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Ch 16
1.
16-1Copyright © 2003
Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chapter 16Chapter 16 Developing Price StrategiesDeveloping Price Strategies and Programsand Programs byby PowerPoint byPowerPoint by Milton M. PressleyMilton M. Pressley University of New OrleansUniversity of New Orleans
2.
16-2Copyright © 2003
Prentice-Hall, Inc. Sell value,Sell value, not price.not price. Kotler on Marketing
3.
16-3Copyright © 2003
Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chapter Objectives In this chapter, we focus on threeIn this chapter, we focus on three questions:questions: How should a price be set on a product orHow should a price be set on a product or service for the first time?service for the first time? How should the price be adapted to meetHow should the price be adapted to meet varying circumstances and opportunities?varying circumstances and opportunities? When should the company initiate a priceWhen should the company initiate a price change, and how should it respond to achange, and how should it respond to a competitor’s price change?competitor’s price change?
4.
16-4Copyright © 2003
Prentice-Hall, Inc. Figure 16.1: Nine Price-Quality Strategies
5.
16-5Copyright © 2003
Prentice-Hall, Inc. Setting the Price Step 1: Selecting the pricing objectiveStep 1: Selecting the pricing objective SurvivalSurvival Maximize current profitsMaximize current profits Maximize market shareMaximize market share Market-penetration pricingMarket-penetration pricing Best when:Best when: Market is highly price-sensitive, and a low priceMarket is highly price-sensitive, and a low price stimulates market growth,stimulates market growth, Production and distribution costs fall withinProduction and distribution costs fall within accumulated production experience, andaccumulated production experience, and Low price discourages actual and potentialLow price discourages actual and potential competitioncompetition
6.
16-6Copyright © 2003
Prentice-Hall, Inc. Many companies engage in “marketMany companies engage in “market skimming,” offering new products atskimming,” offering new products at whatever price the market will bear, thenwhatever price the market will bear, then over time decreasing the price in order toover time decreasing the price in order to gain the maximum profit from eachgain the maximum profit from each market segment. Can you think of anymarket segment. Can you think of any products that wouldn’t fitproducts that wouldn’t fit this pricing model?this pricing model? Why not?Why not?
7.
16-7Copyright © 2003
Prentice-Hall, Inc. Step 2: Determining DemandStep 2: Determining Demand Price sensitivityPrice sensitivity Total Cost of Ownership (TCO)Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) Estimating Demand CurvesEstimating Demand Curves Price Elasticity of DemandPrice Elasticity of Demand InelasticInelastic ElasticElastic Price indifference bandPrice indifference band
8.
16-8Copyright © 2003
Prentice-Hall, Inc. Step 3: Estimating CostStep 3: Estimating Cost Types of Cost and Levels of ProductionTypes of Cost and Levels of Production Fixed costs (overhead)Fixed costs (overhead) Variable costVariable cost Total costTotal cost Average costAverage cost Accumulated ProductionAccumulated Production Experience curve (Learning curve)Experience curve (Learning curve) Differentiated Marketing OffersDifferentiated Marketing Offers Activity-based cost (ABC) accountingActivity-based cost (ABC) accounting Target costingTarget costing
9.
16-9Copyright © 2003
Prentice-Hall, Inc. Step 4: Analyzing Competitors’ Cost,Step 4: Analyzing Competitors’ Cost, Prices, and OffersPrices, and Offers Step 5: Selecting a Pricing MethodStep 5: Selecting a Pricing Method Markup PricingMarkup Pricing Unit Cost = variable cost + (fixed cost/unit sales)Unit Cost = variable cost + (fixed cost/unit sales) Markup priceMarkup price Markup price= unit cost/ (1 – desired return on sales)Markup price= unit cost/ (1 – desired return on sales) Target-Return PricingTarget-Return Pricing Target-return price =Target-return price = unit cost + (desired return X investment capital)/unit salesunit cost + (desired return X investment capital)/unit sales
10.
16-10Copyright © 2003
Prentice-Hall, Inc. Break-even volumeBreak-even volume Break-even volume = fixed cost / (price – variable cost)Break-even volume = fixed cost / (price – variable cost) Perceived-Value PricingPerceived-Value Pricing Perceived valuePerceived value Price buyersPrice buyers Value buyersValue buyers Loyal buyersLoyal buyers Value-in-use priceValue-in-use price Figure 16.8: Break-Even Chart for Determining Target-Return Price and Break-Even Volume
11.
16-11Copyright © 2003
Prentice-Hall, Inc. Value PricingValue Pricing Everyday low pricing (EDLP)Everyday low pricing (EDLP) High-low pricingHigh-low pricing Going-Rate PricingGoing-Rate Pricing Auction-Type PricingAuction-Type Pricing English auctions (ascending bids)English auctions (ascending bids) Dutch auctions (descending bids)Dutch auctions (descending bids) Sealed-bid auctionsSealed-bid auctions Group PricingGroup Pricing
12.
16-12Copyright © 2003
Prentice-Hall, Inc. Step 6: Selecting the Final PriceStep 6: Selecting the Final Price Psychological PricingPsychological Pricing Reference priceReference price Gain-and-Risk-Sharing PricingGain-and-Risk-Sharing Pricing Influence of the Other Marketing ElementsInfluence of the Other Marketing Elements Brands with average relative quality but high relativeBrands with average relative quality but high relative advertising budgets charged premium pricesadvertising budgets charged premium prices Brands with high relative quality and high relativeBrands with high relative quality and high relative advertising budgets obtained the highest pricesadvertising budgets obtained the highest prices The positive relationship between high advertisingThe positive relationship between high advertising budgets and high prices held most strongly in the laterbudgets and high prices held most strongly in the later stages of the product life cycle for market leadersstages of the product life cycle for market leaders
13.
16-13Copyright © 2003
Prentice-Hall, Inc. Brands with average relative quality but high relativeBrands with average relative quality but high relative advertising budgets charged premium pricesadvertising budgets charged premium prices Brands with high relative quality and high relativeBrands with high relative quality and high relative advertising budgets obtained the highest pricesadvertising budgets obtained the highest prices The positive relationship between high advertisingThe positive relationship between high advertising budgets and high prices held most strongly in the laterbudgets and high prices held most strongly in the later stages of the product life cycle for market leadersstages of the product life cycle for market leaders Company Pricing PoliciesCompany Pricing Policies Impact of Price on Other PartiesImpact of Price on Other Parties
14.
16-14Copyright © 2003
Prentice-Hall, Inc. Adapting the Price Geographical Pricing (Cash,Geographical Pricing (Cash, Countertrade, Barter)Countertrade, Barter) CountertradeCountertrade BarterBarter Compensation dealCompensation deal Buyback arrangementBuyback arrangement OffsetOffset Price Discounts and AllowancesPrice Discounts and Allowances
15.
16-15Copyright © 2003
Prentice-Hall, Inc. Adapting the Price Promotional PricingPromotional Pricing Loss-leader pricingLoss-leader pricing Special-event pricingSpecial-event pricing Cash rebatesCash rebates Low-interest financingLow-interest financing Longer payment termsLonger payment terms Warranties and service contractsWarranties and service contracts Psychological discountingPsychological discounting
16.
16-16Copyright © 2003
Prentice-Hall, Inc. Adapting the Price Discriminatory PricingDiscriminatory Pricing Customer segment pricingCustomer segment pricing Product-form pricingProduct-form pricing Image pricingImage pricing Channel pricingChannel pricing Location pricingLocation pricing Time pricingTime pricing Yield pricingYield pricing
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