1. The Animals

2. Animals vs. Fungi and Plants
- Eukaryotes
- Motile
- Heterotrophic
- Cells have no cell walls

3. Importance of Animals
• As we learn more about animals we also learn
more about ourselves
• Source of food & consumer products
• Pollination of food crops
• Maintain balance of ecosystems

4. Phylogeny
• Common ancestor of all animals thought to be
colonial, flagellated protist living 700 mya

5. Phylogeny
• All modern-day animals have nerves except
for phylum Porifera
https://runkle-science.wikispaces.com/ALS

6. Phylogenetic Tree of Kingdom Animalia

7. Classification
• The animal kingdom is diverse, and a number
of broad characteristics are used for
classification of animals

8. 1. Body Symmetry
• Radial symmetry: body arranged
around a central axis
• Bilateral symmetry: left and right
sides are mirror images of each
other
– Protostomes: during development
mouth forms before the anus
– Deuterostome: during development
anus forms before the mouth

9. 2. Number of Germ Layers
• Have between 1-3 germ layers which are ectoderm,
endoderm and mesoderm

10. 3. Presence or Absence of Coelom
• Coelom: body cavity containing internal organs
http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/labs/animaldiversity.htm

11. Animal Kingdom
• Divided into major categories
- Invertebrates
- no backbone
- 95 % of kingdom (16 phyla)
- Vertebrates
- have a backbone (for at least part of
their lives)
- 5 % of kingdom (1 phylum: Chordata)

12. The Simplest Invertebrates
• Found in phyla Porifera and Cnidaria

13. Porifera
• Include 8000 species of sponges
• Have simple body with flagellated
cells (choanocytes) responsible for
capturing food
• No nerves
• Sessile as adults
• Most are hermaphrodites
• Most are marine, some live in
freshwater
• Ecological roles : food and shelter for
other organisms

14. Cnidaria
• Includes 9000 species of
hydras, anemones, jellyfish
and coral animals
• No mesoderm
• Radial symmetry
• Simplest animals to have
nerve, muscle, digestive and
reproductive tissues
• Have tentacles
http://www.discoveregypt.co.uk/diving.php

15. The Protostome Invertebrates
• Most animal species are in this group which
contain 6 phyla (See Table 1 on p. 100)
• Members show diverse range of body plans
and life cycles

16. Human Interactions with Protostomes
• Have positive and negative effects
– Competition for food
– Destruction of commercially valuable crops
– Cause of human diseases
– Vectors for human diseases
– Food source
– Pollination of food crops by insects

17. The Deuterostomes
• Include two main groups: echinoderms and
chordates
http://www.palaeos.com/Invertebrates/Deuterostomia/Deuterostomia.htm

18. Echinoderms - Invertebrates
• Includes 6500 species
• Display same embryonic
development as
vertebrates
• Have digestive and
circulatory system, but no
respiratory or excretory
system
• Radial symmetry, no head
region
http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/1116/16anim5.htm

19. Vertebrates – Phylum Chordata
• Includes fish, amphibians,
mammals, reptiles and birds
• Most complex living organisms
evolved from bilateral symmetrical
organisms with segmented bodies
• Evolution of features: vertebra,
paired appendages, endoskeleton,
large coelom, complex heart and
circulatory system, brain and
sensory system
• Ability to live on land is due to
evolution of amniotic egg
http://www.feenixx.com/science/life
_science_revolution.htm

20. Deuterostomes

21. Success of Vertebrates
• Dorsal nerve cord surrounded by spinal cord
and cranium
• Advanced organ systems and complex
behaviours
• Fish have enlarged brain and vertebrate
skeleton to help them be strong swimmers
• Land-dwelling vertebrates: limbs, outer skin,
lungs and circulatory systems, internal
fertilization and eggs with outer shells

22. Homework! 
• Page 107 #1, 2, 4, 5, 11