Kinesiology presentation

AROUSAL, ANXIETY AND CONTROLLING
STRESS IN EMERGENCY STALENESS
KINESIOLOGY (SPS 145)
Prepared for:
Madam Jamiaton Kusrin

Prepared by:
Mohd Rahimi bin Mohd Shahimi (2010791069)
Mohd Hafifi bin Mohd Izani (2010577247)
Halimah binti Jakaria (2010724225)

AROUSAL
1. Most critical factor prior to and during
performance
2. Body needs to be at optimal level to perform
at best
3. Ideal level of arousal should match
requirements of specific task and individual
4. Arousal regulation is a major concern among
sport psychologists
facultywp.ccri.edu/ksalisbury/files/2012/01/SportPsychPPTCH12.ppt

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AROUSAL &
PERFORMANCE

Muscle
tension

Self talk
IMPROPER
LEVEL OF
AROUSAL

Coordination

Distractibility

ANXIETY


Is a feeling of fear, worry or nervousness, resulting from
uncertainty.



Something that causes you worry or fear.

advanced English dictionary (page 47)

TYPES OF ANXIETY
Trait Anxiety

A general predisposition to perceive
many situation as threatening and to
respond to them with high anxiety

State Anxiety

An individual’s anxiety at a particular
moment (“right now”) and ever
changing.

Somatic Anxiety

Physical component reflecting
perception of physiological responses
such as heart rate, respiration, and
muscle tension

Cognitive Anxiety

Thought component (worry, fear,
concentration disruption)

PRECOMPETITIVE ANXIETY
1.

COGNITIVE ANXIETY starts high & remains
high as time to event approaches.

2.

SOMATIC ANXIETY remains low until 24 hours
before the event.

3.

Once performance begin, somatic anxiety
dissipates rapidly and cognitive state anxiety
fluctuates throughout the contest.

CAUSES OF ANXIETY IN ATHLETES
 Predisposition

to anxiety
 Perceived important (threat) of situation
 Negative attributional style
 Perfectionism
 Fear of failure
 Competition specific stress

Lavallee et al. (2004) Sports Psychology: Contemporary Themes (palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke)

SIGNS OF AROUSAL & ANXIETY
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

Cold, clammy hands
Constant need to urinate
Profuse sweating
Negative self-talk
Dazed look in eyes
Headache
Dry mouth
Difficulties sleeping
Increased muscle tension
Butterflies in Stomach
Inability to concentrate
http://www.psychologycampus.com/sports-psychology/arousal-anxiety.html

STRESS
The nonspecific response of the body to any
demand made on it in order to maintain
physiological equilibrium. This positive or
negative response results from emotions that
are accompanied by biochemical and
physiological
changes
directed
at
adaptation
concepts of fitness & wellness ninth edition (page 363)

TYPES OF STRESS
EUSTRESS

DISTRESS

• Use stress in constructive
way
• High stress, increase
sports performance

• Can lead to
behavioural, physical
and mental problems.
• High stress, decrease
sports performance

GENERAL ADAPTATION
SYNDROME

Alarm Reaction

Any physical or mental trauma triggers an
immediate set of reaction that the stress.
If the stress is not severe or long lasting,
we bounce back and recover rapidly.

Resistance

Eventually, sometimes rather quickly, we
adapt to stress and we tend to become
more resistant to illness and disease.

Exhaustion

A prolonged resisitance leads to
exhaustion. A short resisitance allow for
the quick recovery.
Source: Health News Network

PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASURE OF
AROUSAL & ANXIETY
1.

2.

3.

By using
Electrocardiogram(ECG or
EKG).
It is quick and painless test
that records the electrical
activity of the heart.
It may be taken at rest or
during exercise.
Image source: http://www.heart-specialist.org/ecg.html

AROUSAL & ANXIETY

1.

Using a mercury
Sphygmomanometer

2.

Test blood pressure.

Image source: http://www.vitalsigns-health.co.uk/test_bloodpressure.html

AROUSAL & ANXIETY
1.
2.

3.

Using a
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Determine the difference
between interfering signals &
brain wave.
To examine the effects of
visual activity on alpha
rhythm in the brain.
Image
source:http://www.honestdiscounts.com/blog/diagnosing_epilepsy.htm

AROUSAL & ANXIETY
1.

2.

Using a
Electrooculography
(EOG).
EOG is a technique for
measuring the resting
potential of the retina.

Image source: http://www.soundandvision.com/content/analog-devices-electrooculogram

AROUSAL & ANXIETY
1.
2.
3.

The Galvanic Skin Response
(GSR).
Measure skin conductivity from
the fingers or palms.
The GSR is highly sensitive to
emotions in some people.

Image source: www.angelfire.com

Image source:prohealthcareproducts.com

BEHAVIORAL MEASURE OF AROUSAL
& ANXIETY
1.

2.

3.

By using observation.
Do observation on athletes behavior before,
during and after event can provide much
information about their stress response.
Clues to watch out for include shaking,
talking fast, irregular toilet visit, bitting the
nails and inability to stay still.

http://www.teachpe.com/sports_psychology/anxiety.php

AROUSAL & ANXIETY PERFORMANCE THEORIES

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Drive Theory
Inverted-U Hypothesis
Individual Zones of Optimal Functioning
Multidimensional anxiety theory
Catastrophe Model
Reversal Theory

1. DRIVE THEORY
Drive theory states that the more
arousal and anxiety an individual
experiences,
the
higher
their
performance will be.


http://www.teachpe.com/sports_psychology/motivation.php

2. INVERTED-U HYPOTHESIS
This theory posits that their is a medium
amount of arousal and anxiety that causes
one to perform higher - too little
anxiety/arousal
and
too
much
anxiety/arousal will cause performance to be
poorer.


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2657838/figure/f1-nbtm-3-1-0001/

3. INDIVIDUAL ZONES OF OPTIMAL
FUNCTIONING
This theory takes into account that people have
different levels of anxiety and arousal that are
unique in making them perform at their best. Some
people perform their best with low anxiety, some
with a medium amount and others with a high
amount. The amount of anxiety/arousal that an
individual requires to perform their best is based on
individual characteristics.


http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/sport-psychology-midterm-exam-part-2/deck/149880

4. MULTIDIMENSIONAL ANXIETY
THEORY
This theory of anxiety posits that when one has
anxious

thoughts

-

they

will

have

poorer

performance. Anxiety felt by the body will have
an effect on performance much like that of the
inverted U theory. However, there is little support

for this theory.


5. CATASTROPHE MODEL
The catastrophe model posits that as long as
there are lower thoughts of anxiety, then
performance will be best at a medium level of
physical arousal. If there is a high level of anxious
thoughts (worry), performance will be better at a
medium level of physical arousal but will
suddenly drop off and become very poor. There
is a breaking point when performance
decreases dramatically.


6. REVERSAL THEORY
This theory posits that the way that arousal affects
performance
depends
on
an
individual's
interpretation of their arousal. Arousal can be
interpreted as pleasant and exciting and as
unpleasant and anxious. Arousal that is thought to
be pleasant helps performance, and vice versa for
bad arousal.


Why do some
pressure?





athletes

choke

under

‘Choking’ refer to a sudden failure of athletic
performance due to an overwhelming anxiety attack.
Choking is characterized by anxiety symptoms and
the feeling that the harder one tries, the worse one’s
performance gets.
Most likely to be caused by concern with excessive
self consciousness and concern with mechanics skill
execution.

Lavallee et al. (2004) Sports Psychology: Contemporary Themes (palgrave Macmillan,
Basingstoke)

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