3. There are two types of cells: eukaryotic and prokaryotic.
The prokaryotic cell is simpler and smaller than a eukaryote cell, lacking
a nucleus and most of the other organelles of eukaryotes.
There are two kinds of prokaryotes: bacteria and archaea which share a
similar structure.
There are four kinds of eukaryotes: protists, fungi, plants, animals.
INTRODUCTIOINTRODUCTIO
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4. THE CELLSTHE CELLS
1. All organisms are made of cells
2. Unicellular
3. Multi-cellular
4. Animal cells and plant cells
5. Diffusion
5. Function of cells which animal and plant cells have in common
Part Function
Nucleus contains genetic material, which controls the activities of the cell
Cytoplasm most chemical processes take place here, controlled by enzymes
Cell membrane controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell
Mitochondria most energy is released by respiration here
Ribosomes protein synthesis happens here
6. Plant cells also have extra parts:
Extra parts of plant cells
Part Function
Cell wall strengthens the cell
Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy for
photosynthesis
Permanent vacuole filled with cell sap to help keep the cell turgid
8. SPECIALISED CELLSSPECIALISED CELLS
Specialised animal and plant cells
Type of animal cell Function Special features
Red blood cells To carry oxygen Large surface area, for
oxygen to pass through
Contains haemoglobin,
which joins with oxygen
9. Nerve cells To carry nerve impulses
to different parts of the
body
Long
Connections at each end
Can carry electrical
signals
Female reproductive cell
(egg cell)
To join with male cell,
and then to provide food
for the new cell that's
been formed
Large
Contains lots of
cytoplasm
Male reproductive cell
(sperm cell)
To reach female cell, and
join with it
Long tail for swimming
Head for getting into the
female cell
10. Type of plant cell Function Special features
Root hair cell To absorb water and
minerals
Large surface area
Leaf cell To absorb sunlight for
photosynthesis
Large surface area
Lots of chloroplasts
11. TISSUESTISSUES
1. Muscle
2. The lining of the intestine
3. The lining of the lungs
4. Phloem (tubes that carry dissolved sugar
around a plant)
5. Root hair tissue (for plants to take up
water and minerals from the soil)
13. ORGANS SISTEMSORGANS SISTEMS
1. Circulatory system
2. Respiratory system
3. Digestive system
4. Nervous system
5. Reproductive system
6. Leaf canopy
15. Examples of diffusion down concentration gradients
Location Particles move From To
Gut Digested food
products
Gut cavity Blood in capillary of
villus
Lungs Oxygen Alveolar air space Blood circulating
around the lungs
16. OSMOSISOSMOSIS
Water can move across
cell membranes because
of osmosis. For osmosis
to happen you need:
• two solutions with
different
concentrations
• a partially permeable
membrane to separate
them
