in Time. Ej. Ella nació el 15 de
diciembre del año 1995.

19. The Preterite vs. Imperfect
THE IMPERFECT
Uses of the IMPERFECT-
1. What was happening in the past. Ex. Llovía (it was raining) cuando
ellos compraron los paraguas.
2. Habitual or repeated past actions. Ex. Cuando éramos jovenes
siempre jugabámos el fútbol.
3. Descriptions…
-Of emotions or circumstances. Ex. La situación social era muy difícil.
- Of people of characterization of a person. Ex. Se llamaba Luisa; era una
chica lista y rebelde.
4. Anticipated/Planned past actions( ir in the imperfect + a + verb) Ex.
Iba a ir al cine con mis amigos( I was going to go…..).
5. Age and Time. Ex. Eran las seis de la mañana. Ex. Tenías seis años
cuando entraste la primaria.

20. Presente Subjuntivo
How to conjugate the present subjunctive:
1) Take the ‘yo’ form of the present tense
2) Drop the –O
3) Add opposite endings
If the verb has an irregular stem, then the stem will continue to be
irregular in the subjunctive form.
Tener – Tenga, Tengas, Tenga, Tengamos, Tengáis, Tengan
If there is a stem in the present form of the verb, then the stem will
change in the subjunctive form as well except in the nosotros and
vosotros form
Volver – Vuelva, Vuelvas, Vuelva, Volvamos, Volváis, Vuelvan

21. Presente Subjuntivo
If the verb has a spelling change in the present, then the spelling
will change in the subjunctive (-Car, -Gar, -Zar)
-Car = c – qu, -Gar = g – gu, -Zar = z – c
Buscar –
Busque, Busques, Busque, Busquemos, Busquéis, Busquen
DISHES (irregulars)
Dar – Dé, Des, Dé, Demos, Deis, Den
Ir – Vaya, Vayas, Vaya, Vayamos, Vayáis, Vayan
Saber – Sepa, Sepas, Sepa, Sepamos, Sepáis, Sepan
Haber – Haya, Hayas, Haya, Hayamos, Hayáis, Hayan
Estar – Esté, Estés, Esté, Estemos, Estéis, Estén
Ser – Sea, Seas, Sea, Seamos, Seáis, Sean

22. Imperfect Subjunctive Conjugations
HOW TO CONJUGATE:
1. Take the “Ellos” form of the preterite tense of the verb
2. Take away the “ron” ¡Adiós, Ron!
3. Add necessary ending:
ra, ras, ra, ramos, rais, ran
*For nosotros form, add an accent to the vowel right before the “r”
*¡NO IRREGULARS!
•Used with conditional, preterite, or the imperfect tense when in the presence of
weirdos, escapa, tal zez, or quizás
EXAMPLE: HABLAR
•Hablara, hablaras, hablara, habláramos, hablarais, hablaran
EXAMPLE: COMER
•Comiera, comieras, comiera, comiéramos (accent on the e),comierais,comieran

23. WEIRDOS
Acronym used to remember the Triggers of SUBJUNCTIVE!
Formula:
{Subject 1 + WEIRDOS}+ que+{subject 2 + subjunctive}= 
W- Wishing wanting
E-Emotion
I-Impersonal Expressions
R-Reactions
D-Doubt
O-Ojalá
S-Searching (buscar)
DON’T FORGET: You must have a Subject change!!
Example: Espero que tú tengas un buen día.
Triggers for indicative/ when it is not subjunctive! REAL
TENSES! USE FOR CERTAINTY, WEIRDOS=doubtishness

24. Tal Vez and Quizás
Tal Vez and Quizás = Perhaps, maybe
 Tal vez and quizás are triggers for the present or
past subjunctive. Depends on context.
 No subject change is necessary.
 DO NOT USE QUE with Tal vez and Quizás!
EXAMPLES:
Tal vez Adhana fuera al chapel ayer.
Quizás llueva mañana.

25. Presente del Subjunctive VS.
Imperfecto del Subjuntivo
*Remember both must be used with either with escapa, or
weirdos and there must be a SUBJECT change between
clauses
*With quizás and tal vez there is no subject change
because there is only one clause.
 ex: Tal vez Nailah vaya a la casa de Susan Smith este verano.
Presente del Subjunctivo is used with the present or future
tenses
Imperfecto del Subjunction is used with conditional,
preterite, or imperfect tenses.

26. ESCAPA
“ESCAPA” is an acronym used to remember the Triggers of the Subjunctive form; they
are similar to WEIRDOS.
ESCAPA is used because the information that follows is not necessarily real; it is simply
implied. ESCAPA will always be followed by the subjunctive when there is a subject
change.
You use the subjunctive after the following triggers:
E- En caso de que- In case of
S- Sin Que- Without
C- Con tal de que- Provided that
A- A menos que- Unless
P- Para Que- So that
A- Antes de que- Before
EXAMPLES:
Ella ayuda a sus alumnos con tal de que ellos presten atencion.
- She will help him provided that they pay attention
Marta no ira a menos que tu la acompanes
-Marta will not go unless you accompany her

27. EL FUTURO –
The future
Used to talk about what WILL
happen.
Used to make polite requests.
Ejemplos:
 Ellos irán a la playa. – They will
go to the beach.
 Yo te prepararé algo de comer.
– I will prepare you something
to eat.

28. El condicional –
The conditional
• Used to talk about what WOULD
happen, under certain
conditions.
Ejemplos:
 Ellos irían a la playa. – They
would go to the beach.
 Yo te prepararía algo de comer.
– I would prepare you
something to eat.

29. The Present Perfect Tense
The present perfect tense = haber in the present+ past participle
Ella ya ha visitado DC. – She has already visited DC.
HOW TO FORM THE PRESENT PERFECT
 Used to talk about what has
Step 1
happened in the past or recent past. Conjugate haber in present tense:
 Used to talk about specific events in Yo  he
Tu  has
the past that still have relevance in the Él, Ella, Usted  ha
future. Nosotros(as)  hemos
Vosotros(as)  habéis
 The adverbs ‘ya’ y ‘todavía’ are often Ellos, Ellas, Ustedes  han
used with present and pluperfect. ‘Ya’
means ‘already’, ‘todavía’ means still. Step 2
Drop the infinitive ending –ar, -er, -ir
 Ejemplos: Add –ado to -ar verbs and –ido to both –er
-Ella ha estado enferma. & –ir verbs
Examples: hablado, comido, vivido
-She has been sick
-Tú ya has comido el almuerzo. Watch out because there are irregular past
particples
-You have already eaten.

30. El Pluscamperfecto/The pluperfect
The pluperfect tense = haber in the imperfect + past participle
Ella ya había visitado DC. – She had already visited DC.
 The pluperfect describes a past HOW TO FORM THE PLUPERFECT
action that was completed Step 1
before another past action Conjugate haber in the imperfect:
Yo  había
 The adverb ‘ya’ is often used Tu  habías
with present and pluperfect. Él, Ella, Usted  había
Nosotros (as)  habíamos
‘Ya’ means ‘already’. Vosotros (as)  habíais
 Examples: Ellos, Ellas, Ustedes  habían
-El partido ya había empezado cuando
Step 2
algunos jugadores llegaron. Drop the infinitive ending –ar, -er, -ir
-The game had already begun when Add –ado to -ar verbs and –ido to both –er & –ir verbs
some of the players arrived Examples: hablado, comido, vivido
Watch out because there are irregular past particples

31. Irregulars Particples of the Present
Perfect
Abrir  abierto
Cubrir  cubierto
NOTE: For -er and -ir double
Descubrir  descubierto
vowel verbs, a written accent
Morir  muerto will be required.
Volver  vuelto
Poner  puesto Examples:
Escribir  escrito • Creer  creído
Decir dicho • Leer  leído
Imprimir impreso, • Traer  traído
imprimido • Oír  oído
Freir  frito, freído • Caer  caído
Romper  roto
Ver  visto
Hacer  hecho

32. ACRONYM TO REMEMBER IRREGULAR PAST PARTICIPLES
R roto
E escrito
V visto
V vuelto
M muerto
A abierto
C cubierto
P puesto
H hecho
D dicho
D devuelto

33. Past Participles as adjectives
 Past participles can be used as part of a compound verb tense (i.e.
present perfect or pluperfect tenses) or as an adjective.
 When they are used as an adjective, they must agree in gender and
number with the noun the noun that it is describing.
How to form past particples:
drop the infinitive ending (-ar, -er, -ir)
add -ado (for -ar verbs) or -ido (for -er, -ir verbs).
Ejemplos:
hablar - ar + ado = hablado
comer - er + ido = comido
vivir - ir + ido = vivido
****For verbs with double vowels (i.e. creer), add an accent to the second
vowel (i.e. creído).

34. Past Participles as adjectives
Irregulars
abrir (to open) - abierto (open) Past participles must agree in gender and
cubrir (to cover) - cubierto (covered)
decir (to say) - dicho (said) number with the noun it is describing.
escribir (to write) - escrito (written) La puerta está cerrada.
freír (to fry) - frito (fried) The door is closed.
hacer (to do) - hecho (done) Las puertas están cerradas.
morir (to die) - muerto (dead) The doors are closed.
poner (to put) - puesto (put) El restaurante está abierto.
resolver (to resolve) - resuelto (resolved) The restaurant is open.
romper (to break) - roto (broken) Los restaurantes están abiertos.
ver (to see) - visto (seen) The restaurants are open.
volver (to return) - vuelto (returned)
Componer (to compose) – compuesto (composed) **An example of a past participle not being used
Describir (to describe) – descrito (described) as an adjective:
Devolver (to return) - devuelto (returned)
Oír (to hear) – oído (heard) Los estudiantes han estudiado español.
Creer (to believe) – creído (believed) Ellas habían visto las películas.

35. Direct Objects
me nos
te os
lo/la los/las
Take the place of nouns that receive the action of the verb
and answer the question what or who in relation to the
verb. Not used when the noun is present.
Place before the noun or attach to an infinitive for both
I.O. and D.O.
Ex. I have the check  Tengo el cheque  Lo tengo

36. Indirect Objects
me nos *le and les become se
te os Before a D.O.
le* les*
I.O. pronoun always comes before D.O. pronoun
Pronoun is always used whenever there is an indirect
object, an indirect object answers the question to/for
whom is the action of the verb done.
Ex. 1 Nobody sends her cookies  Nadie le manda galletas
Ex. 2 Nobody sends her them  Nadie se las manda

37. Cláusulas con “si”
Used to express contrary-to-fact conditions
Si + Imperfect subjunctive + Conditional
Si tengo tiempo iré al cine  If I have time, then I will go to the movies
Si clauses conform to a specific sequence 0f tenses
Main Clause Si Clause
Future, present indicative Present indicative
Conditional  Imperfect subjunctive
Imperfect indicative  imperfect indicative
Si + Present indicative + Future