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WWF-UK




                       Printed on recycled paper made from 100 per cent post consumer waste Project number 1734/January 2004
Panda House
Weyside Park
Godalming
GU7 1XR

t: 01483 426444
f: 01483 426409


WWF Cymru
Baltic House
Mount Stuart Square
Cardiff
CF10 5FH

t: 029 2045 4970
f: 029 2045 1306


WWF Northern Ireland
13 West Street
Carrickfergus

                       WWF-UK registered charity number 1081247 A company limited by guarantee number 4016725 Panda symbol © 1986 WWF ® WWF registered trademark
Co Antrim
BT38 7AR

t: 028 9355 5166
f: 028 9336 4448


WWF Scotland
8 The Square
Aberfeldy
Perthshire
PH15 2DD

t: 01887 820449
f: 01887 829453



www.wwf.org.uk




                                                                                                                                                                      WWF-UK
                                                                                                                                                                   OUR KEY ISSUES
CONTENTS
2   MUCH MORE THAN WILDLIFE

6   CONSERVING RARE AND ENDANGERED
    SPECIES

    PROTECTING ENDANGERED SPACES
10 FORESTS
16 RIVERS AND WETLANDS
20 SEAS AND COASTS

    ADDRESSING GLOBAL THREATS TO NATURE
23 CLIMATE CHANGE
28 TOXIC CHEMICALS
MUCH MORE THAN WILDLIFE
WWF is renowned for its work to
protect rare and endangered species.
But this is just one important piece
in a complex, conservation jigsaw.
To be successful in conserving endangered animal
species, we need to protect and manage the places
in which they live – the forests, rivers, wetlands
and seas.

Species and habitats are also under threat because
of our attitudes and behaviour – particularly our
consumption of natural resources. For example, the                We need to protect and manage the places in which animal species live –
                                                                  the forests, rivers, wetlands and seas.
rhino is clearly under threat as long as its horn is
used in Traditional Chinese Medicine; forests are
threatened by our demand for wood and paper; and
our use of energy creates carbon dioxide – the main
global warming gas – which is already damaging
places such as the Arctic, as well as its
communities and wildlife.


                              Working directly to protect
                              species – such as the black rhino
                              from poaching – is just one piece
                              in a complex conservation jigsaw.




                                                                  Our use of energy creates CO2, the main global warming gas, which is
                                                                  already damaging places like the Arctic and its communities and wildlife.
Species, spaces and
global threats to nature
WWF-UK is part of a global
network, with 52 offices working
in more than 90 countries. In 2002
alone, WWF spent £154 million to further
its conservation goals.

Globally the WWF network takes action to:
                                            Forests are essential to the lives and livelihoods of most of the 1.2 billion
• conserve endangered species – such        people who live in extreme poverty.

  as tigers, great apes and whales;
• protect endangered spaces – the           For people and nature
  forests, rivers, wetlands and seas;       We all enjoy and depend on the natural world.
• address global threats to nature – such   Not only for its outstanding beauty, but also for the
  as climate change and toxic chemicals.    many services and resources it provides – such as
                                            freshwater, fuel and food.
Seeking sustainable solutions
Working with partners                       But often it is the world’s poorest people who suffer
in the UK and overseas                      most from environmental degradation. For example,
– such as governments                       forests are essential to the lives and livelihoods
and aid agencies,                           of most of the
businesses and                              1.2 billion people
schools, supporters                                                                That is why
                                            who live in
and the wider public –                      extreme poverty                        WWF is working
WWF-UK seeks                                around the world.
                                                                                   to integrate its
sustainable solutions
to these pressing                                                                  conservation goals
conservation
                                                                                   with the needs of
problems.
                                                                                   the world’s people
                                                                                   – particularly the
                                                                                   most vulnerable.


                                                                                                                            5
A quarter of mammals are currently threatened with extinction.   The illegal wildlife trade has driven many endagered species to the brink
                                                                 of extinction.



                                                                 death of both humans and animals. This puts
SPECIES                                                          further pressure on the species’ survival chances.

THE PROBLEM OUTLINED                                             THE FUTURE
The world’s species are threatened with extinction               Taking action for endangered species
A report by the United Nations Environment                       We need to stop the illegal wildlife trade, reduce
Programme indicates that a quarter of mammals                    and repair habitat loss, and increase populations of
are currently threatened with extinction.                        vulnerable species by reconnecting protected areas
                                                                 and forging links between isolated populations.
The effect will be felt by people too
This not only means that many of the animals
                                                                 WHAT IS WWF DOING?
we cherish could disappear for ever. It is also a
                                                                 Protecting the world’s rare and endangered species
clear indication that the environment we all rely
                                                                 Along with the rest of the global network, WWF-
on – for food, water, fresh air and medicine – is
                                                                 UK focuses particular attention on a small number
seriously under threat and that adequate solutions
                                                                 of globally important ‘flagship’ species, such as
are yet to be found.
                                                                 elephants, great apes, marine turtles, rhinos, tigers
                                                                 and whales. These charismatic creatures inspire
The threats to species are many
Habitat loss and wildlife trade are among the                    conservation efforts for themselves – and for the
key threats. As habitats disappear, animals can no               thousands of lesser-known, but vitally important,
longer roam freely, which inhibits breeding and                  plants and animals with which they co-exist.
makes small populations particularly vulnerable.
                                                                 WWF is investing in action plans for species’
Direct encounters with man, in and around                        survival, which in many cases focus on
National Parks, can result in conflict and even                  reconnecting isolated, protected areas.



6      CONSERVING ENDANGERED SPECIES                                                         CONSERVING ENDANGERED SPECIES                   7
Tigers
                                                                         In the early 1990s the tiger population in the
                                                                         Russian Far East was in free-fall, due to poaching
                                                                         for their use in Traditional Chinese Medicine. After
                                                                         nine years of anti-poaching work, supported by
                                                                         WWF, patrols have stabilised this tiger population,
                                                                         confiscating 60 tiger skins and seizing more than
                                                                         1,700 weapons from wildlife trade criminals.

                                                                         WWF-UK and TRAFFIC’s Wildlife Trade Campaign
                                                                         With more than a million items seized by HM
Due to effective conservation by WWF and its partners, the last decade
has seen the mountain gorilla population increase to 700 animals.
                                                                         Customs between 1996 and 2000, the UK is a
                                                                         major centre for the illegal wildlife trade.
                                                                                                     Although the laws
SOME SUCCESS STORIES
                                                                                                     governing our borders
Elephants
                                                                                                     are strong, once within
The Selous National Park is now home to more
                                                                                                     the UK a trader couldn’t
than 60,000 elephants and this population has
                                                                                                     be arrested for selling
doubled in the last 15 years. With WWF support
                                                                                                     a tiger skin or any
for anti-poaching operations, last year marked the
                                                                           Stop Illegal              other internationally
first time in 14 years that the park recorded no
                                                                                                     recognised endangered
                                                                         WILDLIFE TRADE species.
elephant poaching.

Mountain gorilla
                                                                         In November 2003, after successful campaigning
Thanks to effective conservation, in particular the
                                                                         by WWF-UK and TRAFFIC, an amendment to the
efforts of the International Gorilla Conservation
                                                                         Criminal Justice Bill was finally passed. Wildlife
Programme (a joint programme of Fauna and Flora
                                                                         trade crime in the UK now carries a maximum
International, African Wildlife Foundation and
                                                                         sentence of five years – thereby making it an
WWF), the last decade has seen the mountain
                                                                         arrestable offence.
gorilla population increase from 620 animals in
1989 to 700 today.
                                                                         We have produced a leaflet, ‘Protecting The World’s
                                                                         Endangered Species’, which gives a comprehensive
Rhinos
                                                                         introduction to our species work. It can be ordered
Between 1970 and 1987, the population of Kenyan
                                                                         by calling our Supporter Care team on 01483 426444.
black rhinos fell from 20,000 animals to an all time
low of just 381. Due to intensive conservation                           For more information about WWF-UK’s
efforts by WWF and its partners, numbers have                            Species Programme, visit our website:
increased to approximately 425 animals today.                            www.wwf.org.uk/researcher/issues/rarespecies




8      CONSERVING ENDANGERED SPECIES                                                         CONSERVING ENDANGERED SPECIES     9
An area of natural forest larger than England is lost each year.   At least 90 per cent of forest loss is caused by human activities. All the
                                                                   timber and nearly all the paper products we use come from forests.




FORESTS                                                            A human-induced problem
                                                                   At least 90 per cent of forest loss is caused by
                                                                   human activities. The ceaseless spread of urban
THE PROBLEM OUTLINED                                               development, illegal logging, forest clearance (for
                                                                   agriculture or plantations), road building, mining,
The world’s forests are disappearing
Forests – the lungs and pharmacy of the world –                    forest fires and climate change all contribute to
once covered more than half the Earth. Today, they                 the loss of forests.
cover only a third. And of those remaining, only
around 10 per cent are protected.                                  THE FUTURE
                                                                   Forests for Life
Some 14.6 million hectares of natural forest are lost
                                                                   The problems facing the world’s forests are too
each year – an area larger than England! And every
                                                                   large for any one group to tackle alone. That’s why
minute, around 30 hectares of forest disappear –
                                                                   in 1996, WWF launched its global Forest for Life
that’s roughly the size of 37 football pitches.
                                                                   programme. Working in almost 70 countries, with
                                                                   partners such as the World Bank, Ikea and the World
Wildlife and vulnerable people are bearing the brunt
Forests contain as much as two-thirds of all plant                 Conservation Union, WWF aims to protect, manage
and animals species. Yet between 1970 and 2000,                    and restore the world’s most important forests.
populations of forest species declined by about
15 per cent.

Often it is the poor who bear the brunt of forest
depletion., for forests are essential to the lives and
livelihoods of most of the 1.2 billion people who
live in extreme poverty around the world.



10       PROTECTING ENDANGERED SPACES                                                          PROTECTING ENDANGERED SPACES                     11
Mexico is also one of the few countries in the
                                                                               world where nearly all the forests – some 80
                                                                               per cent – are owned by indigenous and local
                                                                               communities. Forests are therefore critical to the
                                                                               well-being of Mexico’s rural poor because they
                                                                               are one of their main sources of income.

                                                                               However, Mexico’s forests are being lost at an
                                                                               alarming rate: indeed, an area more than twice the
                                                                               size of Scotland has been lost in the last 40 years.

                                                                               WWF-UK’s Mexico Forests Programme aims
Mexico is one of the few countries in the world where nearly all the forests
are owned by indigenous and other communities.
                                                                               to reduce the loss of forest resources, increase the
                                                                               area of protected forest, promote sustainable forest
                                                                               management and improve the livelihoods of
WHAT IS WWF DOING?
                                                                               people who depend on forests.
Protecting
Over the next decade, WWF will create a network of
                                                                               Managing
protected areas for the world’s threatened and most
                                                                               Globally, WWF is aiming for at least 100 million hectares of
important forest regions.
                                                                               independently certified forests around the world, representing
Since the mid-1990s, protected areas covering
                                                                               the widest diversity of forest types and management systems
more than 100 million hectares of forest have been
                                                                               by 2005.
created or had their management improved, with
                                                                               All the timber and nearly all the paper products
commitments from governments to protect a
                                                                               used in everyday life come from forests. With this
further 70 million hectares. Much of this is as a
                                                                               huge demand it is essential that these forests are
result of campaigning by WWF. However, only
                                                                               managed sustainably.
10 per cent of the world’s forests are protected.
WWF-UK is working in Colombia, Mexico, the                                     Forest Stewardship Council
south-west Mediterranean, Nepal, east Africa and                               WWF supports good forest
the island of New Guinea to achieve these goals.                               management and credible
                                                                               certification. Currently only the
Mexico’s Forest Programme
                                                                               Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)
Mexico’s forests, covering more than a quarter of
                                                                               meets WWF’s criteria for an
the country’s land mass, are globally outstanding
                                                                               international system of credible certification.
in terms of their biodiversity. They contain 50 per
cent of all pine species in the world, a remarkable                            WWF has played a leading role in establishing the
135 species of oak, and mammals such as the                                    FSC, and products that come from well-managed
jaguar, puma, river otter and rare pygmy skunk.                                forests carry the ‘tick tree’ trademark that was



12       PROTECTING ENDANGERED SPACES                                                                 PROTECTING ENDANGERED SPACES            13
launched in 1996. It can be found on thousands of
timber, paper and other forest products in retail
stores and DIY outlets.

The WWF-UK Forest and Trade Network
The WWF-UK Forest and Trade Network (formerly
the WWF 95+ Group) encourages good forest
management worldwide.

Member organisations such as Boots, B&Q,
Sainsbury’s and the Body Shop have committed to
increase the proportion of forest products traded
or consumed by their organisations that come
from well managed forests.
The emphasis on FTN members is to eliminate
illegal and controversial sources of supply as a
matter of urgent priority.

Restoring
WWF aims to have 20 Forest Landscape Restoration
programmes under way in the world’s most damaged
forested regions by 2005.

Many countries are suffering from forest loss and
degradation, which damages watersheds, erodes
soil and disrupts climate, bringing misery to
millions of rural people. WWF believes that this
situation can be reversed by restoring once-
forested land to a more authentic state.

For example, many of Sumatra’s forests have been
lost, and need to be restored – as do the benefits
they bring, such as flood prevention. Well-
established tree roots significantly help to stabilise
the soil, but once they are destroyed, rain erodes
the open ground. Recent flooding caused by
rampant logging left more than 200 people dead.
For more information about WWF-UK’s Forest Programme,
visit our website: www.wwf.org.uk/researcher/issues/forests

                                                              Timber from a well-managed, certified forest in Brazil.
14     PROTECTING ENDANGERED SPACES
At present more than one billion people lack access to safe drinking water.   Freshwater wildlife indices have declined by 50 per cent in the last
                                                                              30 years.



                                                                              one billion people lack access to safe drinking
RIVERS AND WETLANDS                                                           water. With the world’s population increasing,
                                                                              and if present trends in water consumption and
THE PROBLEM OUTLINED                                                          management continue at their present rate, two
                                                                              thirds of the world’s population could experience
The source of life
Everyone needs freshwater. Our very life depends                              water shortages by 2025.
on it. We use it at home for drinking, cooking,
                                                                              A downward spiral of water degradation
bathing and cleaning. Farmers need it to grow our
                                                                              Human population growth is the primary cause of
food. And industry needs it to make the products
                                                                              the increase in water use. Poor water management,
we use every day. All these needs are provided by
                                                                              climate change and the undervaluing of water
living wetlands and river systems, whose biological
                                                                              (both as a commodity and for the ecosystem
engines clean, store and release the water that is
                                                                              functions it performs) compound the downward
essential to people and wildlife.
                                                                              spiral in water degradation.
People and wildlife are under threat
However, although it is a precious and finite                                 THE FUTURE
resource, freshwater has been mismanaged by                                   Improved management of wetlands
humans for years. And the consequences of                                     We are witnessing a water crisis today – and it
continuing along the same path are alarming.                                  is the bad management of water, rather than
                                                                              having too little, that lies at its heart. Wildlife, the
Freshwater ecosystems are in far worse condition
                                                                              environment, and billions of people are already
than forest, grassland and coastal ecosystems.
                                                                              suffering the consequences.
Freshwater wildlife indices have declined by 50
per cent in the last 30 years. At present more than




16      PROTECTING ENDANGERED SPACES                                                                      PROTECTING ENDANGERED SPACES               17
                                                                                                                 PROTECTING ENDANGERED SPACES        17
WHAT IS WWF DOING?
Conserving and restoring river basins
WWF will promote activities to conserve or
restore at least 50 large river basins crucial to
wildlife and people.

Changing practices in business and agriculture
WWF will also promote efficiency in the use
of water during the production of goods, the
provision of services and the growth of selected
thirsty crops.                                          WWF is conserving key wildlife in the Amazon (above), the Rio Grande, and
                                                        the Yangtze, benefiting some 50 million people who depend on these rivers.

Protecting and managing wildlife-rich wetlands
Over the next 10 years, WWF will champion the           The central Yangtze region has more lakes than
protection and management of 250 million hectares       anywhere else in China. These lakes used to be
of freshwater wetlands, more than trebling the          connected to the Yangtze river, where they played
area of protected freshwater wetlands worldwide.        an important role in removing pollutants, retaining
                                                        flood water and preventing droughts. The free flow
Resuscitating three of the world’s major river basins
                                                        of water also allowed biodiversity to prosper.
As part of its Investing in Nature programme,
HSBC, the banking and financial services
                                                        However, due to unsustainable land development
organisation, is investing £12.7 million in
                                                        and ill-planned irrigation, these lakes have been
WWF-UK’s global freshwater work.
                                                        disconnected from the Yangtze river. This has had
                                                        a devastating impact on the ecosystem. Rare
HSBC’s investment will focus on resuscitating
                                                        species, such as the Baiji dolphin and finless
three of the world’s major rivers – the Amazon,
                                                        porpoise, now face extinction.
the Rio Grande, and the Yangtze.
In addition, HSBC’s support                             Supported by HSBC, and working in partnership
will help protect and                                   with local governments, WWF aims to gradually
restore an important                                    recover ‘the web of life’ in the central Yangtze
wetland habitat in the UK, the                          River basin – through policy work and
Potteric Carr Nature Reserve near                       demonstration projects that re-link disconnected
Doncaster, where WWF-                                   lakes, support local economic development and
UK is working closely                                   create a network of protected areas.
with the Yorkshire
Wildlife Trust to provide a model                       For more information about WWF-UK’s Freshwater
for wetland management which can be used                Programme, visit our website:
across the UK and Europe.                               www.wwf.org.uk/researcher/issues/freshwater



18     PROTECTING ENDANGERED SPACES                                               PROTECTING ENDANGERED SPACES                19
Precious wildlife and important habitats are being destroyed, and fishing   Maritime industries such as oil and gas and fishing can impact negatively
communities are being jeopardised, as fish stocks plummet.                  on the marine environment.



                                                                           with thousands of full-time jobs in the UK fishing
SEAS AND COASTS                                                            industry under threat.

                                                                           The marine environment is increasingly at risk
THE PROBLEM OUTLINED
                                                                           Millions of people rely on our seas and coasts
Home to an amazing variety of life
                                                                           every year, not only for leisure and tourism but
The seas around our shores are home to an
                                                                           also for its rich resources, and the jobs and income
amazing variety of life – dolphins, turtles, sharks
                                                                           generated by maritime industries – such as oil and
and sea horses, as well as the mighty orca, the
                                                                           gas, renewable energy and, not least, fishing.
killer whale. We even have deep-sea coral reefs as
rich and diverse as those in the tropics. Our seas                         Individually, each activity can impact negatively on
are vitally important for the huge resources they                          the marine environment. Together the effects are
contain – including some of Europe’s most                                  significantly magnified. There is an urgent need to
important fishing grounds, oil and gas reserves,                           ensure that the different maritime industries are
as well as the enormous potential for renewables,                          able to operate sustainably and efficiently, without
such as offshore wind, wave and tidal energy.                              adversely affecting the health of our seas.

Marine life and fishing communities are jeopardised
                                                                           THE FUTURE
However, precious wildlife and important habitats
                                                                           An urgent need for efficient management of our seas
are being destroyed, and fishing communities are
                                                                           In order to achieve sustainable development of our
being jeopardised as fish stocks plummet.
                                                                           marine environment, there is an urgent need to
                                                                           implement efficient planning and management
Globally, the WWF marine species index has
                                                                           systems. Despite the UK being an island nation,
declined by about 35 per cent since 1970. At
                                                                           no government has ever passed a comprehensive
least 40 out of 60 commercial fish stocks in the
                                                                           Marine Act to help protect our marine heritage.
north-east Atlantic are being fished unsustainably,


20      PROTECTING ENDANGERED SPACES                                                                  PROTECTING ENDANGERED SPACES                21
WHAT IS WWF DOING?
Campaigning for a Marine Act by 2005
Oceans Recovery Campaign (ORCA)
WWF-UK’s Oceans Recovery
Campaign is calling for a
Marine Act which will simplify
the hundreds of laws and
policies that are currently failing the marine
environment. To ensure the long-term protection
and management of wildlife, habitats and people’s
                                                                        The world is warming faster than at any time in the last 10,000 years.
livelihoods, WWF-UK is calling for the                                  Cities – like Chicago, Athens and New Delhi – have sweltered in heat waves.
government to bring forward a comprehensive
Marine Act by the end of 2005.
                                                                        CLIMATE CHANGE
For more information about WWF-UK’s Marine
and Coasts Programme, visit our website:
                                                                        THE PROBLEM OUTLINED
www.wwf.org.uk/researcher/issues/livingseas
                                                                        The climate is changing
                                                                        The world is warming faster
                                                                        than at any time in the last
                                                                        10,000 years. Globally, the
                                                                        1990s was the warmest
                                                                        decade and 1998 was the
                                                                        warmest year on record. The hottest day yet
                                                                        recorded in Britain was 10 August 2003, when
                                                                        temperatures reached 37.9°C.

                                                                        The impacts are already being felt by people and wildlife
                                                                        Cities such us Chicago, Athens and New Delhi have
                                                                        sweltered under heat waves and seen death tolls
                                                                        rise. It is likely that climate change has caused the
                                                                        extinction of Costa Rica’s golden toad and has
                                                                        contributed to local extinctions of American pika
                                                                        populations – a hamster-sized animal that makes its
                                                                        home in the mountains of the western United States.




WWF-UK’s Oceans Recovery Campaign is calling for a Marine Act for the
                                                                                          ADDRESSING GLOBAL THREATS TO NATURE                   23
long term protection of marine wildlife, habitats and livelihoods.
The Arctic is one of the regions on earth where
                                                                           climate change is already being seen, and where
                                                                           the impacts are dramatic – there has been about a
                                                                           40 per cent decline in Arctic sea-ice thickness during
                                                                           late summer to early autumn in recent decades.

                                                                           Carbon dioxide is the main global warming gas
                                                                           Carbon dioxide (CO2) is responsible for two-thirds
                                                                           of human-induced global warming and around
                                                                           97 per cent of the CO2 emitted by western
                                                                           industrialised countries comes from burning coal,
                                                                           oil and gas for energy.

                                                                           THE FUTURE
                                                                           Renewables – the winds of change
                                                                           Renewable energy sources – such as hydro, wind,
                                                                           solar and wave power – can satisfy our energy
                                                                           needs while contributing negligible CO2. Offshore
                                                                           wind alone could generate enough electricity to
                                                                           meet a quarter of current UK demand. Much of
                                                                           the resource remains untapped.

                                                                           Using energy more efficiently
                                                                           Of course, the cheapest, cleanest
                                                                           and safest way of addressing all
                                                                           our energy and environmental
                                                                           goals is to be more energy-efficient.

                                                                           For example, if every household installed three
                                                                           energy-efficient lightbulbs, enough energy would
                                                                           be saved in a year to supply all street lighting in
                                                                                    the UK. Or if everyone upgraded their
                                                                                          refrigeration appliance to an A-rated
                                                                                            Energy Efficiency Recommended
                                                                                             product, emissions would be cut
                                                                                            by the equivalent of 47 million
                                                                                           double-decker buses of CO2.



If temperatures continue to rise, polar bear numbers will be reduced and
                                                                                        ADDRESSING GLOBAL THREATS TO NATURE    25
the species may even become locally extinct.
WWF’s One Million Sustainable Homes campaign aims to incorporate       Offshore wind alone could generate enough electricity to meet a quarter
energy efficiency and renewable energy into new housing developments.   of current UK demand. Much of the resource remains untapped.



WHAT IS WWF DOING?                                                     PowerSwitch! From coal to clean
                                                                       The power industry is the biggest CO2 emitting
At WWF-UK our focus is in the following areas:
                                                                       sector. Many electricity utilities are still operating
                                                                       power plants at low efficiencies and burning fossil
Working with the UK government
WWF is working to ensure that the government                           fuels such as coal.
continues to play a leadership role in reducing
                                                                       Globally, WWF’s PowerSwitch! challenge calls for
greenhouse gas emissions: globally, through the
                                                                       all key sectors of society to be part of the solution
Kyoto Protocol (the international framework to
                                                                       to global warming. WWF-UK is embracing the
reduce climate change); and in the UK, through
                                                                       PowerSwitch! vision in the UK, where we are
the EU Trading Scheme. The scheme sets CO2
                                                                       calling for a CO2-free power sector by the middle
emissions limits for a number of key sectors,
                                                                       of the century.
such as electricity generating.
                                                                       Supporting WWF in Thailand and the South Pacific
One Million Sustainable Homes
                                                                       The Asia-Pacific region is a priority region because
Most of the UK’s homes have significant social
                                                                       of its increasing CO2 emission rates. WWF-UK is
and environmental impacts. For example, the
                                                                       lending expertise and support to WWF offices in
residential sector in the UK contributes around
                                                                       Thailand and the South Pacific, where they are
27 per cent of the country’s energy use, and
                                                                       working to reduce emissions.
domestic energy use is projected to rise by
six per cent by 2010. It is therefore essential to
                                                                       For more information about WWF-UK’s Climate Change
reduce emissions from new and existing homes.
                                                                       Programme, visit our website:
WWF’s One Million Sustainable Homes campaign                           www.wwf.org.uk/researcher/issues/climatechange
aims to bring about the development of a million
new and refurbished homes in the UK by 2012.


26      ADDRESSING GLOBAL THREATS TO NATURE                                              ADDRESSING GLOBAL THREATS TO NATURE                     27
Hazardous man-made chemicals are believed to have contaminated every   We are all unwittingly taking part in an unregulated global experiment that
environment. Wildlife and humans are suffering the effects.            needs to be stopped.



                                                                       porpoises to illness has been linked to impaired
TOXIC CHEMICALS                                                        immunity caused by high levels of bioaccumulated
                                                                       industrial chemicals.
THE PROBLEM OUTLINED
                                                                       According to some studies, the human sperm counts
Living in a chemical world
                                                                       have dropped by 50 per cent in certain countries
In the last 50 years man has created around
                                                                       since the 1930s, and in some cases the youngest
80,000 new chemicals. Some are in use all around
                                                                       men have the lowest sperm counts. In the UK
us – in products from pesticides to cosmetics, baby
                                                                       66,000 people suffering from new or existing skin
bottles to computers. Our 21st century society
                                                                       disease are seen by clinicians each year.
depends on them. However there is a high price
to pay for some of them.                                               We are all unwittingly taking part in an
                                                                       unregulated global experiment that needs to
Hazardous man-made chemicals are believed to
                                                                       be stopped.
have contaminated every environment. Wildlife
– including birds, polar bears, whales, frogs,                         Two causes for concern
alligators, fish, panthers and snails – is known to                    WWF is particularly concerned about the impacts
be suffering. And up to 300 man-made chemicals                         of two groups of chemicals.
have been found in humans.
                                                                       The first group is called very persistent and very
                                                                       bioaccumulative chemicals that persist for a long
Wildlife and humans are known to be suffering
Male fish have been found with female sexual                           time and accumulate particularly in fat. Once they
characteristics – in the worst cases they have been                    are released into the environment it is extremely
found growing egg tissue in their testes. And the                      difficult, if not impossible, to recover them.
reported increased susceptibility of harbour




28      ADDRESSING GLOBAL THREATS TO NATURE                                               ADDRESSING GLOBAL THREATS TO NATURE                    29
The second group is called endocrine disrupting
chemicals (EDCs). They can mimic, block or
interfere with hormones such as oestrogen
and as a result, they can hijack normal biological
processes and may cause neurological, behavioural,
developmental or sexual defects.

THE FUTURE
The need for reform
Everyone, including the chemical industry, agrees
that reform of the system to regulate chemicals is
long overdue. The European Commission, which
regulates the use of chemicals in Europe, has
admitted that 99 per cent of the volume of
chemicals on the market is inadequately regulated.

WHAT IS WWF DOING?
WWF-UK’s Chemicals and Health Campaign
For the first time since 1981 European chemical
legislation is undergoing a major review. Therefore
European governments have a rare opportunity to       So far, WWF-UK has collected more than 56,000 signatures for a petition
                                                      that will be presented to the European Paliament later this year.
ensure a safer future for our children and wildlife
by putting in place a robust new Chemical
Regulation. The campaign is:
                                                      Informing the public
Lobbying governments and MEPs                         We are raising awareness and gathering support
WWF is campaigning                                    from the public and organisations who share our
                                 stop the
globally for the proper                               concerns. So far, we have collected more than
                                       cal
                                        i
regulation of hazardous
                                  cheamination        56,000 signatures of concerned people for a
chemicals – replaced where                            petition that will be presented to the European
                                      m
                                   nt
                                  co          ren
                                  of our child e
safer alternatives exist, or                          Parliament later this year.
                                   and wildlif
banned where necessary.
                                                      We are also providing practical advice to people on
As well as taking the case                            how to minimise their exposure to hazardous man-
directly to the European Union, we are also           made chemicals in their everyday lives.
lobbying governments in Westminster, Northern
Ireland, Scotland and Wales to take urgent action     For more information about WWF-UK’s Toxics Programme,
to ban these chemicals.                               visit our website: www.wwf.org.uk/chemicals


30    ADDRESSING GLOBAL THREATS TO NATURE                               ADDRESSING GLOBAL THREATS TO NATURE                     31
WE NEED YOUR HELP
None of WWF’s vital work would be possible
without the generosity of our members, donors,
supporters and volunteers. If you would like to join
WWF, make a donation, or keep up to date about
any aspect of our work, visit our website –
www.wwf.org.uk




                                                       PICTURE CREDITS

                                                                                                      page 17     N BENVIE, OXFORD SCIENTIFIC FILMS
                                                       cover:      M & C DENIS HUOT, STILL PICTURES
                                                                                                      page 18     M LANE, WWF-UK
                                                       contents:   E PARKER, WWF
                                                                                                      page 19     E PARKER, WWF
                                                       page 2:     M HARVEY, WWF-CANON
                                                                                                      page 20     LAURIE CAMPBELL
                                                       page 3:     Above and below DIGITAL VISION
                                                                                                      page 21     DIGITAL VISION
                                                       page 4:     E PARKER, WWF-UK
                                                                                                      page 22     P J BANKS, WWF-UK
                                                       page 5:     M HARVEY, WWF-CANON
                                                                                                      page 23     DIGITAL VISION
                                                       page 6:     M GUNTHER, WWF-CANON
                                                                                                      page 24     DIGITAL VISION
                                                       page 7:     DIGITAL VISION
                                                                                                      page 26     JUSTIN SWARBRICK, WWF-UK
                                                       page 8:     DIGITAL VISION
                                                                                                      page 27     STILL PICTURES
                                                       page 10:    STILL PICURES
                                                                                                      page 28     J SHAW, NHPA
                                                       page 11     E PARKER, WWF/FSC
                                                                                                      page 29     IMAGE 100
                                                       page 12     E PARKER, WWF
                                                                                                      page 31     WWF/B KELLY, MOUSETRAP MEDIA
                                                       page 15     E PARKER, WWF/FSC
                                                                                                      this page   E PARKER, WWF
                                                       page 16     STILL PICTURES

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  • 1. WWF-UK Printed on recycled paper made from 100 per cent post consumer waste Project number 1734/January 2004 Panda House Weyside Park Godalming GU7 1XR t: 01483 426444 f: 01483 426409 WWF Cymru Baltic House Mount Stuart Square Cardiff CF10 5FH t: 029 2045 4970 f: 029 2045 1306 WWF Northern Ireland 13 West Street Carrickfergus WWF-UK registered charity number 1081247 A company limited by guarantee number 4016725 Panda symbol © 1986 WWF ® WWF registered trademark Co Antrim BT38 7AR t: 028 9355 5166 f: 028 9336 4448 WWF Scotland 8 The Square Aberfeldy Perthshire PH15 2DD t: 01887 820449 f: 01887 829453 www.wwf.org.uk WWF-UK OUR KEY ISSUES
  • 2. CONTENTS 2 MUCH MORE THAN WILDLIFE 6 CONSERVING RARE AND ENDANGERED SPECIES PROTECTING ENDANGERED SPACES 10 FORESTS 16 RIVERS AND WETLANDS 20 SEAS AND COASTS ADDRESSING GLOBAL THREATS TO NATURE 23 CLIMATE CHANGE 28 TOXIC CHEMICALS
  • 3. MUCH MORE THAN WILDLIFE WWF is renowned for its work to protect rare and endangered species. But this is just one important piece in a complex, conservation jigsaw. To be successful in conserving endangered animal species, we need to protect and manage the places in which they live – the forests, rivers, wetlands and seas. Species and habitats are also under threat because of our attitudes and behaviour – particularly our consumption of natural resources. For example, the We need to protect and manage the places in which animal species live – the forests, rivers, wetlands and seas. rhino is clearly under threat as long as its horn is used in Traditional Chinese Medicine; forests are threatened by our demand for wood and paper; and our use of energy creates carbon dioxide – the main global warming gas – which is already damaging places such as the Arctic, as well as its communities and wildlife. Working directly to protect species – such as the black rhino from poaching – is just one piece in a complex conservation jigsaw. Our use of energy creates CO2, the main global warming gas, which is already damaging places like the Arctic and its communities and wildlife.
  • 4. Species, spaces and global threats to nature WWF-UK is part of a global network, with 52 offices working in more than 90 countries. In 2002 alone, WWF spent £154 million to further its conservation goals. Globally the WWF network takes action to: Forests are essential to the lives and livelihoods of most of the 1.2 billion • conserve endangered species – such people who live in extreme poverty. as tigers, great apes and whales; • protect endangered spaces – the For people and nature forests, rivers, wetlands and seas; We all enjoy and depend on the natural world. • address global threats to nature – such Not only for its outstanding beauty, but also for the as climate change and toxic chemicals. many services and resources it provides – such as freshwater, fuel and food. Seeking sustainable solutions Working with partners But often it is the world’s poorest people who suffer in the UK and overseas most from environmental degradation. For example, – such as governments forests are essential to the lives and livelihoods and aid agencies, of most of the businesses and 1.2 billion people schools, supporters That is why who live in and the wider public – extreme poverty WWF is working WWF-UK seeks around the world. to integrate its sustainable solutions to these pressing conservation goals conservation with the needs of problems. the world’s people – particularly the most vulnerable. 5
  • 5. A quarter of mammals are currently threatened with extinction. The illegal wildlife trade has driven many endagered species to the brink of extinction. death of both humans and animals. This puts SPECIES further pressure on the species’ survival chances. THE PROBLEM OUTLINED THE FUTURE The world’s species are threatened with extinction Taking action for endangered species A report by the United Nations Environment We need to stop the illegal wildlife trade, reduce Programme indicates that a quarter of mammals and repair habitat loss, and increase populations of are currently threatened with extinction. vulnerable species by reconnecting protected areas and forging links between isolated populations. The effect will be felt by people too This not only means that many of the animals WHAT IS WWF DOING? we cherish could disappear for ever. It is also a Protecting the world’s rare and endangered species clear indication that the environment we all rely Along with the rest of the global network, WWF- on – for food, water, fresh air and medicine – is UK focuses particular attention on a small number seriously under threat and that adequate solutions of globally important ‘flagship’ species, such as are yet to be found. elephants, great apes, marine turtles, rhinos, tigers and whales. These charismatic creatures inspire The threats to species are many Habitat loss and wildlife trade are among the conservation efforts for themselves – and for the key threats. As habitats disappear, animals can no thousands of lesser-known, but vitally important, longer roam freely, which inhibits breeding and plants and animals with which they co-exist. makes small populations particularly vulnerable. WWF is investing in action plans for species’ Direct encounters with man, in and around survival, which in many cases focus on National Parks, can result in conflict and even reconnecting isolated, protected areas. 6 CONSERVING ENDANGERED SPECIES CONSERVING ENDANGERED SPECIES 7
  • 6. Tigers In the early 1990s the tiger population in the Russian Far East was in free-fall, due to poaching for their use in Traditional Chinese Medicine. After nine years of anti-poaching work, supported by WWF, patrols have stabilised this tiger population, confiscating 60 tiger skins and seizing more than 1,700 weapons from wildlife trade criminals. WWF-UK and TRAFFIC’s Wildlife Trade Campaign With more than a million items seized by HM Due to effective conservation by WWF and its partners, the last decade has seen the mountain gorilla population increase to 700 animals. Customs between 1996 and 2000, the UK is a major centre for the illegal wildlife trade. Although the laws SOME SUCCESS STORIES governing our borders Elephants are strong, once within The Selous National Park is now home to more the UK a trader couldn’t than 60,000 elephants and this population has be arrested for selling doubled in the last 15 years. With WWF support a tiger skin or any for anti-poaching operations, last year marked the Stop Illegal other internationally first time in 14 years that the park recorded no recognised endangered WILDLIFE TRADE species. elephant poaching. Mountain gorilla In November 2003, after successful campaigning Thanks to effective conservation, in particular the by WWF-UK and TRAFFIC, an amendment to the efforts of the International Gorilla Conservation Criminal Justice Bill was finally passed. Wildlife Programme (a joint programme of Fauna and Flora trade crime in the UK now carries a maximum International, African Wildlife Foundation and sentence of five years – thereby making it an WWF), the last decade has seen the mountain arrestable offence. gorilla population increase from 620 animals in 1989 to 700 today. We have produced a leaflet, ‘Protecting The World’s Endangered Species’, which gives a comprehensive Rhinos introduction to our species work. It can be ordered Between 1970 and 1987, the population of Kenyan by calling our Supporter Care team on 01483 426444. black rhinos fell from 20,000 animals to an all time low of just 381. Due to intensive conservation For more information about WWF-UK’s efforts by WWF and its partners, numbers have Species Programme, visit our website: increased to approximately 425 animals today. www.wwf.org.uk/researcher/issues/rarespecies 8 CONSERVING ENDANGERED SPECIES CONSERVING ENDANGERED SPECIES 9
  • 7. An area of natural forest larger than England is lost each year. At least 90 per cent of forest loss is caused by human activities. All the timber and nearly all the paper products we use come from forests. FORESTS A human-induced problem At least 90 per cent of forest loss is caused by human activities. The ceaseless spread of urban THE PROBLEM OUTLINED development, illegal logging, forest clearance (for agriculture or plantations), road building, mining, The world’s forests are disappearing Forests – the lungs and pharmacy of the world – forest fires and climate change all contribute to once covered more than half the Earth. Today, they the loss of forests. cover only a third. And of those remaining, only around 10 per cent are protected. THE FUTURE Forests for Life Some 14.6 million hectares of natural forest are lost The problems facing the world’s forests are too each year – an area larger than England! And every large for any one group to tackle alone. That’s why minute, around 30 hectares of forest disappear – in 1996, WWF launched its global Forest for Life that’s roughly the size of 37 football pitches. programme. Working in almost 70 countries, with partners such as the World Bank, Ikea and the World Wildlife and vulnerable people are bearing the brunt Forests contain as much as two-thirds of all plant Conservation Union, WWF aims to protect, manage and animals species. Yet between 1970 and 2000, and restore the world’s most important forests. populations of forest species declined by about 15 per cent. Often it is the poor who bear the brunt of forest depletion., for forests are essential to the lives and livelihoods of most of the 1.2 billion people who live in extreme poverty around the world. 10 PROTECTING ENDANGERED SPACES PROTECTING ENDANGERED SPACES 11
  • 8. Mexico is also one of the few countries in the world where nearly all the forests – some 80 per cent – are owned by indigenous and local communities. Forests are therefore critical to the well-being of Mexico’s rural poor because they are one of their main sources of income. However, Mexico’s forests are being lost at an alarming rate: indeed, an area more than twice the size of Scotland has been lost in the last 40 years. WWF-UK’s Mexico Forests Programme aims Mexico is one of the few countries in the world where nearly all the forests are owned by indigenous and other communities. to reduce the loss of forest resources, increase the area of protected forest, promote sustainable forest management and improve the livelihoods of WHAT IS WWF DOING? people who depend on forests. Protecting Over the next decade, WWF will create a network of Managing protected areas for the world’s threatened and most Globally, WWF is aiming for at least 100 million hectares of important forest regions. independently certified forests around the world, representing Since the mid-1990s, protected areas covering the widest diversity of forest types and management systems more than 100 million hectares of forest have been by 2005. created or had their management improved, with All the timber and nearly all the paper products commitments from governments to protect a used in everyday life come from forests. With this further 70 million hectares. Much of this is as a huge demand it is essential that these forests are result of campaigning by WWF. However, only managed sustainably. 10 per cent of the world’s forests are protected. WWF-UK is working in Colombia, Mexico, the Forest Stewardship Council south-west Mediterranean, Nepal, east Africa and WWF supports good forest the island of New Guinea to achieve these goals. management and credible certification. Currently only the Mexico’s Forest Programme Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) Mexico’s forests, covering more than a quarter of meets WWF’s criteria for an the country’s land mass, are globally outstanding international system of credible certification. in terms of their biodiversity. They contain 50 per cent of all pine species in the world, a remarkable WWF has played a leading role in establishing the 135 species of oak, and mammals such as the FSC, and products that come from well-managed jaguar, puma, river otter and rare pygmy skunk. forests carry the ‘tick tree’ trademark that was 12 PROTECTING ENDANGERED SPACES PROTECTING ENDANGERED SPACES 13
  • 9. launched in 1996. It can be found on thousands of timber, paper and other forest products in retail stores and DIY outlets. The WWF-UK Forest and Trade Network The WWF-UK Forest and Trade Network (formerly the WWF 95+ Group) encourages good forest management worldwide. Member organisations such as Boots, B&Q, Sainsbury’s and the Body Shop have committed to increase the proportion of forest products traded or consumed by their organisations that come from well managed forests. The emphasis on FTN members is to eliminate illegal and controversial sources of supply as a matter of urgent priority. Restoring WWF aims to have 20 Forest Landscape Restoration programmes under way in the world’s most damaged forested regions by 2005. Many countries are suffering from forest loss and degradation, which damages watersheds, erodes soil and disrupts climate, bringing misery to millions of rural people. WWF believes that this situation can be reversed by restoring once- forested land to a more authentic state. For example, many of Sumatra’s forests have been lost, and need to be restored – as do the benefits they bring, such as flood prevention. Well- established tree roots significantly help to stabilise the soil, but once they are destroyed, rain erodes the open ground. Recent flooding caused by rampant logging left more than 200 people dead. For more information about WWF-UK’s Forest Programme, visit our website: www.wwf.org.uk/researcher/issues/forests Timber from a well-managed, certified forest in Brazil. 14 PROTECTING ENDANGERED SPACES
  • 10. At present more than one billion people lack access to safe drinking water. Freshwater wildlife indices have declined by 50 per cent in the last 30 years. one billion people lack access to safe drinking RIVERS AND WETLANDS water. With the world’s population increasing, and if present trends in water consumption and THE PROBLEM OUTLINED management continue at their present rate, two thirds of the world’s population could experience The source of life Everyone needs freshwater. Our very life depends water shortages by 2025. on it. We use it at home for drinking, cooking, A downward spiral of water degradation bathing and cleaning. Farmers need it to grow our Human population growth is the primary cause of food. And industry needs it to make the products the increase in water use. Poor water management, we use every day. All these needs are provided by climate change and the undervaluing of water living wetlands and river systems, whose biological (both as a commodity and for the ecosystem engines clean, store and release the water that is functions it performs) compound the downward essential to people and wildlife. spiral in water degradation. People and wildlife are under threat However, although it is a precious and finite THE FUTURE resource, freshwater has been mismanaged by Improved management of wetlands humans for years. And the consequences of We are witnessing a water crisis today – and it continuing along the same path are alarming. is the bad management of water, rather than having too little, that lies at its heart. Wildlife, the Freshwater ecosystems are in far worse condition environment, and billions of people are already than forest, grassland and coastal ecosystems. suffering the consequences. Freshwater wildlife indices have declined by 50 per cent in the last 30 years. At present more than 16 PROTECTING ENDANGERED SPACES PROTECTING ENDANGERED SPACES 17 PROTECTING ENDANGERED SPACES 17
  • 11. WHAT IS WWF DOING? Conserving and restoring river basins WWF will promote activities to conserve or restore at least 50 large river basins crucial to wildlife and people. Changing practices in business and agriculture WWF will also promote efficiency in the use of water during the production of goods, the provision of services and the growth of selected thirsty crops. WWF is conserving key wildlife in the Amazon (above), the Rio Grande, and the Yangtze, benefiting some 50 million people who depend on these rivers. Protecting and managing wildlife-rich wetlands Over the next 10 years, WWF will champion the The central Yangtze region has more lakes than protection and management of 250 million hectares anywhere else in China. These lakes used to be of freshwater wetlands, more than trebling the connected to the Yangtze river, where they played area of protected freshwater wetlands worldwide. an important role in removing pollutants, retaining flood water and preventing droughts. The free flow Resuscitating three of the world’s major river basins of water also allowed biodiversity to prosper. As part of its Investing in Nature programme, HSBC, the banking and financial services However, due to unsustainable land development organisation, is investing £12.7 million in and ill-planned irrigation, these lakes have been WWF-UK’s global freshwater work. disconnected from the Yangtze river. This has had a devastating impact on the ecosystem. Rare HSBC’s investment will focus on resuscitating species, such as the Baiji dolphin and finless three of the world’s major rivers – the Amazon, porpoise, now face extinction. the Rio Grande, and the Yangtze. In addition, HSBC’s support Supported by HSBC, and working in partnership will help protect and with local governments, WWF aims to gradually restore an important recover ‘the web of life’ in the central Yangtze wetland habitat in the UK, the River basin – through policy work and Potteric Carr Nature Reserve near demonstration projects that re-link disconnected Doncaster, where WWF- lakes, support local economic development and UK is working closely create a network of protected areas. with the Yorkshire Wildlife Trust to provide a model For more information about WWF-UK’s Freshwater for wetland management which can be used Programme, visit our website: across the UK and Europe. www.wwf.org.uk/researcher/issues/freshwater 18 PROTECTING ENDANGERED SPACES PROTECTING ENDANGERED SPACES 19
  • 12. Precious wildlife and important habitats are being destroyed, and fishing Maritime industries such as oil and gas and fishing can impact negatively communities are being jeopardised, as fish stocks plummet. on the marine environment. with thousands of full-time jobs in the UK fishing SEAS AND COASTS industry under threat. The marine environment is increasingly at risk THE PROBLEM OUTLINED Millions of people rely on our seas and coasts Home to an amazing variety of life every year, not only for leisure and tourism but The seas around our shores are home to an also for its rich resources, and the jobs and income amazing variety of life – dolphins, turtles, sharks generated by maritime industries – such as oil and and sea horses, as well as the mighty orca, the gas, renewable energy and, not least, fishing. killer whale. We even have deep-sea coral reefs as rich and diverse as those in the tropics. Our seas Individually, each activity can impact negatively on are vitally important for the huge resources they the marine environment. Together the effects are contain – including some of Europe’s most significantly magnified. There is an urgent need to important fishing grounds, oil and gas reserves, ensure that the different maritime industries are as well as the enormous potential for renewables, able to operate sustainably and efficiently, without such as offshore wind, wave and tidal energy. adversely affecting the health of our seas. Marine life and fishing communities are jeopardised THE FUTURE However, precious wildlife and important habitats An urgent need for efficient management of our seas are being destroyed, and fishing communities are In order to achieve sustainable development of our being jeopardised as fish stocks plummet. marine environment, there is an urgent need to implement efficient planning and management Globally, the WWF marine species index has systems. Despite the UK being an island nation, declined by about 35 per cent since 1970. At no government has ever passed a comprehensive least 40 out of 60 commercial fish stocks in the Marine Act to help protect our marine heritage. north-east Atlantic are being fished unsustainably, 20 PROTECTING ENDANGERED SPACES PROTECTING ENDANGERED SPACES 21
  • 13. WHAT IS WWF DOING? Campaigning for a Marine Act by 2005 Oceans Recovery Campaign (ORCA) WWF-UK’s Oceans Recovery Campaign is calling for a Marine Act which will simplify the hundreds of laws and policies that are currently failing the marine environment. To ensure the long-term protection and management of wildlife, habitats and people’s The world is warming faster than at any time in the last 10,000 years. livelihoods, WWF-UK is calling for the Cities – like Chicago, Athens and New Delhi – have sweltered in heat waves. government to bring forward a comprehensive Marine Act by the end of 2005. CLIMATE CHANGE For more information about WWF-UK’s Marine and Coasts Programme, visit our website: THE PROBLEM OUTLINED www.wwf.org.uk/researcher/issues/livingseas The climate is changing The world is warming faster than at any time in the last 10,000 years. Globally, the 1990s was the warmest decade and 1998 was the warmest year on record. The hottest day yet recorded in Britain was 10 August 2003, when temperatures reached 37.9°C. The impacts are already being felt by people and wildlife Cities such us Chicago, Athens and New Delhi have sweltered under heat waves and seen death tolls rise. It is likely that climate change has caused the extinction of Costa Rica’s golden toad and has contributed to local extinctions of American pika populations – a hamster-sized animal that makes its home in the mountains of the western United States. WWF-UK’s Oceans Recovery Campaign is calling for a Marine Act for the ADDRESSING GLOBAL THREATS TO NATURE 23 long term protection of marine wildlife, habitats and livelihoods.
  • 14. The Arctic is one of the regions on earth where climate change is already being seen, and where the impacts are dramatic – there has been about a 40 per cent decline in Arctic sea-ice thickness during late summer to early autumn in recent decades. Carbon dioxide is the main global warming gas Carbon dioxide (CO2) is responsible for two-thirds of human-induced global warming and around 97 per cent of the CO2 emitted by western industrialised countries comes from burning coal, oil and gas for energy. THE FUTURE Renewables – the winds of change Renewable energy sources – such as hydro, wind, solar and wave power – can satisfy our energy needs while contributing negligible CO2. Offshore wind alone could generate enough electricity to meet a quarter of current UK demand. Much of the resource remains untapped. Using energy more efficiently Of course, the cheapest, cleanest and safest way of addressing all our energy and environmental goals is to be more energy-efficient. For example, if every household installed three energy-efficient lightbulbs, enough energy would be saved in a year to supply all street lighting in the UK. Or if everyone upgraded their refrigeration appliance to an A-rated Energy Efficiency Recommended product, emissions would be cut by the equivalent of 47 million double-decker buses of CO2. If temperatures continue to rise, polar bear numbers will be reduced and ADDRESSING GLOBAL THREATS TO NATURE 25 the species may even become locally extinct.
  • 15. WWF’s One Million Sustainable Homes campaign aims to incorporate Offshore wind alone could generate enough electricity to meet a quarter energy efficiency and renewable energy into new housing developments. of current UK demand. Much of the resource remains untapped. WHAT IS WWF DOING? PowerSwitch! From coal to clean The power industry is the biggest CO2 emitting At WWF-UK our focus is in the following areas: sector. Many electricity utilities are still operating power plants at low efficiencies and burning fossil Working with the UK government WWF is working to ensure that the government fuels such as coal. continues to play a leadership role in reducing Globally, WWF’s PowerSwitch! challenge calls for greenhouse gas emissions: globally, through the all key sectors of society to be part of the solution Kyoto Protocol (the international framework to to global warming. WWF-UK is embracing the reduce climate change); and in the UK, through PowerSwitch! vision in the UK, where we are the EU Trading Scheme. The scheme sets CO2 calling for a CO2-free power sector by the middle emissions limits for a number of key sectors, of the century. such as electricity generating. Supporting WWF in Thailand and the South Pacific One Million Sustainable Homes The Asia-Pacific region is a priority region because Most of the UK’s homes have significant social of its increasing CO2 emission rates. WWF-UK is and environmental impacts. For example, the lending expertise and support to WWF offices in residential sector in the UK contributes around Thailand and the South Pacific, where they are 27 per cent of the country’s energy use, and working to reduce emissions. domestic energy use is projected to rise by six per cent by 2010. It is therefore essential to For more information about WWF-UK’s Climate Change reduce emissions from new and existing homes. Programme, visit our website: WWF’s One Million Sustainable Homes campaign www.wwf.org.uk/researcher/issues/climatechange aims to bring about the development of a million new and refurbished homes in the UK by 2012. 26 ADDRESSING GLOBAL THREATS TO NATURE ADDRESSING GLOBAL THREATS TO NATURE 27
  • 16. Hazardous man-made chemicals are believed to have contaminated every We are all unwittingly taking part in an unregulated global experiment that environment. Wildlife and humans are suffering the effects. needs to be stopped. porpoises to illness has been linked to impaired TOXIC CHEMICALS immunity caused by high levels of bioaccumulated industrial chemicals. THE PROBLEM OUTLINED According to some studies, the human sperm counts Living in a chemical world have dropped by 50 per cent in certain countries In the last 50 years man has created around since the 1930s, and in some cases the youngest 80,000 new chemicals. Some are in use all around men have the lowest sperm counts. In the UK us – in products from pesticides to cosmetics, baby 66,000 people suffering from new or existing skin bottles to computers. Our 21st century society disease are seen by clinicians each year. depends on them. However there is a high price to pay for some of them. We are all unwittingly taking part in an unregulated global experiment that needs to Hazardous man-made chemicals are believed to be stopped. have contaminated every environment. Wildlife – including birds, polar bears, whales, frogs, Two causes for concern alligators, fish, panthers and snails – is known to WWF is particularly concerned about the impacts be suffering. And up to 300 man-made chemicals of two groups of chemicals. have been found in humans. The first group is called very persistent and very bioaccumulative chemicals that persist for a long Wildlife and humans are known to be suffering Male fish have been found with female sexual time and accumulate particularly in fat. Once they characteristics – in the worst cases they have been are released into the environment it is extremely found growing egg tissue in their testes. And the difficult, if not impossible, to recover them. reported increased susceptibility of harbour 28 ADDRESSING GLOBAL THREATS TO NATURE ADDRESSING GLOBAL THREATS TO NATURE 29
  • 17. The second group is called endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). They can mimic, block or interfere with hormones such as oestrogen and as a result, they can hijack normal biological processes and may cause neurological, behavioural, developmental or sexual defects. THE FUTURE The need for reform Everyone, including the chemical industry, agrees that reform of the system to regulate chemicals is long overdue. The European Commission, which regulates the use of chemicals in Europe, has admitted that 99 per cent of the volume of chemicals on the market is inadequately regulated. WHAT IS WWF DOING? WWF-UK’s Chemicals and Health Campaign For the first time since 1981 European chemical legislation is undergoing a major review. Therefore European governments have a rare opportunity to So far, WWF-UK has collected more than 56,000 signatures for a petition that will be presented to the European Paliament later this year. ensure a safer future for our children and wildlife by putting in place a robust new Chemical Regulation. The campaign is: Informing the public Lobbying governments and MEPs We are raising awareness and gathering support WWF is campaigning from the public and organisations who share our stop the globally for the proper concerns. So far, we have collected more than cal i regulation of hazardous cheamination 56,000 signatures of concerned people for a chemicals – replaced where petition that will be presented to the European m nt co ren of our child e safer alternatives exist, or Parliament later this year. and wildlif banned where necessary. We are also providing practical advice to people on As well as taking the case how to minimise their exposure to hazardous man- directly to the European Union, we are also made chemicals in their everyday lives. lobbying governments in Westminster, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales to take urgent action For more information about WWF-UK’s Toxics Programme, to ban these chemicals. visit our website: www.wwf.org.uk/chemicals 30 ADDRESSING GLOBAL THREATS TO NATURE ADDRESSING GLOBAL THREATS TO NATURE 31
  • 18. WE NEED YOUR HELP None of WWF’s vital work would be possible without the generosity of our members, donors, supporters and volunteers. If you would like to join WWF, make a donation, or keep up to date about any aspect of our work, visit our website – www.wwf.org.uk PICTURE CREDITS page 17 N BENVIE, OXFORD SCIENTIFIC FILMS cover: M & C DENIS HUOT, STILL PICTURES page 18 M LANE, WWF-UK contents: E PARKER, WWF page 19 E PARKER, WWF page 2: M HARVEY, WWF-CANON page 20 LAURIE CAMPBELL page 3: Above and below DIGITAL VISION page 21 DIGITAL VISION page 4: E PARKER, WWF-UK page 22 P J BANKS, WWF-UK page 5: M HARVEY, WWF-CANON page 23 DIGITAL VISION page 6: M GUNTHER, WWF-CANON page 24 DIGITAL VISION page 7: DIGITAL VISION page 26 JUSTIN SWARBRICK, WWF-UK page 8: DIGITAL VISION page 27 STILL PICTURES page 10: STILL PICURES page 28 J SHAW, NHPA page 11 E PARKER, WWF/FSC page 29 IMAGE 100 page 12 E PARKER, WWF page 31 WWF/B KELLY, MOUSETRAP MEDIA page 15 E PARKER, WWF/FSC this page E PARKER, WWF page 16 STILL PICTURES