1. Kingdom Animalia

2. In order to be in the Kingdom Animalia, an
organism must be considered:
 Multicellular
 Heterotrophic
 Typically reproduce sexually
 Lack cell wall
 Motile during some life stage
 Rapid response to external stimuli
 Have 2 types of tissues only found in
animals: nervous tissue and muscle
tissue

3. Over time, animals
increased in complexity
 Level of cellular organization and
specialization
 Type of symmetry of body plan
 Degree of cephalization
 Presence and type of body cavity
 Presence of segmentation
 Structure of digestive system

4. Key Term: Cephalization
 A concentration of nervous tissue and
feeding mechanisms in the head
region that serves to integrate the
activities of the nervous system

5. Evolutionary Origin of
Animals
 Animals are
thought to have
arisen from the
sea, from colonial
protists

6. It is believed that some
of these protists
colonies began to fold
inward, creating a
gastrula-like
protosome.
In this stage, cell
specialization
occurred, paving the
way for the evolution of
true multi-cellular
organisms

7. Cell Specialization and
Tissue Formation
 First cell divisions
are known as
cleavages
 Several cleavages
produces a small
hollow ball of cells

8.  As they continue to
divide, the cells get
pushed towarsd the
interior, creating a
BLASTULA
 Differentiation (ie. Cells
become specialized)
occurs in late stages of
blastula

11. 3 Types of Tissue
 Endoderm:
 Gives rise to: liver pancreas, lungs,
lining of digestive tract
 Found in the inner layer

12. 3 Types of Tissue
 Mesoderm:
 Gives rise to: notochord, lining of
coelem, muscles, skeleton, circulatory
system
 Found in the middle layer

13. 3 Types of Tissue
 Ectoderm:
 Gives rise to: covering of the body,
central nervous tissue
 Found in the outer layer

15.  If a body cavity is present between the
digestive tract and the outer layer wall
it is referred to as a coelom

16.  This body cavity is lined with the
mesoderm, which produces a circulatory
system in the body (nutrients and oxygen
therefore don’t diffuse into all body cells)

17. Advantages to having a
coelem
 Acts as a cushion for internal organs
 Provides more room for internal
organs to expand
 Allows animal to become larger
 Allows digestive tract to develop
specialized regions and blood vessels

18. 4 types of body plans:
Radial
Symmetry
Spherical
Symmetry
Bilateral
Symmetry
Asymmetry

19. Asymmetry
 Lack symmetry
 No top or bottom
 No sides are mirror images
 Ex. The hydra

20. Spherical
 Arranged around a central point
 Not top, bottom, left or right, head or
rear
 Ex. Sea Urchins

21. Radial
 Arranged around a central axis like
spokes on a wheel
 Has a top and a bottom
 Ex. Starfish

22. Bilateral
 Arranged around a midline
 Left and right sides
 Sides are mirror images
 Ex. Butterfly

23. Key Term: Cephalization
 The concentration of sensory
tissues at anterior end
 Travelling animal can sense food,
danger, and other stimuli
 A head end is an adaptation for
movement (ie. Burrowing)
 More active animals are generally
bilateral and have cephilization

24. Simple Animals
 Porifera
 Cnidaria

25. Worm-like Animals
 Flatworms
 Roundworms
 Segmented Worms

26. Invertebrates
 Mollusca
 Echinodermata

27. Joint-legged animals-
Arthropods
 Crustacea
 Arachnida
 Insecta
 Diplopoda and Chilopoda

28. Internal Skeletons
(chordates)
 Ancestral chordates
 Urachordata (tunicates)

29. Internal Skeletons
(chordates)
 Vertebrates
 Cephalochordata (lancelets)

30. Internal Skeletons
(chordates)
 Vertebrates
 Chodrichthyes (sharks) Tiger Shark
Basking Shark (endangered)

31. Internal Skeletons
(chordates)
 Vertebrates
 Ostekcthyes
 (bony fish)

32. Internal Skeletons
(chordates)
 Vertebrates
 Amphibia
(frogs and
salamanders)
Poisonous Dart Frog

33. Internal Skeletons
(chordates)
 Vertebrates
 Reptilia

34. Internal Skeletons
(chordates)
 Vertebrates
 Aves (birds)
Carara Bird

35. Internal Skeletons
(chordates)
 Vertebrates
 Mammalia