Anatomy and Physiology Skeletal System II

1. Skeletal System II.
Mr. Hunter
Kennedy H.S.

2. Mr. Hunter
Anatomy and Physiology 11.15.2012
• Objective(s)
• SWBAT
• List the 5 regions of the spine
• Describe the structure of vertebrae
• Distinguish true ribs from false ribs and their attachment sites
• Describe articulations of the upper extremities of axial and
appendicular skeleton
Bell Ringer: What is the name of the location
marked X on the skeleton model?__________

3. Vertebral Column
• Consists of a series of
vertebrae connected so that
they form a flexible curved rod.
• Different regions of the spine:
cervical, thoracic, lumbar,
sacrum and coccyx
• (7) cervical, (12) thoracic, (5)
lumbar, (1) sacrum and (1)
coccyx.
• Sacrum = 5 bones in child
• Coccyx = 3 to 5 in child

4. Vertebral Column
• Cervical, thoracic and
lumbar vertebrae consists
of various parts:
• The hole in the center is
the vertebral foramen in
which the spinal cord
travels.
• Transverse and articular
processes are for
controlled movement and
rib attachments.

5. Vertebral Column Curves
• Cervical and lumbar curves of
the spine are concave.
Thoracic and sacral are
convex.
• Curves of the spine provide
strength to balance and
support the weight of the body.

6. Thorax and Ribs
• Twelve pairs of ribs, the
sternum and the thoracic
vertebrae form the thorax.
• Each of the 12 pairs of ribs are
attached posteriorly to a
vertebra.
• The first 7 pairs of ribs are
attached to the sternum by
costal cartilage.
• The 8th, 9th and 10th pairs are
attached to the cartilage of the
7th ribs = false ribs.
• The last two pairs of ribs are
not attached to any cartilage
and appear to float.

7. Appendicular Skeleton
• The scapula and the clavicle
compose the shoulder /
pectoral girdle
• This connects the upper
extremity to the axial skeleton.
• This occurs at the
sternoclavicular joint – The
point of attachment between
the clavicle and the sternum.
• Fractures of the clavicle are
common due to small size of
the joint and the wide range of
motion by the upper extremitiy.

8. Appendicular Skeleton
• The humerus is the long bone
of the arm and the second
longest bone in the body.
• Attached at the proximal end
to the glenoid cavity of the
scapula via a group of muscles
called the rotator cuff
• The distal end of the humerus
articulates with the ulna and
the radius.
• The olecranon process of the
ulna fits into the olecranon
fossa of the humerus.

9. Appendicular Skeleton – Wrist and Hand
• The wrist and the hand have
more bones for their size than
any other part of the body.
• 8 carpal – wrist bones, 5
metacarpals – bones of the
palm, 14 phalanges – fingers
• There are 27 bones total.

10. Appendicular Skeleton – Lower Extremity
• The pelvic girdle – hip
connects the legs to the trunk.
• Consists of two large coxal
bones located on each side of
the pelvis, attached inferiorly to
the sacrum of the vertebral
canal.
• In the infant, the coxal bone
consists of the ilium, ischium
and the pubis.

11. Appendicular Skeleton – Lower Extremity
• The femur is the longest bone
in the body. It articulates with
the coxal bone in a cup-
shaped socket called the
acetabulum.
• Distally, the femur articulates
with the patella - knee cap at
the medial condyle of the tibia
– shinbone.
• The fibula lies along the outer
lateral border of the leg.

12. Appendicular Skeleton – Foot and Ankle
• Toe bones have the
same as finger bones –
phalanges.
• Metatarsals and tarsals
are located in the foot
• Each foot has (5)
metatarsal bones, and (7)
tarsal bones and (14)
phalanges
• The largest tarsal bone is
the calcaneous – heel
bone

13. Appendicular Skeleton – Foot and Ankle
• Strong ligaments and
tendons hold the foot
bones in a normal arched
position for adequate
support of body weight.
• When the tendons or
ligaments become
damaged the arches can
collapse – flat feet.
• Two arches of the foot:
Transverse and
Longitudinal

14. Differences Between Male and Female
Skeleton
• Most male skeletons have
larger bones due to skeletal
muscle attachments.
• The greater the tension on the
bone via muscle attachments,
the larger and denser the bone
becomes at the point of
attachment.
• The coxal bones are also
different.
• The pubic angle in the female
is wider than that of the male
for the purpose of childbearing.

15. Skeletal Joints
• Every bone in the body
connects to at least one other
bone via joints with the
exception of the hyoid bone.
• Joints allow movement to
occur between certain bones.
• They also hold our bones
securely together.

16. Skeletal Joints
• Synarthroses – no movement.
Fibrous connective tissue joins
the articulating bones and
holds them close together. Ex.
Cranial bones – sutures.
• Amphiarthroses – slight
movement. A joint in which
cartilage joins the articulating
bones. Ex. Joint between the
two pubic bones and the joints
between the body of vertebrae
• Diarthroses – free movement.

17. Types of Skeletal Joints
• There are several types of
diarthroses.
• Ball and socket joint
• Hinge joint
• Saddle joint
• Pivot joint
• Gliding joint
• Condyloid joint
• Different joint structures
provide different ranges of
motion.
• Flexion, Extension,Rotation
• Circumduction, Abduction and
Adduction

18. Types of Skeletal Joints
• Different joint structures
provide different ranges
of motion.
• Flexion,
Extension,Rotation
• Circumduction, Abduction
and Adduction
• Pg. -131-132
• Read pgs. 141-145
• Answer Quick Check pg.
145 # 1-3