Powerpoint

1. SKILLS & TECHNIQUES A technique is a way of performing a skill A skill is a movement with a purpose Shooting Passing Dribbling Catching Marking Set Shot Jump Shot Lay-up Skill: Shooting

5. Simple Skills EASY/SIMPLE SKILLS Few Sub-routines Physically Undemanding Little co-ordination needed Few judgments to be made Simple order of movements One movement at a time Easy Environment e.g. Indoors e.g. Set Shot

6. Simple Skills PUSH PASS CHEST PASS HEAD- STAND HEADING SET SHOT HIGH SERVE SIMPLE SKILLS

7. Complex Skills COMPLEX SKILLS Many Sub-routines Physically Demanding Co-ordination is vital Many judgements to be made Many movements at the same time e.g. Lay-up in Basketball

9. Effects of Skills & Techniques on Performance Simple skills are made up of physical actions which are common to many activities such as kicking, jumping, striking, throwing, stretching and rotating. You learn these basic skills (moves) as you develop. Your skill level will affect how well you can refine skills through practice, use skills at the correct time, and make decisions about when to use basic and complex skills.

10. Effects of Skills & Techniques on Performance (EXAMPLE) When drawn to the net in badminton, a basic skill is to return the shuttle high to back of the opponent’s court with an underarm clear. A complex skill would be a tight net shot. Choose one skill from one activity. Explain how you refined the skill through practice.

13. Safe Practice This involves ensuring practice is at the right level for your ability and completing a warm up before practice and a cool down after practice. It also involves understanding and abiding by the safety rules. E.g. Swimming * Class rules set by the teacher * Swimming pool rules * Working co-operatively with your partner or class

14. Learning Skills Learning Skills Gradual Build Up is when you learn a skill bit by bit e.g. Diving 1. Seated Dive 2. Kneeling Dive 3. Crouched Dive 4. Full Dive Whole Part Whole is when you try the whole skill, then, break it down and concentrate on part, before putting it all together again Repetition Drills Shadowing is when you shadow your partner and copy what they are doing. e.g. Movements in Badminton Solo/Partner/Group Conditioned Games

21. Repetition Practices

26. Movement Analysis An observation schedule would be used to analyse your performance. E.g. Overhead Clear √ √ √ √ √ • Starts from base. • Performer tracks path of shuttle and begins moving towards place shuttle will be played from. • While moving, body turns side-on to net. • Racquet is taken up and back behind head. • Weight shifts mostly onto back foot. • Back shoulder drops. • Front arm balances racquet arm (both arms are raised). Preparation MY PERFORMANCE FEATURES OF ‘MODEL PERFORMANCE’ PHASE OF ACTION

27. Movement Analysis √ √ √ • Shoulder, arm and racquet are brought forward at speed to help generate power. • Action resembles throwing action. • Weight is transferred forward from back foot to front foot to coincide with moment of impact. • Impact is with open racquet face above racquet shoulder. • Performer strikes ‘through’ shuttle and body weight continues to move forward (a smooth continuous action leads naturally into recovery). Action MY PERFORMANCE FEATURES OF ‘MODEL PERFORMANCE’ PHASE OF ACTION

28. Movement Analysis √ • Racquet comes down and across body in recovery phase. • Forward movement at end of stroke leads to ‘base’ and recovery of ‘ready’ position. Recovery MY PERFORMANCE FEATURES OF ‘MODEL PERFORMANCE’ PHASE OF ACTION

31. Planning Stage During the planning stage, you find out what the skill involves. You establish what the parts of the skill are and make your first attempts at learning each part. Errors are likely to be common at this stage in learning.

32. Practice Stage During the practice stage you link together all the required subroutines of the skill. Simple skills will require less practice than complex skills. Quality practice will reduce the number of mistakes made during performance.

33. Automatic Stage At this stage, most key subroutines have become automatic in the performance. At the automatic stage errors are less likely. You will be able to do it without thinking. Your success rate with an ‘automatic’ skill will be high and your mind will be free to concentrate on other aspects of the game. Choose one skill from an activity from the course. Explain, in detail, the characteristics of performance at each stage of skill learning.

36. Principles of Effective Practice WORK/ REST RATI O PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE IN THAT ACTIVITY YOUR LEVEL OF PRACTICAL ABILITY DIFFICULTY OF THE SKILL INVOLVED PHYSICAL DEMANDS OF THE PRACTICE WORK/REST RATIO IS ONE OF THE KEY ISSUES IN MAKING SKILL TRAINING SPECIFIC TO YOUR NEEDS

37. Principles of Effective Practice PRACTICES ARE LINKED TO YOUR CURRENT PERFORMANCE LEVEL PROGRESSION MAKE PRACTICES MORE CHALLENGING WHEN YOU ARE READY WORK AT A SUITABLY DEMANDING LEVEL AT ALL TIMES HIGH QUALITY PRACTICE FOR A SHORT PERIOD OF TIME PROGRESSION WILL ENSURE THAT YOUR PERFORMANCE DOES NOT SUFFER FROM THE EFFECTS OF BOREDOM AND FATIGUE

38. Principles of Effective Practice Practising Under Pressure With skills and techniques that you can complete with a high degree of control and fluency it is important to complete practice under pressure i.e. as you improve practices must become more challenging. This will make practice relate to performing in competition. In team activities this could involve increasing the demands of opponents.

40. Feedback FEEDBACK INTERNAL Is how you feel about your own performance. E.g. You took a shot that was unsuccessful because the ball hit the front of the ring. You would know that next time you shoot you would have to shoot with more power.

42. Co-operation It is important that you can effectively co-operate with class mates. This involves practising together and talking about how best complete tasks. Co-operation also involves observing a partner and recording information . When participating as part of a team working co-operatively involves accepting responsibility and recognising you role within a team.

46. Centre of Gravity

48. Body Tension For technique to be effective it is helpful if the major muscles involved in balances have good body tension . In gymnastics explain how good body tension helped to improve the quality of your balances?

49. Transfer Of Weight The transfer of weight allows you to move your body from one place to another. How well you transfer your weight involves considering how well balanced you are when performing. To transfer your weight in any direction, you must apply a force in the opposite direction. The force is created when you contract your muscles. At times, this can be single actions such as throwing the javelin. At other times, for example when running, simple actions are repeated. Name 2 activities, describe one technique which requires a single transference of weight and describe another technique which requires repeated transference of weight

50. Application of Force When performing different skills and techniques different forces are applied and resisted. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction (Newton’s third law)

51. Application of Force If speed is required then the greater force applied the better . Differences in the mass of the body will affect performance. If the force applied to the sprinting block ( 100m sprint) is the same the athlete with a smaller mass will accelerate at a quicker rate.

52. Force You must apply force in one direction to move in the opposite direction. Look at the following examples. Explain where force is applied and what direction the person or equipment moves. A. C B

53. Friction This is when contact between two surfaces cause a slowing down or gripping effect. This can be an advantage or disadvantage depending on the activity and the skill or technique you are trying to complete. Adv. Football boots getting a good grip on the ground to stop the player slipping and allow them to change direction quickly DisAdv. In cycling when the wind slows you down Choose four activities explain how friction affects your performance.

54. Rotation In different activities you rotate (turn) in order to carry out skills and techniques. When throwing the discus in athletics you turn around in a spinning back-to-front movement to generate power. This is a complex technique. You build up speed before throwing by quickly turning until you have regained balance. You can also rotate by performing a forward roll. Name two skills in which you turn head over heals.

55. Resistance When you apply force there will be resistance. Like friction, resistance can either be an advantage or disadvantage. Adv. When sprinting in athletics the starting blocks are an advantage. They provide resistance. DisAdv. If you are running into a headwind this slows you down. Resistance can be reduced or increased depending on your technique. In swimming if you keep your head out of the water when doing the front crawl this creates a greater resistance with the water and slows you down. Reduce resistance by putting head level with the water (streamlined)

56. Follow through When completing different skills and techniques it is important to have a good follow through. A good follow through is part of effective performance and follows on from the preparation and action phases in different skills and techniques. An example would be kicking a ball in football, the follow through is in the direction of the shot. In other actions the follow through involves body rotation. The ball and socket joints in the hips and shoulder help rotation in this striking action.

57. Mechanical Principles A. What is the importance of transfer of weight when completing an ‘overhead clear’? B. When completing a ‘headstand’ what affect would having a small base have your performance? C. Why is body tension important when completing static balances? D. Where must your centre of gravity be maintained to hold a balance? E. Give an example of a dynamic balance? F. Name two activities where equipment is used to reduce friction? G. In swimming, how did improving your technique, reduce your resistance in the water? H. Describe one technique in three different activities where follow through is important (use kicking, striking and throwing)?