Ingles aula 7

CURSOS ON-LINE – INGLÊS – PROF. CARLOS AUGUSTO

-1-

AULA 7
WARM UP FOR THE MOCK TEST

Pre-testing Vocabulary
No quadro seguinte você encontra transparent words associadas a outras não
tão evidentes. Faça o skimming do texto e, sem dicionário, traduza-as.

A B
1. manufacturing company
2. personal care
3. a new campaign
4. new brand logo
5. an integral part
6. the company’s packaging
7. different icons
8. consumer benefits
9. competitive advantage
10. the company’s future policy

Text 1: Unilever’s brand new identity

The UK based global foods and home and
personal care products manufacturing company recently
announced the launch of a new mission entitled
‘Vitality’ as the base of its future policy.
5 Central to the new direction are a Mission
Statement and logo. The new Mission reads,
“Unilever’s mission is to add vitality to life. We meet
the everyday needs for nutrition, hygiene, and personal
care with brands that help people feel good, look good
10 and get more out of life.”
Although the new brand logo forms an integral part of Unilever’s new
campaign, which was officially launched in May, it did not appear on the
company’s packaging until 1 July. The new logo tells the story of Unilever and
vitality. It brings together 25 different icons representing Unilever and its
15 brands, the idea of vitality and the benefits we bring to consumers and the world
we operate in.
“Our mission is full of promise for the future, opening up exciting
opportunities where we have competitive advantage for developing our business
and our new logo will help us confidently identify ourselves in every aspect of
20 our business,” explained Antony Burgmans and Niall Fitzgerald, the Chairmen
of Unilever worldwide. (From Britain Brasil magazine, p.7, July /August 2004)

www.pontodosconcursos.com.br


CURSOS ON LINE Prof. Carlos Augusto -2-

Faça o intensive reading do texto 1 antes de responder as questões abaixo
que bem poderiam estar no mock text (=teste simulado) ao final do curso.
Procure aplicar todas as técnicas já estudadas. No final desta aula dou as
respostas. Good Luck!

READING COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS

Choose the best option:

1. According to the author, two items are central to the company’s future policy
a) add vitality to life and personal care.
b) help people feel good and nutrition.
c) a mission statement and a new logo.
d) a vital mission and consumer benefits.
e) promise for the future and hygiene.

2. ‘Although’ (L-10) at the beginning of the third paragraph indicates
a) concession and could be replaced by though.
b) result and could be replaced by therefore.
c) purpose and could be replaced by thus
d) addition and could be replaced by furthermore.
e) comparison and could be substituted by likewise.

3.The Chairmen of Unilever, in their statement, expressed
a) concern about consumers’ acceptance of the company’s policy.
b) renewed promised for the company’s clients.
c) doubts about the acceptance of the new logo.
d) optimism about the future of the company.
e) confidence in the company’s icons.

4. In the text, the word that is a synonym of ‘declaration’ is
a) policy.
b) brands.
c) logo.
d) launch.
e) statement.

5. In the 3rd paragraph the pronoun ‘it’ (L-12) refers to
a) new campaign.
b) company’s packaging.
c) the brand logo.
d) an integral part.
e) different icon.




Se você tivesse que fazer a busca das palavras transparentes, das palavras
com formação prefixal e sufixal das collocations e tudo o mais que vimos
estudando você as encontraria no texto a seguir. Mas, gostaria que first and
foremost você fizesse o vocabulary pre-test.

A B
1. take a strong pride in a. ( ) sua população crescente
2. standing witness to b. ( ) até onde a vista alcança
3. one truck stop c. ( ) novos pólos econômicos
4. with a banner saying d. ( ) alguma vegetação rasteira
5. patches of stunted growth e. ( ) os produtores indicam
6. as far as the eyes can see f. ( ) a moderna cidade se gaba
7. its growing population g. ( ) tem um grande orgulho de
8. new economic hubs. h. ( ) são o testemunho de
9. producers point out as i. ( ) parada de caminhões
10. the modern town boasts j. ( ) com uma faixa dizendo

Text 2: Primavera do Leste

Most towns or cities in Brazil usually take a strong pride in their historic
past and have at least a few old buildings or monuments standing witness to
earlier days. But in Primavera do Leste, a booming agribusiness town 230
kilometers east of Mato Grosso’s state capital, Cuiabá, the oldest historic
5 landmark you will find is a common filling station and truck stop with a banner
saying: “Where it all began”.
Where a few years ago there was virtually nothing but dust-covered
savanna and patches of stunted growth, thousands of acres of soy and cotton
fields now spread out as far as the eye can see, earning millions of dollars on
10 world markets and turning the still small city into one of Brazil’s latest new
economic hubs. Regional roads and telecommunications, however, are two
aspects local entrepreneurs and producers point out as very precarious, forming
obstacles to further growth seriously affecting production and marketing costs.
Founded only 17 years ago, everything in Primavera, as it is usually
15 referred to, is new - from its modern architecture to its growing population.
Only the very young can proudly say they were born here. Valentim
Martignano, one of the district’s oldest pioneers arrived here from Paraná state
some 22 years ago, “All I saw was a gas station, a general store six houses and a
lot of dust,” he recalls. Today the modern town boasts 50,000 inhabitants, and
20 projections by the Brazilian institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) are of
a population of 100,000 in five years’ time. (From UPDATE, by William Vanvolsen,
p.24, May/2003, American Chamber of Commerce publication)




EXPLOITATION OF TEXT 2

1. Retire do texto 3 exemplos com verbos no past simple
___________________________________________________________________________

2. Retire do texto 3 exemplos com verbos no present simple
___________________________________________________________________________

3. Retire do texto 1 exemplo com verbo no future simple
___________________________________________________________________________

4. Retire do texto locuções (collocations) formadas por adjective + noun
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

5. Retire do texto locuções (collocations) formadas por noun + noun
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

6. O que a palavra ‘however’ (L-11) está indicando mo discourse marker?
___________________________________________________________________________

7. De que outra forma se pode escrever o seguinte fragmento do texto:
‘Founded only 17 years ago ...” (L- 14)
___________________________________________________________________________

8. Como você traduz o seguinte fragmento: earning millions of dollars on
world markets (L-9/10)
___________________________________________________________________________

Say whether each statement is (T) true or (F) false:

a) ‘Most towns’ (L-1) corresponds to The majority of towns … ( )

b) “ …a few old buildings” (L-2) corresponds to Not many buildings ( )

c) “…virtually nothing but dust-covered savanna…” (L-7) A palavra ‘but’ no
fragmento pode ser substituída por except sem prejuízo do sentido. ( )

d) “…turning the still small city into one of Brazil’s…” (L-10) No fragmento a
palavra still pode ser substituída por ‘yet’. ( )

e) ‘All I saw was a gas station’ (L-18) Neste fragmento do texto
poderíamos inserir a palavra ‘that’ antes do sujeito sem prejuízo do sentido ( )




AFFIXES ENSEMBLE

From text 2:
“… aspects local entrepreneurs and producers point out as very precarious”
(L-12). A palavra in bold significa ‘empresários’. Se quiséssemos falar de
capacidade empresarial diríamos entrepreneurial skill usando o adjetivo.
Existe também o substantivo entrepreneurship para indicar o que é próprio
da atividade empresarial.
I - Forme uma palavra derivada por formação prefixal ou sufixal conforme o
caso:

1. Tendo-se ‘understanding’, como você forma ‘mal-entendido’ com a
adição de um prefixo?
_________________________________

2. Tendo-se ‘superior’, como você forma ‘superioridade’ com a adição de um
sufixo?
_________________________________

3. Tendo-se ‘aggressive’, como você forma ‘agressividade’ com a adição de
um sufixo?
_________________________________

4. Tendo-se ‘brother’, como você forma ‘fraternidade’ com a adição de um
sufixo?
_________________________________

5. Tendo-se ‘child’, como você forma ‘infantil ’ com a adição de um sufixo?
_________________________________

II – Usando cada um dos prefixos que formam antônimos preencha as frases
abaixo:

IL- UN- IN- IR- IM- NON-

1. That was one of the minister’s most ____ fortunate comments during the
press conference.
2. The Pope was already ill and that was one of his _____ frequent visits to
the little town.
3. Nobody can base his decision on those ____ precise data.
4. Most of us took part in the ____ violent demonstration.
5. I’m sorry but I can’t read what you wrote here. It’s ____ legible.
6. You need to study ____ regular verbs, too.




CONFUSABLE WORDS

From text 2:
“… turning the still small city into one of Brazil’s latest new economic hubs.”
(L-10/11)

Economic x Economical

a) Economic (adj.) = relacionado com a ciência econômica.
The economic measures adopted by finance minister Antonio Palocci were
correct.
As medidas econômicas adotadas pelo ministro da fazenda Antonio Palocci pelo
foram corretas.

b) Economical (adj.) = tem a ver com economizar, ser econômico.
His wife is more economical than mine.
A esposa dele é mais econômica do que a minha.

Further x Farther

Ambas as palavras são formas comparativas de do adjetivo ‘far’.
Normalmente usadas da seguinte forma.

a) farther (adj) = relacionado com a distância.

She lives farther north. It will take us a few more minutes to ge there.
Ela mora mais ao norte. Vai demorar uns minutos mais para chegar lá.

b) further (adj) = significando ‘adicional’

No further questions, Your Honor.
Sem mais perguntas, meritíssimo.

My boss told us he needs further details before he can make a decision.
O chefe falou que precisa de detalhes adicionais para tomar uma decisão.




Founded x Funded x Found

a) Found (r.v) (founded, founded) (=fundar)
Primavera do Leste was founded some years ago.
Primavera do Leste foi fundada há alguns anos.

This tradition dates back to the Founding Fathers’ days.
Esta tradição data da época dos fundadores da Nação.

b) fund (r.v) (funded, funded) (= financiar, prover com verbas , recursos)
As far as I know it was the MIT which funded the research do Prof. Harris.
Até onde eu sei foi o MIT que financiou a pesquisa do Prof. Harris.

c) find (i.v) ( found, found) (= achar)
I had lost my pen but I have found it already.
Eu havia perdido minha caneta mas já a achei.

Amount x number

A grande diferença no uso dessas duas palavras nos remete para o conceito de
palavras contáveis e não contáveis em inglês. Do mesmo modo que você
aprendeu que dever dizer many books, many computers, many
classes.... e much coffee, much sugar, much money etc

a) amount (use diante de palavras não contáveis)
The amount of money in circulation will increase.
O montante de dinheiro em circulação diminuirá.

b) number (use diante de palavras contáveis)
The number of students applying for scholarships has doubled since last year.
O número de alunos requerendo bolsas de estudo dobrou desde o ano passado.




WORD FORMS: SUPERLATIVES

The suffix –EST formador dos superlativos em inglês é o mais importante a
ser estudado aqui.

From text 2:

“the oldest historic landmark you will find is a common filling station” (L-4/5)
O mais antigo marco que você encontrará e um simples posto de gasolina
“Brazil’s latest new economic hubs.” (L-
em um dos mais recentes novos polos economicos do Brasil
“Valentim Martignano, one of the district’s oldest pioneers (L-17/18)
Valentim Martignano, um dos mais velhos pioneiros da região

1. O sufixo ‘est’ é usado para formar o superlativo de adjetivos ‘curtos’

easy (the) easiest o / a+ fácil
clean (the) cleanest o / a+ limpo/a
hot (the) hottest o / a+ quente
old (the ) oldest o / a+ velho/a

2. Com adjetivos ‘longos’ usa-se the most / the least + adj. para formar o
superlativo.

the most / least difficult o / a mais (menos) difícil
the most / least complicated o / a mais (menos) complicado
the most / least economical o /a mais (menos) econômico

3. Some irregular superlatives (Alguns superlativos irregulares)

good the best o /a melhor
bad the worst o/ a pior
little the least o/ a menos
much(many) the most o/a mais




From text2:
“…in Primavera do Leste, a booming agribusiness town.” (L-3)
em Primavera do Leste uma cidade agro-industrial em explosivo crescimento

No texto o autor usou palavras como ‘booming’ e ‘growing’ para indicar
que Primavera do Leste é uma cidade em crescimento.
Vamos estudar os muitos verbos usados em inglês para indicar RISE &
FALL (dos lucros, do volume de vendas, dos índices, das cotações de ações)

Consulte seu dicionário e classifique os verbos do quadro
conforme os critérios abaixo:

advance be firm be strong be weak dip drop
drift plummet ease jump leap slip
plunge rocket sink slump tumble
rally rebound recover revive

Meaning ‘rise’: ________________________________________________
Meaning ‘fall’: __________________________________________________
Meaning ‘to rise after falling’: _____________________________________

Remember: rise and fall are irregular verbs: rise (rose, risen; fall (fell, fallen)
Distinguish between fall (fell, fallen)[=cair], and feel (felt, felt) [=sentir]

As well as the verb rise, English also has the verbs raise and arise.
Rise is an irregular intransitive verb: rise (rose, risen)

Things can rise, but you cannot rise something

Raise is a regular, transitive verb; raise - raised - raised.
People raise things. Raise has lots of meanings, including to collect capital
We are helping them to raise funds for a charitable institution.

to bring up children
I was born in Pará, but raised in Rio de Janeiro.

Arise is an irregular, intransitive verb: arise - arose - arisen.
It means to happen or occur or to come into existence. For example:

Problems arose soon after the new chairman took office.

Adapted from Financial English, Rise & Fall, by Ian Mackenzie, p.71, LTP




PERFECT MODALS

Vamos revisar os principais perfect modal auxiliaries all together. Estude
os mini-diálogos a seguir e escreva o que estão indicando os modais in bold:
(S1 =stands for speaker one / S2 stands for speaker two)

-I-
S1: “I painted the door of my garage all by myself.”
S2: “I could have helped you.”
________________________________________________________________

-II-
S1: “Jill failed to pass her exam.”
S2: “She should have studied harder.”
________________________________________________________________

-III-
S1: “Debby’s room lights are out.”
S2: “She must have gone to sleep already.
________________________________________________________________

-IV-
S1: “Have you seen ‘Diamonds are Forever”?”
S2: “If it’s a 007 movie, I must have seen it”
________________________________________________________________

-V-
S1: “Did it rain last night?”
S2: “It may have rained.”
________________________________________________________________

-VI-
S1: “Has Janet called yet?”
S2: “Not yet. I’m afraid we will have left for Canada when she does.
________________________________________________________________




LIGHTEN UP!

WHAT DOES YOUR DADDY DO?

It was the first day of school and the teacher thought she’d get to know
the kids by asking them their names and what their fathers did for a living
The first little girl said, “My name is Mary and my daddy is a postman.”
The next little boy said, “I’m Andy and my Dad is a mechanic.”
It was then little Johnny’s turn and he said “My name is Johnny and my
father is a striptease dancer in a cabaret for gay men.”
The teacher gasped and quickly moved on, but later, in the school yard,
the teacher approaches Johnny privately and asks if it was really true that his
Dad dances nude in a gay bar. Little Johnny blushed and said, “Nah, he’s
actually an auditor for Arthur Andersen but I was just too embarrassed to say.”
(e-mail sent by a former student)

VOCABULARY BUILD UP

Some words have been removed from the minitexts that
follow. Complete them with the words from the box paying
attention to the meaning and structure of the texts.

Mini text: International trade

primary exchange share outsourcing
finance boundaries political throughout

International trade is the __________ (1) of goods and services across
international ____________ (2). In most countries, it represents a significant
____________ (3) of GDP. While international trade has been present
____________ (4) much of history, its economic, social, and ___________ (5)
importance have been on the rise in recent centuries. Industrialization, advanced
transportation, globalization, multinational corporations, and ___________ (6)
are all having a major impact. Increasing international trade is the usually
____________ (7) meaning of "globalization".
International trade is also a branch of economics, which, together with
international ___________ (8), forms the larger branch of international
economics. (From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.




VOCABULARY BUILD UP

COMMERCIAL BANKS

Complete the text with each of the words on the right.

Commercial banks are designed to make a a.- borrowers
................. (1) for their ................. (2). They receive money
in the form of ............... (3), savings or repayments from b.- profit
the public, they lend it at interest to ................. (4). Profit is
made primarily from ............... (5). Obviously, banks do c.- stockholders
not keep most of the money they receive; indeed, a bank
will have on hand only enough to pay those ................... (6) d.- deposits
who want to withdraw their money on a given day. A
e.- interest
modern bank usually needs no more than 2% of its money
_____________
in ................ (7)
f.- cash
Yet law requires this same bank to deposit a sixth or
seventh of its ................. (8) in non-earning funds with the g.- customers
Federal Reserve Bank in its district.
To insure additional protection against a “run” in h.- bonds
which ...................... (9) would exceed deposits, most
banks buy government ........................ (10) called notes or i.- withdrawals
certificates. These are short-term notes of from 90 days to
one year. Reasons for owning bonds, whether short or j.- resources
long-term, are : a) they can be converted to cash quickly, ______________
thus providing ...............……... (11), b) they provide an k.- assets
...................…… (12), and they are a hedge against the
changing value of .................... (13) . l.- amount
If a bank really needs only a 2 percent reserve, why
then does the Federal Reserve System require 15 or 20 m.- liquidity
percent reserve? The main purpose is not for …………..
n.- income
(14) of the deposits but to control the .............……. (15) of
money member banks can create. (Excerpt from “An o.- safety
Outline of American Economy”, ps.85/86, USIA, 1986)




VOCABULARY BUILD UP

MONETARY AND FISCAL POLICY

Eight words have been removed from the passage above. Choose
the options that best complete it.

We have seen that through its monetary policies government can try to
control money to __________ (1) inflation, fight depressions, and provide full
__________. (2). By trying to control the amount of money in circulation, the
government influences the __________ (3) of investment, savings, and
expenditures that takes place in the economy. However, as part of its fiscal
policy, the government can, if it so chooses, also expand or __________ (4) its
own expenditures. It can build or __________ (5) from building highways,
military aircraft, schools, or a hundred other things for which it spends money.
Because the government spends between 20 percent and 25 percent of the total
Gross National Product __________ (6) goods and services (excluding transfer
payments), this spending or restraint will have a major effect on the condition of
the economy.
When the government increases its level of spending, without
__________ (7) taxes, it is pumping more money into the economy. During
sluggish periods, this process can serve to __________ (8) up the economy,
cause new investment, and create jobs. On the other hand, too much stimulus
can aggravate inflation. (From An Outline of American Economy, p 92, USIA)

1. a) curb b) balance c) project d) cut

2. a) employed b) employees c) employers d) employment

3. a) number b) slice c) amount d) mixture

4. a) detract b) subtract c) contract d) retract

5. a) refrain b) retain c) contain d) maintain

6. a) at b) for c) in d) on

7. a) risen b) raising c) rising d) raised

8. a) heat b) heighten c) hotter d) hurry




A LOOK AT PAST EXAMS

ESAF / AFTN-98

Read the text below in order to answer questions 1 to 3.

Tax Audits
Although only about one out of every 100 individual tax returns will be
audited in 1998, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) is very good at selecting
returns for audit that will yield additional taxes. Nevertheless, if your return is
selected, it does not necessarily mean you will incur any additional tax liability.
If you do not agree with the examiner’s report, you can meet with the
examiner’s supervisor to discuss your case further. If you still do not agree, you
have the right to appeal the findings through a separate Appeals Office. You can
also appeal to the U.S. Tax Court.

1. The author states that the examiner’s report might be
a) dishonest.
b) unofficial.
c) questioned.
d) irrevocable.
e) ambiguous.

2. According to the text, when you meet the examiner’s supervisor
a) the two of you must reach a final agreement.
b) you wish to discuss the examiner’s liability.
c) you have already accepted the examiner’s report.
d) additional taxes are charged.
e) you intend to discuss the examiner’s report in more detail.

3. The text implies that
a) Audits rarely result in additional charges.
b) Additional taxes may be charged.
c) Additional taxes must not be adopted.
d) Audits are an unnecessary practice.
e) Audits will soon be abolished.




ANSWERS

Vocabulary Pre-Test Text 1
1. indústria, companhia manufatureira // 2. cuidado pessoal // 3. uma nova
campanha // 4. a nova logomarca // 5. uma parte integrante // 6. a embalagem
dos produtos da companhia // 7. os diferentes ícones // 8. os benefícios ao
consumidor // 9. uma vantagem competitiva // 10. a política futura da
companhia.

Warm Up For The Mock Test
1. B // 2. A // 3. D // 4. E // 5. C

Vocabulary Pre-Test Text 2
a. 7 // b. 6 // c. 8 // d. 5 // e. 9 // f. 10 // g. 1 // h. 2 // i. 3 // j. 4

Exploiting Text 2
Past simple: was (L-7), began (L-6), arrived (L-17), saw (L-18)
Present simple: take (L-1), spread out (L-9), point out (L-12), recalls (L-19),
boasts (L-19).
Future simple: will find (L-5)
Collocations
Adj +noun : historic past, booming agribusiness town, common filling station,
stunted growth, dust-covered savanna, small city, growing population, local
entrepreneur, modern architecture, …
noun + noun: cotton fields, world markets, gas station, truck stop
paraphrasing: Primavera do Leste was founded 17 years ago …
translation: earning millions of dollars in world markets ( =- rendendo,
gerando milhões de dólares nos mercaados mundiais)

True or False?
a. (T) // b. (T) // c. (T) // d. (F) // e. (T)

Rise & Fall
Meaning ‘rise’: advance, be firm, be strong, jump, leap, rocket
Meaning ‘fall’: be weak, dip, drift, drop, ease, plummet, plunge, sink, slip,
slump, tumble
Meaning ‘to rise after falling’: rally, rebound, recover, revive




Vocabulary build up: mini- text
1. exchange // 2. boundaries // 3. share // 4. throughout // 5. political // 6.
outsourcing // 7. primary // 8. finance

Commercial Banks
1. B // 2. C // 3. D // 4. A // 5. C // 6. G // 7. F // 8. J // 9. I // 10. H // 11. M // 12.
N // 13. K // 14. O // 15. L

MONETARY AND FISCAL POLICY
1. a // 2. d // 3. c // 4. c // 5. a // 6. d // 7. b // 8. a

Perfect Modals

-I-
S1: “I painted the door of my garage all by myself.”
S2: “I could have helped you.”
(it indicates a possibility that existed in the past: “Had you asked me I could
have helped you”)
-II-
S1: “Jill failed to pass her exam.”
S2: “She should have studied harder.”
(it was her obligation, she was supposed to study, but she didn’t.)
Note: Ought to have studied might have been used in the above example.
-III-
S1: “Debby’s room lights are out.”
S2: “She must have gone to sleep already.
(that is the most logical conclusion you draw)
-IV-
S1: “Have you seen ‘Diamonds are Forever”?”
S2: “If it’s a 007 movie, I must have seen it”
(S2 most probably is a James Bond fan and has seen all his movies.)
-V-
S1: “Did it rain last night?”
S2: “It may have rained.”
(it indicates a past possibility; “might have rained” would show a remoter
possibility)
-VI-
S1: “Has Janet called yet?”
S2: “Not yet. I’m afraid we will have left for Canada when she does.
[future perfect tense (by the time she calls they won’t be there to answer
the phone.)]




Affixes Ensemble
I-
1. misunderstanding // 2. superiority // 3. aggressiveness // 4. brotherhood // 5.
childish
II -
1. UNfortunate // 2. INfrequent // 3. IMprecise // 4. NON-violent // 5. ILlegible
// 6. IRregular

A LOOK AT PAST EXAMS

ESAF / AFTN-98
1. C // 2. E // 3. B

Vocabulary Post-test (Tax Audits)

A B
1. Internal Revenue Service a. ( ) produzir tributos adicionais
2. selecting returns for audit b. ( ) recorrer dos cálculos através
3. yield additional taxes c. ( ) um outro Conselho de Recursos
4. incur any additional tax liability d. ( ) alguma vegetação rasteira
5. to appeal the findings through e. ( ) ser obrigado a novos impostos
6. a separate Appeals Office f. ( ) escolher declarações p/ auditar




AULA 7

Avalie se os seguintes objetivos desta aula foram alcançados.

TÓPICOS & OBJETIVOS
Raise your awareness of:
Despertar sua conscientização para:

I– Warm up for the Mock Test
Aquecimento para o teste simulado

II – Reading Comprehension: Unilever’s text – Multiple-choice
Compreensão de Leitura: Texto da Unilever – múltipla escolha

III – Study of text 2: Primavera do Leste // True or False?
Estudo do texto1: “Primavera do Leste ” /// Questõs de Falso / Verdadeiro

IV - Word Forms – Suffix –EST / superlatives
Formação de Palavras – sufixo –EST formador dos superlativos

V- Confusable Words: Economic/ Economical // Further / farther
// founded / funded / found // amount / number
Palavras que confundem: economic /economical // further / farther // founded /
funded / found // amount / number

VI - Perfect Modals // Task
Os verbos modais perfeitos // Exercício

VII - ‘Rise’ and ‘Fall’ verbs
Os verbos que indicam subida e queda.

VIII– Lighten up! An anecdote
Relaxe! Uma anedota

IX – Vocabulary Build-up: Specialized vocabulary: International
Trade / Commercial Banks // Monetary and Fiscal Policy
Construção de Vocabulário: Vocabulário técnico: Comércio Internacional //
Bancos Comerciais // Política Monetária e Fiscal

X– Analysis of past exams: ESAF / AFTN -98- Tax Audits
Análise de provas anteriores: ESAF / AFTN -98- Auditorias / Ações fiscais


Ingles aula 7

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