Bio380 Human Evolution: Waking the dead

Bio380: Waking the Dead Neanderthal genes and genomes Professor Mark Pallen

Bio380 Genes and Genomes lectures ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Learning outcomes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Neandert(h)al ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Discovery ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Discovery ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Timeline ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Culture ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Anatomically distinct from AMH ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Fate of the Neanderthals ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Was their genetic exchange between AMH and Neanderthals? OR Africa Eurasia Africa Eurasia Neanderthals Neanderthals

What can sequences tell us ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Mitochondrial DNA ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Neanderthal sequence outside modern human range

Summary of Evidence from mtDNA ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

“ By contrast, the complete Neandertal mtDNA now offers 133 such positions. This enables a reliable estimation of mtDNA contamination by analyzing sequence reads from 454 libraries, rather than by PCR-based assays of the DNA extracts. For example, when we do this in a small preliminary data set initially published from this fossil (Green et al., 2006), 10 of 10 sequences are classified as Neandertal. However, in further unpublished sequencing runs from that library, 8 out of 75 diagnostic sequences derive from extant human mtDNA, suggesting a contamination rate of 11% (CI = 4.7%–20%). This is in agreement with the suggestion (Wall and Kim, 2007) that contamination occurred in that experiment .”

Darwin’s 200 th Birthday February 12 th 2009 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Neanderthal genome ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Selective sweeps ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

But are Neanderthals more closely related to some AMHs than to others? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Neanderthals AMH European Chinese Papuan West African San

Can molecules tell us anything about what Neanderthals were really like? ,[object Object]

Neanderthals AMH European Chinese Papuan West African San Denisovans

Overlap of archaic & AMH in Africa?

Conclusions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The last word? Are we really that surprised....?!

Recommended viewing ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Image sources and rights ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],.

Bio380 Human Evolution: Waking the dead

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Bio380 Human Evolution: Waking the dead