Idt magazine 11-2008

Published By Free monthly technical magazine
Industrial Development Team - IDT second issue
Faculty of Engineering – Ain Shams University 11/2008

IDT MAGAZINE – Second Issue
‫ر‬ IDT Page 2

“Dear my friend,
I hope you are in excellent health and you are doing best in your daily life.
I am writing my letter telling you a surprise I found In the Faculty of
Engineering, Ain Shams University.
Do you remember the last time we spoke about our dreams in powerful and
competitive Egyptian industry?
I never forget this day. We thought what if the industry here in Egypt is
developed and how this development can change the face of life in Egypt.
Do you remember? Our dream in more jobs for Egyptian citizens
Do you remember? Our dream in strong economy leads Egypt to higher
position between nations.
The surprise, my friend, is that I found a group of engineering students who
started this dream.
I found the hope and the first steps towards tomorrow’s dream. I found
youth’s enthusiasm, youths who are called “Industrial Development Team-
IDT”.”
This was a letter from an Egyptian citizen love his country and wants it to
be the top.
Mohammad Ghareeb
IDT 09 president

‫ا م‬ ‫ا‬ Page 3

The importance of plastic industry comes from it is considered as the main
complementary industry for many others
Imagine no pens, no TVs, no PCs, no mobile that’s all plastic complete it
So in this issue we will explore the history of this industry then in other issue we
will sail more in this important industry

Plastics History pale yellow when heated, was It was the game of billiards
used to replace glass in the that provided the unlikely
The history of plastics goes 18th century. The original cause for its eventual
back more than 100 years - breakthrough for the first commercial success. The
however, compared to other semi-synthetic plastics American Hyatt brothers
materials, plastics are material - cellulose nitrate - were attempting to develop a
relatively modern. Their occurred in the late 1850s substitute for the ivory
usage over the past century and involved the modification billiard ball and in so doing
has enabled society to make of cellulose fibers with nitric came up with a process for
huge technological advances acid. Cellulose nitrate had manufacturers using a
to take us towards the new many false starts and nitrate cellulose composition.
Millennium. Pre-20th Century financial failures following its Celluloid was thus born and
Although we think of plastic invention by a Briton, was patented in 1870 - its
as a modern invention, there Alexander Parkes, who early commercial success lay
have always been "natural exhibited it as the world's in dental plates for false
polymers" such as amber, first plastic in 1862. Firstly teeth.
tortoiseshell and horn. These known as Parke sine, then
materials behaved very much 1900s
Xylonite, it began to find
like manufactured plastics However, the flammability of
success in the production of
and were often put to similar cellulose nitrate prevented
objects such as ornaments,
uses to today's materials - its use in mass production
knife handles, boxes and
for example, horn, which rapid molding techniques. The
more flexible products such
becomes transparent and early 1900s saw the
as cuffs and collars.

IDT MAGAZINE – Second Issue Page 4

development of cellulose hairdryers, radio cabinets, 1922 - First spectacles
acetate to get around this ashtrays and cameras. molded in cellulose acetate
problem. This was widely Bakelite also had the benefit (in France)
used as safety film to stiffen of looking similar to wood, so
The 20s saw the production
and waterproof the fabric was a popular choice for car
of the first moldable light-
wings and fuselage of early dashboards and knobs.
colored plastic, made by
airplanes. Casein
It was also used to combining carbon dioxide and
formaldehyde was also
impregnate paper or fabric ammonia with formaldehyde.
developed at this time. Based
to make high pressure The resulting product, urea
on fat-free milk and rennin,
laminates for the emerging formaldehyde, could be used
this could be hardened and
telecommunications industry. to great visual effect and was
shaped to make buttons,
highly popular in making
buckles and knitting needles. The first patent for PVC was
tableware. By adding colored
registered in 1914. Cellophane
Bakelite - a hard, dark plastic powder to the white mixture,
was also discovered during
- was discovered by Leo it was possible to produce
this period.
Baekeland, a Belgian-born patterns which looked like
chemist in 1907 and was the The 1920s marble, alabaster or stone,
first truly synthetic plastic to in 1922 a German chemist, so for the first time, plastics
be patented. Made from Hermann Staudinger, made a were not just a functional
carboxylic acid and discovery which would choice, but also an aesthetic
formaldehyde, Bakelite resin change the whole face of the one. These urea resins also
was normally reinforced with plastics industry. Through found important industrial
fillers (either fibers or wood working with synthesized applications in varnishes,
flour). rubber, he found that plastics laminates and adhesives.
are made from chains of
Bakelite brought plastics into In 1921 the first injection
thousands of molecules linked
consumers' lives in a variety molding machine was
together, known as "super
of ways. Its excellent designed.
polymers" - a find which
insulating properties made it
prompted the invention of The 1930s
an ideal material for
many new plastics. Two developments during the


30s swept the plastics polymerization during also invented at this time, and
industry into mass storage was found. by 1935 it was starting to be
production. Firstly, used in aircraft cockpit
manufacturers learnt how manufacture and in other
‫ّب‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬
to produce plastics from protective screens.
petroleum - polystyrene, ‫ّب‬ ‫أ ا اء ر‬ ‫آن‬
‫دم‬ ُ ‫ا‬ ‫وآ ن أ ء‬ The first epoxy resins were
acrylic polymers and ‫و ، وه‬ ،‫و اء‬
‫ل: آ أ وا أ‬ developed in Switzerland in
polyvinyl chloride were all
‫، آ‬ ‫ا ا‬ ‫و‬ 1938. Main applications at
made in this way. Secondly, .‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ءا‬
‫أ‬ : ‫ً، ل‬ ‫ا‬ that time were in dentistry
injection molding, which had
‫ن‬ ،‫ا اء‬ ‫وا أ آ أ‬ and medicine, and, due to
always been problematical, ‫ء ف. إ أ‬ ‫ي، و ُ ن‬
، ‫د‬ ‫أن أ‬ their adhesive qualities as a
became much improved and
ُ ّ ‫ً، ن‬ ً ‫ا‬ constituent of glue, plastics
fully automated in 1937. ِ ْ ‫ِ ور‬ ‫ا‬
. became an increasingly
Both developments were
‫أ و‬ ‫ً وأ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫َ ا‬ common sight in the home as
good news for the ‫ن‬ ‫ا . راح ا م‬ ‫ا‬
. ‫ا ـ دة‬ ، ‫آ ا‬ urea formaldehyde became
consumer as they brought
‫ا م آ‬ ‫ا مَم‬ ً more widespread. This was
down the price of the end- ‫و‬ ‫و‬
‫ا‬ : ‫ا ةو ا‬ an era when, for the first
product and put plastics
ّ‫إ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن آ‬ time, consumers were
within easy grasp of ‫. وإذا آ‬ ‫هاا‬
.‫ا‬ ‫، وا‬ ‫دآ‬ demanding convenience,
everyone. Development of
‫ن إ . وا ت‬ ‫ا و ن‬ mainly because fewer people
PVC continued apace with : ‫و‬ ،‫ا أة‬ ‫ا‬
‫؟و‬ ‫ا ء ى‬ ‫أ‬ were employing domestic
the first use in insulating
‫ا أة‬ ‫. ور‬ ،‫إ ح‬ staff. As a result, hygienic,
electric cables in 1930. ‫ر‬ ‫ا ء ر‬
‫ّة ا ه‬ ‫و‬ easy-to-clean surfaces and
Polyamide was also . ‫و‬ labor saving devices were
‫ز‬ ‫ُ ِ و ع‬ ‫وإذا ا‬
developed at this time, and . ‫و ده‬ becoming popular. An
polystyrene was first attractive, light-colored,
produced commercially in hard-wearing plastic, urea
1937 when an economic formaldehyde suited modern
way of preventing Polymethyl methacrylate lifestyles perfectly and was
(acrylic or "Perspex") was used to make items such as


molded egg cups, cruet sets, discovered at the end of the laminates such as Formica,
light fittings, cream makers 20s, but was not put to great first popular in the United
and picnic sets. use until the 40s. Consisting States where they were used
of long filaments which could widely in espresso bars and
The 1940s
be spun and woven or knitted, dinettes. At the same time,
World War II meant a huge
the new plastic was used to molded melamine
boost for plastics. as a
make everything from formaldehyde resin was
domestically generated
parachutes to upholstery. becoming widely used as a
resource which had by this
component in tableware and
time become relatively cheap, PVC really took off during
became a popular alternative
plastic was able to take over this decade and into the
to china - so much so that by
from imported materials. In 1950s. It could be used,
the late 1950s, as much as
terms of design technology, among other things, to make
50% of all dinnerware sold
consumer products
was molded using this
benefited from the new
material. A first for the
techniques which had
car industry: 1956 saw the
been developed out of
major use of plastics in
necessity during the
car body design when the
war. The production of (Evertek)
‫ا ر ا‬ ‫ه ا ا‬ roof of a Citroen DS was
plastics which are still ‫ات‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬
‫اق ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ made from unsaturated
used widely today - such ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ ا‬ ‫ا ر إ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫لا‬
‫ا ي‬ ‫ةو‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ polyester reinforced with
as polyethylene, . ‫ى ا ـ981 د ر‬
‫د‬ ‫ه ر‬ ‫إ ىا تا‬
fiberglass. The
polystyrene, polyester, ‫ا‬ ‫ط‬
. combination of polyester
PET and silicones - all ‫ثو‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ار‬ ‫و ود‬
‫و راد اف ام‬ 1 ‫ي و آ رت‬ ‫ام‬ and fiberglass became a
grew during the
popular choice thereafter
wartime period. Silicones, for records. This discovery was
in the production of body
example, became widely used particularly well-timed
parts for cars and boats.
as water repellants and in considering the boom of the
heat resistant paints. popular music industry in this Polyethylene was first
era. The 1950s The 50s saw discovered in 1933, but it was
Nylon, the first totally man-
the growth of decorative in the 50s that the material
made fiber, had been


really took off thanks to a was a huge advantage. This lemon squeezers and bottle
new, safer production led to the introduction of a stoppers.
method. The new material range of innovative new
The so called "Space Race"
which had a high melting products in the fashion world,
began in the late 60s.
point and could be used including soft and hard foams
Plastics played an important
where other plastics had with a protective skin, wet-
part in the production of
failed, was used for dustbins, look polyurethane and
spacecraft components and
baby baths and chemical transparent acrylic. Home
equipment: its lightness and
containers. It was also the decor also benefited, where
versatility made it a material
material behind one of the eccentric designer furniture
of choice.
most famous symbols of such as inflatable chairs and
suburban life: The 1970s
Tupperware.
Plastics were playing an
The 1950s increasing "behind the
During the 50s plastics scenes" role in
became a major force in technological advances
the clothing industry. which began to take off
Polyester, Lycra and during this decade. In
acrylic lights became "must
nylon were easy to wash, engineering and the emerging
haves" for fashion-conscious
needed no ironing and were computer industry, new
consumers.
often cheaper than their "super polymers" were
natural alternatives and, as a 1960 saw the first use of PVC beginning to replace metals.
result, were hugely popular to bottle mineral water. Among other things, the
with consumers tired of the hygienic nature of plastics
tyranny of housework. The first domestic items
meant that use in medicine
made from molded
became increasingly
The 1960s polypropylene were
important. However, on the
In a decade renowned for its developed from 1963
style front, the 70s saw an
emphasis on style and onwards - including combs,
inevitable backlash against
fashion, the fact that plastics
the synthetic swinging
had become highly developed


sixties, with consumers such as computers, fiber products we buy from these
favoring a return to natural optic cables and telephones outlets.
materials like wood, cotton, all use plastics widely in their
Laminates saw a revival in
steel and leather. This trend design to provide strength,
the interior design world. But
coincided with a world energy light weight, insulation and
unlike the decorative
crisis and resulting shortage flexibility. Transport also has
laminates of the 60s, the new
of materials and for the first started using plastics more
breed was at the upper end of
and only time in the history of widely. Plastics use in cars
the market. The Milan
plastics, there was a slump in jumped 11% between 1974-88,
Furniture Show in 1981
the industry. and in the 1980s, the first
showed "The New
flight tests of the all-plastics
The Punk craze in the late International Design" -
aircraft took place.
70s provoked a slight furniture using multicolored
resurgence of plastics among Shopping habits have also plastic laminates which were
consumers with vinyl used in changed enormously with the sold at anything from £2,000
clothes and fashion emergence of super- and upwards.
accessories. hypermarkets and less and
Plastics became so highly
less purchase of fresh foods
The 1980/90s developed that they could not
from dedicated suppliers. only imitate but in some
the explosion in global
Plastics are now widely used cases exceed the
communications during the performance of the real
in packaging and play a key
80s and 90s has been made thing! For example PVC which
role in helping transport
largely possible through the looks like leather, and solid
maintain the freshness of the surfaces which imitate
use of plastics. Equipment

‫ام‬ ‫و ما‬ Page 9

‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬


Ph.D
Dsc

King’s College

‫‪IDT MAGAZINE – Second Issue‬‬ ‫21 ‪Page‬‬

‫...‬

‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬
‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫/ا‬ ‫1‬ ‫آ )‪ (telco KDDI‬د ل‬
‫ً.‬ ‫دة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫داد إ أ‬ ‫آ وه آ و، وا‬ ‫آ‬
‫ه ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه ا و‬ ‫تا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ةوا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫0655‬ ‫و‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬

‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ Page 13

Tomas
‫عا دا‬ ‫وا‬
‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫آ‬

‫دور ا‬
‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا ا ما‬
‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫م‬ ‫ة وا ر د وا‬ ‫وا‬

‫دور اداري ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫:ه‬ ‫ا‬ In 1914,
‫ا زا ا دار‬ ‫ز ن‬ ‫ون أ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أ‬ Thomas Edison,
‫أا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اث و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دآ ء‬ ‫وا‬
at age 67, lost
. ‫أ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫وز أي‬ ‫اف أو‬ ‫ا‬
his factory,
‫ت‬ ‫ا اء إن أآ ا‬ ‫ل‬ :‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ which was worth
.‫ء‬ ‫أ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ه ا‬ a few million
dollars, to fire.
‫إ اد‬ ‫أ اد ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫آ‬ : ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ It had very little
‫ع‬ ‫را‬ ‫ا‬ insurance. No
longer a young
‫ل‬ ‫أن آ ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء وا ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ :‫ء‬ ‫أراء ا‬
man, Edison
. ‫ول‬ ‫و‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ا‬
watched his
‫و‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ :‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ lifetime effort
‫ةو‬ ‫ا‬ go up in smoke
and said, "There
‫إ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫إ دة‬ is great value in
disaster. All
‫ءا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫تإ‬ our mistakes are
burnt up. Thank
‫ع‬ ‫ار‬ ‫لإ‬ ‫ا‬
‫ا ارات ا‬ ‫و او‬ ‫عو‬ ‫ذة‬ ‫ا ارات ا‬ God we can
‫أن‬ ‫دة ن ا‬ ‫ا ارات ا‬ ‫ق دا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ start anew." In
‫أآ وا‬ ‫رات و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دا أآ‬ spite of
disaster,
‫ع‬ ‫ار‬ ‫لإ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه آ ا‬ ‫ات‬ ‫ه ك‬
‫ا أي‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫رآ‬ ‫ا‬ Three weeks
later, he
invented the
phonograph.


‫ا ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا آ‬
The designer!!

Three
‫ءو‬ ‫ا‬ :‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اآ ف ى ا‬
‫ا‬ ‫ح أي‬ ‫وا‬ ‫عأ‬ ‫أ با‬
engineering
‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫رآ‬ ‫ن أن ا‬ ‫و‬
students were
gathered
‫ا‬ ‫اع دا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
together
: ‫ا‬ ‫اع دا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أ‬ ‫رآ‬
discussing the
possible
possible designers
‫ا‬ ‫اع دا‬ ‫ا‬
of the human ‫ل‬ ‫اع‬
‫أن‬ ‫ا‬
:‫ا اع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ا‬
body. ‫إ د ا اع‬ ‫و‬
One said, "It was ‫ا ا ت ا دة ه‬ :‫ص‬ ‫ا‬ ‫تو‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ ا اع‬
a mechanical ‫را‬ ‫ء أ ء ا اع ا ال‬ ‫و أ ا‬
engineer. Just ‫ه‬ ‫آ ه ا ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا :آن لأ ا‬ ‫ا‬
look at all the ‫؟‬ ‫ا‬
joints." ‫ثا ن‬ ‫ت ل‬ ‫أن آ ا‬ ‫: أ ء ا اع‬ ‫ا ه م‬
Another said, ‫ءأ ء‬ ‫آ تا‬ ‫أو‬ ‫تا‬ ‫إ رة ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وأن‬
``No, it was an ‫ا ت‬
electrical ‫آ‬ ‫كا‬ ‫أن‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا اع ه‬
engineer. The
‫ا‬
ً ّ
nervous system
.‫ن‬ ‫آ‬ ‫و‬ ‫وآ ن ا‬ ‫ا ك وز‬ ‫آن‬
has many . ‫أا‬ "‫ا‬ً " ‫ر ل ا ز‬ ‫وآ ن آ أ ب ا‬
thousands of "‫ا‬
ً " ‫لا ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و إ ى ا ات ُ إ‬
electrical ‫ذ ؟‬ ‫او ل ا‬ ً ً ‫ا‬
connections.'' . ‫ا ز‬ ‫وأ‬
The last said, "‫ا‬ً " ‫لا ز ا‬
was
``actually it was . ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا ز‬ ‫و‬
a civil , ‫ا اس‬ ‫وا‬ ‫م جا‬ ‫و‬
، ً ّ ‫ا‬ ً ‫ون‬ ‫م‬ ّ
engineer. Who
..‫ع‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ا أن‬
ّ ‫أن اآ‬ ‫آ‬ ‫و‬
else would run a
‫أ‬ ‫ّ وأول‬ ‫و‬ ‫م ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أن أ‬ ً ‫ـ ا‬
toxic waste ‫وا ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا ز‬ ‫أن أ ا اس أن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫رو‬
pipeline through . ‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫,و‬ ‫إ‬ ‫و ل أ أدرك ا ن ا‬
a recreational ‫ذ ؟‬ ‫ا‬ "‫ا‬ً " ‫أ ت‬ ‫و‬
area?'' ً ‫ن ُ م‬ ‫.. َ َ َ ُ ا‬ ‫ا ز أ‬
‫ا آ ا‬ ‫ا ... ن‬ ً
( ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ّ ‫وآ ل ر ل ا ) ا‬

‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ Page 15

WHAT ROBOTS LEARN

As the tasks that we ask of
robots—especially service
robots designed to help Just staying
humans—grow more aloft is
complicated, teaching robots impressive.
how to perform those tasks Unlike airplanes
has grown ever more that glide on
complex. That’s why robot wings,
developers may want to look helicopters are
at the work of a group of inherently
Stanford University unstable
researchers building systems. All
autonomous helicopters. They they really want to do is fall robot simply copy the moves
have taught their robotic out of the sky. “If you don’t of the team’s expert radio
helicopters to fly the same provide feedback, it will control pilot, Garrett Oku.
way humans learn—by copying crash,” said Pieter Abbeel. He Performance changed with
someone who knows how to do and fellow graduate students wind speed, sudden gusts,
it. Adam Coates, Timothy Hunter, temperature, and humidity.
and Morgan Quigley developed
These robots don’t just fly. the helicopter under the Finally, the programmers
They perform a whole range direction of Andrew Ng, an developed artificial
of aerobatic stunts, such as assistant professor of intelligence algorithms to
traveling flips, rolls, loops computer science. analyze Oku’s routines. Even
with pirouettes, stall-turns though Oku’s piloting varied
with pirouettes, inverted tail At first, Abbeel and Coates with each flight, the AI system
slides, and maneuvers with tried to teach helicopters was able to abstract the ideal
such exotic names as the aerobatics by writing trajectory Oku sought.
knife-edge, slapper, computer code for each Eventually, the autonomous
hurricane, and the tic-toc, specific maneuver. This helicopter learned to fly the
which involves swinging from proved workable (but not routine better and more
side to side. Not only do the elegant) for novice-level flips consistently than Oku himself.
robotic helicopters perform and rolls. It failed entirely for
these tricks, but they do them the tic-toc and other complex The helicopter carries
better than their human pilots. maneuvers. Nor could the accelerometers, gyroscopes,


and magnetometers that helicopters that can search pilots in the world can,” Ng
measure its position, for land mines in battle zones said.
direction, orientation, velocity,
or map the spread of wildfires Stanford’s autonomous
acceleration, and spin 20 in real time. “In order for us helicopters are a step in that
times per second. The AI to trust helicopters in these direction. They also showcase
system analyzes the data in sort of mission-critical the type of algorithms that
order to adjust the vehicle’s applications, it’s important may simplify teaching robots
flight path. that we have very robust, to provide complex services
very reliable helicopter to their human masters.
According to Ng, the goal is to controllers that can fly maybe
create autonomous as well as the best human

‫ا‬
..... ‫ان‬
........ ‫ر‬ ‫و‬
.... ‫و‬
.....‫د‬ ‫أه ا‬ ‫ور ا‬
‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬
....... ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬
..... ‫ا‬ ‫و‬
... ‫ل‬ ‫ىا‬
...‫ب‬ ‫وراو‬
.. ‫ا‬
.. ‫و‬
.... ‫ور‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬
.....
..... ‫ثا‬
.... ‫م‬ ‫و دي‬
.... ‫أو‬
... ‫أ‬
.... ‫ن‬
.... ‫ه‬ ‫و‬
.... ‫ا أ‬
....‫ا‬ ‫م‬
... ‫ه‬ ‫و‬

‫ي زوون‬ Page 17

80-
Pareto's Principle - The 80-20 Rule
How the 80/20 rule can help you to be more effective?!
In 1906, Italian their own areas of became known as
economist Vilfredo expertise. Quality Pareto's Principle or
Pareto created a Management pioneer, the 80/20 Rule. You
mathematical formula Dr. Joseph Juran, can read his own
to describe the working in the US in description of the
unequal distribution of the 1930s and 40s events in the Juran
wealth in his country, recognized a universal Institute article titled
observing
observing that twenty principle he called the Non-
Juran's Non-Pareto
percent of the people "vital few and trivial Principle.
Principle.
owned eighty percent many" and reduced it
of the wealth. to writing. What It means
the 80/20 Rule means
In the late 1940s, Dr. In an early work, a lack that in anything a few
Joseph M. Juran of precision on Juran's (20 percent) are vital
inaccurately attributed part made it appear and many (80 percent)
the 80/20 Rule to he
that he was applying trivial.
are trivial. In Pareto's
Pareto, calling it Pareto's observations case it meant 20
Pareto's Principle. about economics to a percent of the people
While it may be broader body of work. owned 80 percent of
misnamed, Pareto's The name Pareto's the wealth. In Juran's
Principle or Pareto's Principle stuck, initial work he
Law as it is sometimes probably because it identified 20 percent
be
called, can be a very sounded better than of the defects causing
effective tool to help Juran's Principle. 80 percent of the
you manage problems.
effectively. As a result, Dr. Juran's
observation of the Project Managers
Where It Came From "vital few and trivial know that 20 percent
After Pareto made his principle
many", the principle of the work (the first
observation and that 20 percent of percent
10 percent and the last
created his formula, something always are 10 percent) consume
many others observed responsible for 80 80 percent of your
similar phenomena in percent of the results, time and resources.


You can apply the on the 20 percent that 80 percent of your
80/20 Rule to almost matters. results you should
anything, from the Of the things you do focus your limited time
science of management during your day, only 20 on managing only that
to the physical world. percent really matter. 20 percent, the
Those 20 percent superstars.
You know 20 percent produce 80 percent of
of you stock takes up your results. Identify The theory is flawed,
80 percent of your and focus on those as we are discussing
warehouse space and
space things. When the fire here because it
that 80 percent of drills of the day begin overlooks the fact
your stock comes from to sap your time, that 80 percent of
20 percent of your remind yourself of the your time should be
suppliers. 20 percent you need to spent doing what is
focus on. really important.
Also 80 percent of
your sales will come If something in the Helping the good
from 20 percent of has
schedule has to slip, if become better is a
your sales staff. something isn't going better use of your time
to get done, make sure than helping the great
20 percent of your it's not part of that 20 becomes terrific.
staff will cause 80 percent. Apply the Pareto
percent of your Principle to all you do,
problems, but another There is a management but use it wisely.
20 percent of your theory floating around
staff will provide 80 at the moment that Manage This Issue
percent of your proposes to interpret Pareto's Principle, the
production. Pareto's Principle in 80/20 Rule, should
such a way as to serve as a daily
It works both ways. produce what is called reminder to focus 80
Superstar percent of your time
How It Can Help You Management.
Management. and energy on the 20
The value of the percent of you work
Pareto Principle for a The theory's that is really important.
manager is that it supporters claim that Don't just "work
reminds you to focus since 20 percent of smart", work smart on
your people produce the right things.

News Page 19

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2008

Harald zur Hausen Françoise Barré-Sinoussi Luc Montagnier
Germany b. 1936 France b. 1947 France b. 1932
1/2 of the prize 1/4 of the prize 1/4 of the prize
German Cancer Research Regulation of Retroviral World Foundation for
Centre Infections Unit, Virology AIDS Research and
Heidelberg, Germany Department, Institut Prevention
Pasteur Paris, France
"For his discovery of Paris, France
human papilloma viruses
causing cervical cancer"
"For their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus"
or vir

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2008

Yoichiro Nambu Makoto Kobayashi Toshihide Maskawa
shihide
USA b. 1921 Japan b. 1944 Japan b. 1940
Enrico Fermi Institute, High Energy Accelerator Kyoto Sangyo University;
University of Chicago Research Organization Yukawa Institute for
Chicago, IL, USA (KEK) Theoretical Physics
Tsukuba, Japan (YITP), Kyoto University
Kyoto, Japan
"For the discovery of the
mechanism of spontaneous "For the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry
broken symmetry in which predicts the existence of at least three families of
subatomic physics" quarks in nature"


The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008

Osamu Shimomura Martin Chalfie Roger Y. Tsien
USA b. 1928 USA b. 1947 USA b. 1952
Marine Biological Columbia University University of California
Cali
Laboratory (MBL) New York, NY, USA San Diego, CA, USA
Woods Hole, MA, USA
"For the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP"
or

The Nobel Prize in The Nobel Peace The Sveriges Riksbank Prize
Literature 2008 Prize 2008 in Economic Sciences in
Memory of Alfred Nobel
No
2008

Paul Krugman
Jean-Marie Gustave Le Martti Ahtisaari USA b. 1953
Clézio Finland b. 1937 Princeton University
France b. 1940 "For
"F his important efforts, Princeton, NJ, USA
"Author of new departures, on several continents and "For his analysis of trade
or
poetic adventure and over more than three patterns and location of
sensual ecstasy, explorer of decades, to resolv
resolve economic activity"
a humanity beyond and international conflicts"
below the reigning
civilization"

IDT MAGAZINE – Second Issue ‫عا د‬ Page 21

What Is Production Control?

The production control organization was
established
established in the early 1970s to provide a QA
function for the legacy environment. These
were its functions:
second-
• Provide second-level production support
• Participate in the disaster recovery
process/drills
• Reject new applications or major revisions to
production
applications in production prior to thorough
testing and documentation
• Breed technical resources
• Maintain scheduling requirements
• Provide centralized

ownership/accountability for key processes
such as change management, storage
management, etc.
• Maintain system management toolstools
• Assist senior systems programmers in
installation, support, and documentation
• Provide training to other groups within IT

on newly installed system management tools

Production Control versus Applications
Development
functions
In the 1970s, one of the primary functions of
the production control group was to accept or
decline new systems/applications from
applications development into what the
infrastructure support staff considered the
mission-
sacred mission-critical production environment.


Their job was to ensure RAS. On the other hand, the application
development charter was to design, develop, and deploy a system
into production as quickly as possible.

Two Worlds Clash

Nothing would enter the holy temple (data center) until the proper
the
documentation was provided, the appropriate staff was trained, and
the application went through a very thorough
QA process. The production control staff had
as much power to decline a new system being
deployed into production, as did the
applications development staff for bypassing
the normal process to expedite a system into
production. There was no bargaining; it was
production control's way or the system would
end up in the department's broom closet, not
supported by the production control group.
caused.
You can imagine the friction this caused.

This dictatorial type of behavior by the
production control staff lasted throughout
the 70s and midway through the 80s. The
one-
mainframe process was one-sided in favor of
the production control group. In the late 80s
and throughout the 90s, as most companies
companies
transitioned to client/server computing in a decentralized
environment, they did away with the production control function,
and with it went the production QA function. Along with
production QA went RAS. RAS was an afterthought.

Some companies tried to keep this organization intact by changing
the function dramatically. The perception was that production
control was bureaucratic. As technology was evolving at a torrid
pace in the late 80s and through the 90s, this perception became a


throughout
reality throughout IT. Sometimes it took
Mother's day
several weeks to put a system into
A man stopped at a flower
production. The intent was good, but it shop to order some flowers to
really slowed the deployment of new be wired to his mother who
systems, which in turn angered the user lived two hundred miles
community. The bureaucracy was away.
unbearable. got
As he got out of his car he
noticed a young girl sitting
The centralized production control staff on the curb sobbing.
He asked her what was
wouldn't dare say no to new systems or
wrong and she replied, "I
applications being deployed into a wanted to buy a red rose for
production environment, regardless of my mother.
whether they followed a process or seventy-
But I only have seventy-five
procedure. Support responsibilities were cents, and a rose costs two
pretty much contained to mainframe dollars."
their
applications. Because of their The man smiled and said,
"Come on in with me. I'll
bureaucratic process and dictatorial
buy you a rose."
behavior, the newer client/server
He bought the little girl her
off-
technology was off-limits. rose and ordered his own
mother's flowers.
A few companies still had a centralized As they were leaving he
production control staff supporting all offered the girl a ride home.
applications, but their responsibilities were She said, "Yes, please! You
whatever
very limited. If for whatever reason (such can take me to my mother."
She directed him to a
as poor operations documentation) they
where
cemetery, where she placed
declined to accept the new system into the
the rose on a freshly dug
corporate production environment, the grave.
customer/owner of the new system would The man returned to the
construct their own systems, even if it flower shop, canceled the
meant installing the server in a broom wire order, picked up a
closet. Once the system was declined by bouquet and drove the two
production control, the customer had no hundred miles to his
mother's house.
choice but to install the server wherever
possible—
possible—because they still had a business
to support.


Once a system went into production status, it became certified
production-ready,
production-ready, and consequently was located in the corporate
data center. The buck stopped with
How tall a particular production control. If the system was
hotel was???!! unstable (unable to maintain 99.9% uptime
An Engineering Student, a availability), there was no one to point
Physics Student, and a
Mathematics student were each fingers at but themselves. Production
given $150 dollars and were told failure
control's failure during this legacy
to use that money to find out
exactly how tall a particular hotel environment and even in today's network
was? world was determined by postponement of
All three ran off, extremely
communication or lack thereof.
keen on how to do this. The
Physics student went out,
purchased some stopwatches, a Production control waited until the
number of ball bearings, a
calculator, and some friends. He Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
had them all time the drop of ball was complete before they would start
bearings from the roof, and he
then figured out the height from communicating
communicating with applications
the time it took for the bearings development staff regarding their system
to accelerate from rest until they
requirements. There was very little
impacted with the sidewalk.
The Math student waited communication between applications
until the sun was going down, development and the entire
then she took out her protractor,
plumb line, measuring tape, and staff—
infrastructure support staff—especially
scratch pad, measured the length production control.
of the shadow, found the angle
the building's roof made from the
ground, and used trigonometry to involved
Production control was never involved in
figure out the height of the
pre-
any of the pre-production activities.
building.
These two students bumped Systems were literally thrown over the
into the Engineering student the wall into production. Production control
next day, who was nursing a
really bad hangover. When was never involved until applications
asked what he did to find the development said their systems were
height of the building he replied:
"Well, I walked up to the bell ready. Nine times out of ten, the systems
hop, gave him 10 bucks, asked (in
were not (in the eyes of the
him how tall the hotel was, and
infrastructure support staff) ready for
hit the coffee inside for happy
hour!" production.

This issue
BY
Hoda Tantawy
Mohammed Hassan (Shedeed)
Mohammed Karam
Mohammed Emad (ZInky)

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