1. The ShaleRevolution : Shale RevolutionCharacteristics Existing Technologies Natural Gas References Shale, a sedimentary rock is predominantly comprised of strengthened clay sized particles. Shale is deposited as mud in low energy depositional environments as deep water basins and tidal flats where these fine grained clay particles fall out of suspension in these quite water. Shale is a source rock for hydrocarbon having low permeability. It is a common rock formation across the world. Unconventional gas shale, a natural gas from shale formations, is not new to explorers. The continuous accumulation of tight and low permeable shale acts as both a source and a reservoir for the natural gas shale formations with certain characteristics and under certain conditions produce shale gas. The gas produced by shale is stored within the pore spaces or fractures in the rock itself which does not allow gas to flow easily through it. This led pioneers to traditionally focus on limestone and sandstone which have high permeability. TECHNOLOGY SHALE GAS

3. Eventually today, coal fire power is again on the declining state, ports for liquefied natural gas are idling below capacity and the nation is awash with gas.

4. It resulted in threat of carbon regulations that curbed industry's appetite for coal. Then there came to boom to the industry that again rose the natural gas production.

5. The technology based corporate like USA and China discovered the essence of Shale and today, they are very effectively using shale gas as natural gas, which is very beneficial economically.

6. The dramatic emergence of shale gas in US, produced gas in excess. This sharply reduced the US price of natural gas by 75% from its peak in mid-2008. The share of shale gas in US gas production has raised from 0 to 8%. A deposit, the Barnett shale in Texas produced 1.1 trillion cubic feet of gas in 2008 and other deposits could be as productive. TECHNOLOGY SHALE GAS

8. Chert

9. Calcite

10. Dolamite

11. Ankerite

12. Hematite

13. Albite TECHNOLOGY SHALE GAS

15. Thermal maturity

17. High resistivity

18. Low bulk density

19. Low PeShale gas, simply a natural gas, produced from shale formation which typically acts as both the reservoir and the source for the natural gas TECHNOLOGY SHALE GAS

20. Shale RevolutionCharacteristics Existing Technologies Natural Gas References Natural Gas And Shale Gas :- Natural Gas is a combustible mixture of hydrocarbon gas, that is primarily formed of methane, and also include ethane, propane, butane and pentane. When burnt, it gives off a great deal of energy. Unlike other fossil fuels, it emits lower levels of potentially harmful byproducts in the air. Natural Gas is Colorless, Shapeless and Odorless in its pure form . The composition of Natural Gas can vary wide, but below is a chart outlining the typical makeup of Natural Gas before it is refined. TECHNOLOGY SHALE GAS

22. Industry and production – In industrial sector, the use of natural gas is divided between production and energy. Anti freeze and plastic are made using natural gas. Natural gas I food processing industries is basically used to power up their plants but petroleum refining and waste treatment are big consumers of natural gas.

23. Residential uses – Many home appliances including furnaces, barbecues, fireplace logs, pool and spa heaters and fire pits run on natural gas home includes residential heating 51% of American homes choose natural gas as the main source of heat. Natural gas air conditioning is not popular as an electrical alternative, but it does exist. TECHNOLOGY SHALE GAS

24. Shale RevolutionCharacteristics Existing Technologies Natural Gas References Natural Gas Use By Sector In Vehicles : TECHNOLOGY SHALE GAS

25. Existing Technologies / Methodologies for Extraction : Shale RevolutionCharacteristics Existing Technologies Natural Gas References In 1990, the pioneers introduced a new technology. Due to low permeability, (most have a matrix permeability of 10-4-10-8 mD) a tight shale deposit could be cracked by injecting water at high pressure. On stopping the water injection the pores closed again. This led engineers pump water mixed with sand. The sand being kept permeable the cracks partially opens on stopping the water injection thus leading to the increase in gas flow. Vertical drilling into a deposit of 20 meters can yield only to a production zone of 20 meters. Older shale gas wells were vertical while more recent wells are primarily horizontal older shale gas wells werevertical while more recent were are primarily horizontal and therefore new techniques have facilitated horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing. Regardless of the said permeability of the reservoir rock, the rock can be damaged by the drilling machine when a well is to be drilled out of the reservoir rock, casing of that particular region is set and cemented. Damage of these rocks mainly occurs is the drilling process and complete fluid leaks into the reservoir and plug up the pores and pore throats due to which its permeability decreases .when the pores of these reservoirs rocks are plugged, the permeability is Reduced and the fluid flow in this damaged portion of the reservoir may substantially reduce. Due to the above reason the damage can be severe in naturally fractured reservoir like coal seams. Hydraulic fracturing is the process of pumping a fluid into a wellbore with very high injection rate for the formation to be accepted in a radial flow pattern. . TECHNOLOGY SHALE GAS

27. Increase the flow rate of oil or gas wells that have been damaged.

28. Connect the natural fractures or cleats formation to the wellbore.

29. Decrease the pressure drop around the well to minimize sand production.

31. Thanks to the advancements in drilling technology, including horizontal drilling and effective rock fracturing that supported the producers at last unlock the vast reservoir of gas trapped underground in impermeable strata of shale TECHNOLOGY SHALE GAS

32. Types of shale : Shale RevolutionCharacteristics Existing Technologies Natural Gas References TECHNOLOGY SHALE GAS

33. The Kajrahat Formation : Black shale : The oldest black shale, located in the lower part of the Kajrahat Formation, is up to 12.5m thick. The youngest black shale unit, the Bijaigarh Shale, is up to 70 m hick, which occurs sandwiched between the Lower and Upper Kaimur sandstone. From the Prior petrographic studies, it has been observed that of the three shale units, the black shale interval in the Kajrahat Formation probably has the most compelling indications of microbial mat formation at the sediment surface. Features like thin carbonaceous fragments that apparently have been contorted, folded, and rolled up during transport point to the presence of cohesive carbonaceous films. This cohesive nature is consistent with microbial surface binding. The basal contacts of some of the black shale beds with underlying gray shale show inclined carbonaceous lamina and clay drapes suggestive of False cross-lamination (produced when the lateral expansion of a mat through time is intermittently interrupted by pulses of sediment. In addition, some samples of the Kajrahat Formation black shale show even parallel lamina that reflect physical sedimentation, such as settling and current reworking. Thus, microbial mat colonization appears to have been intermittent and/or spatially limited and prone to interruption when sedimentation rates were too high or sedimentation pulses persisted for longer time periods. The lamina style itself bears strong resemblance to wavy-crinkly lamina observed in other occurrences of Proterozoic carbonaceous shale that have been studied in some depth for microbial mat features. Shale RevolutionCharacteristics Existing Technologies Natural Gas References Types of Shale : TECHNOLOGY SHALE GAS

34. Shale RevolutionCharacteristics Existing Technologies Natural Gas References The Rampur Shale : The Rampur Shale at the mid-level of the Vindhyan Super group, containing abundant evidence of intermittent erosion of unconsolidated mud, occurs at the base of the Rohtas Limestone and is up to 55 m thick. Many thin sections show a wavy lenticular fabric that on first glance closely resembles microbial mat laminated carbonaceous shale from the Belt Basin. However, what initially appears as wavy clay drapes that separate carbonaceous salty lamina looks upon closer inspection like stacked up clay-rich fragments that were soft when deposited and were squeezed together when compacted. This impression is reinforced when a cut parallel to lamination is made. If a laminated shale is cut parallel to bedding, multiple lamina are intercepted because of slight irregularities and when ground this surface shows a pattern that resembles the isoclines of a topo graphic map. In contrast, when wavy lenticular laminated Rampur Shale specimens are ground parallel to lamination we see a surface that is strewn with shale particles. At higher magnification one sees that the shale does indeed consist of discrete shale particles and that these fragments are compacted and deformed. In plain view the irregular shaped shale particles are clearly visible at higher magnification other samples show layers of gray shale with irregular carbonaceous fragments that are up to 10 millimeters in size. In thin section these fragments are quite thin (0.1-0.2 mm) and may show deformation and folded over portions). This mechanical behavior suggests a within-fragment cohesiveness that one should not expect if this material originated as a simple mixture of clays, silt, and organic matter. Such behavior is however, consistent with binding by microbial surface films. Intervals of the Rampur Shale that contain these fragments also show wavy anatomizing carbonaceous lamina interspersed with clay drapes. In close-up view these bear striking resemblance to the lamina pattern in other examples of Proterozoic carbonaceous shale of microbial mat origin. In the Rampur Shale indications of surface binding by microbial mats appear to be less abundant than in the Kajrahat Formation black shale interval. The abundance of Rampur shale that consist of compacted shale fragments Suggests an overall more energetic environment when compared to black shale in the Kajrahat formation. TECHNOLOGY SHALE GAS

35. Shale RevolutionCharacteristics Existing Technologies Natural Gas References The Bijaigarh Shale: The Bijaigarh Shale shows the discrete flattened shale particles in cuts perpendicular to bedding, and fragment strewn Surfaces in cuts parallel to bedding. Its features indicate the erosion of a mud substrate by strong currents.The majority of thin sections from the upper third of the Bijaigarh shale show features that closely resemble those observed in microbial mat laminated Proterozoic black shale, whereas, many thin sections are either entirely characterized by wavy crinkly anastomosing carbonaceous lamina that alternate with clay drapes of variable thickness and continuity, or show carbonaceous layers of this type interspersed with beds of non-laminated shale. These shale beds are texturally comparable to microbial mat-produced Proterozoic black shale. The prior petro graphic observations indicates the presence of cohesive carbonaceous surface films, suggesting microbial mat binding of the mud surface. The reflected light and SEM studies of polished sections of Bijaigarh Shale from the upper third of the unit also show that fine crystalline early digenetic pyrite is largely confined to carbonaceous lamina and displays a wavy anatomizing texture as well . This has also been observed in the pyritic faces of microbial mat shale from the Middle Proterozoic Belt Basin. This faces of the Bijaigarh Shale also contains abundant clusters of phosphatic spheres that seem to fill in and accrete around original spherical structures of a few microns diameter.In places multiple spheres are encased in a single phosphatic overgrowth. In the lower two thirds of the Bijaigarh Shale, wavy anatomizing laminated carbonaceous shale seem absent. This portion of the succession is instead dominated by massive to evenly laminated carbonaceous shale that closely resembles their physically deposited Phanerozoic counterparts. That microbial mat can have an important impact on the preservation and modification of siliciclastic sediment surfaces Is increasingly being recognized. In the absence of grazing metazoans many Precambrian sediment surfaces, including Muddy substrates, were probably covered with microbial mats and biofilms when a favorable balance existed between Sedimentation rate, availability of moisture, and an energy source. Yet, whereas microbial mats were a major producer of biomass in the Precambrian, not all carbonaceous shale of that age necessarily represent in situ microbial mats. Although there are indications for microbial mat colonization of mud surfaces in all of the three carbonaceous shale pictured here, there is also evidence in all instances of shale faces that either mimic microbial mat style lamination or are evenly laminated and quite comparable to Phanerozoic non- mat carbonaceous shale. TECHNOLOGY SHALE GAS

36. References Liu Honglin, Wang Hongyan, Liu Renhe, Zhaoqun，Lin Yingji , 2009 International coal bed and shale gas symposium, Shale gas in China : New Important Role of Energy of role in 21st century Modern shale gas Development in the US ,A Primer , April 2009 , US Department of Energy, Ground Water Protection council , National Energy Technology Laboratory Strategic Centre for Natural Gas and Oil. J Schieber , S Sur & S Banerjee , 2007, 7(e) Benthic microbial mats in black shale units from the Vndhyan Supergroup , Middle Proterozoic of India: The challenges of recognizing the genuine article. Evaluation of Impacts of Underground Sources of Drinking Water by Hydraulic Fracturing of Coalbed Methane Reservoirs, APP . A-23 , June 2004 , Appendix A, Department of Energy – Hydraulic Fracturing White paper Mike P. Jackson , October 2007 , The Future of Natural Gas in India : A study of major Consuming Sector. Shale Revolution (editorial) Nature460, 551-552 (30 July 2009) | doi:10.1038/460551b; Published online 29 July 2009 Total Energy Consumed in the US – 2007 , EIA – Annual Energy Outlook 2009 J. Daniel Arther , SPE, Brian Bohm & Davd Cornue,2009 , Environmental Considerations of Modern Shale Gas Development. Rick Lewis , David Ingraham , Marc Pearcy,2004 , New Revolution Techniques for Gas Shale Reservoirs , Reservoir Symposium 2004 Swaminathan S Anklesaria Aiyar (article), Shale Gas: Could it be a new energy source? , 9th August 2009 , Times Of India Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas , Government of India , http://petroleum.nic.in/conserv.htm Shale RevolutionCharacteristics Existing Technologies Natural Gas References Types of Shale : TECHNOLOGY SHALE GAS