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1. ENERGY 101:
kilo-what?
Gustav Brändström
Angela Vreeland

2. Outline
 What is Energy?
 Where does Energy come from?
 Why is carbon bad?

3. What is Energy?

4. What is Energy?
 Def. the capacity of a system to do work.
 Potential Energy – Electricity and Heat
 Kinetic Energy – Moving mass

5. Energy in Homes
 Sources
 Electricity
 Natural Gas / LPG
 Fuel Oil
 District Heating/Cooling
 Biomass

6. Energy in homes
 Energy use in homes
www.eia.doe.gov

7. Energy words
 Watt (W) [or Kilowatt (kW) = 1000 W]
 Unit of power, rate of usage
 Light bulbs, hairdryers and blenders
 Kilowatt Hour (kWh)
 Unit of energy, amount of usage
 Power over time
 Seen on energy bills

8. Energy words
 Btu
 British Thermal Unit
 Energy – amount of usage
 Raise 1lb of water 1˚F
 1 Btu = Burning a match
 1,000 Btu ≈ 1 cubic foot of natural gas
 100,000 Btu = 1 Therm

9. A million different ratings…
 (S)EER – (Seasonal) Energy Efficiency
Rating
 (S)EER = # of Btu per Wh
 SEER = EER ÷ 0.9 = COP x 3.792
 Higher is better
 SEER 13 is minimum for AC units from 2005
 COP – Coefficient of Performance
 COP = Work Output per Energy Input
 Higher is better
 Found on heat pumps

10. A million different ratings…
 % Efficient
 The ratio of the work done to
the energy supplied to it
 Most clear rating
 A very general term (cars, motors, etc.)
 Efficacy
 Amount of Lumens per Watt
 Incandescent – 17 Lumens/Watt
 Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) – 70 Lum/W
 CFLs have about 4X higher Efficacy
(4X “more efficient”)

11. Where does energy
come from?

12. Where does energy come
from?
Major Energy Sources:
 Electricity
 Petroleum
 Natural Gas
 Renewables
 Solar, Wind, Hydro, Biomass, etc

13. Where does energy come
from?
U.S. Energy Flow, 2006 (Quadrillion Btu)
www.eia.doe.gov

14. Where does energy come
from?
U.S. Energy Flow- Key Points
 1/3 of our total energy supply is imported.
 85% of the total energy we use is in the form
of fossil fuels.
 The percent total energy use of each sector:
 Residential- 21%
 Commercial- 18%
 Industrial- 32%
 Transportation- 28%

15. Where does energy come
from?
Electricity
U.S. Electricity Flow, 2006 (Quadrillion Btu)
www.eia.doe.gov

16. Where does energy come
from?
Electricity
 Half of our electricity comes from coal.
 The rest is from natural gas, nuclear, and
some renewables.
 Majority of energy used to make electricity is
domestic.
 65% of the energy is lost in conversion,
transmission, and distribution!!!

17. Where does energy come
from?
Electricity from coal or natural gas
1. Fuel is burned to produce
heat to boil water.
2. The steam from the
boiling water spins a
large fan called a turbine.
3. The turbine rotates a
large magnet to create
an electrical charge.
www.oncor.com

18. Where does energy come
from?
Electricity from nuclear
1. Uranium atoms are split in a process
called fission. Fission releases energy
that can be used to make steam.
2. The steam from the
boiling water spins a
large fan called a turbine.
3. The turbine rotates a
large magnet to create
an electrical charge.
www.inkycircus.com

19. Where does energy come
from?
Electricity
Multiple steps and associated efficiencies in converting chemical
energy of a fuel to energy as visible light for illumination.

20. Where does energy come
from?
Petroleum- The U.S. consumed 939 million tons in 2006
www.bp.com

21. Where does energy come
from?
Petroleum
 Crude Oil
 Oil Sands (Tar Sands)
 Shale Oil

22. Where does energy come
from?
Petroleum
 Crude Oil
 Located in oil wells (Middle East)
 Liquid form
 Extraction and refinery is less harmful to the
environment
www.wikipedia.org

23. Where does energy come
from?
Petroleum
 Oil Sands (Tar Sands)
 Mix of clay, sand, water, and bitumen
 Bitumen is a viscous, solid or semisolid form of oil
 Usually mined through strip or open pit mining
 Requires a large amount of water and energy to
process
 Most oil reserves in the world are oil sands,
primarily located in Canada and Venezuela

24. Where does energy come
from?
Petroleum
 Oil Sands (Tar Sands)
climatechangeaction.blogspot.com

25. Where does energy come
from?
Petroleum
 Shale Oil
 Sedimentary rock that contains bitumen
 Complicated and more expensive to convert to oil
 Located worldwide, U.S. has 2/3 of total reserves
in Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming
www.dkimages.com

26. Where does energy come
from?
Petroleum
Products Made from a Barrel of Crude Oil (Gallons)
www.eia.doe.gov

27. Where does energy come
from?
Natural Gas- The U.S. consumed 620 billion cubic meters in 2006
www.bp.com

28. Where does energy come
from?
Natural Gas
 Primarily composed of methane.
 Burns “clean”- emits lower levels of harmful
byproducts than other gases.
 Found in underground reservoirs.
 LNG is Liquid Natural Gas, which must be kept
at -260°F.
 LNG can be shipped and stored easier than in
gaseous form- takes up 1/600th of the volume.

29. Where does energy come
from?
Natural Gas
www.eia.doe.gov

30. Where does energy come
from?
Natural Gas
 Over half the homes in the
U.S. use natural gas as
their main heating fuel.
www.eia.doe.gov

31. Where does energy come
from?
Renewable Energy
 Electricity
 Hydro  Burning wood or other biomass
 Wind  Solar (photovoltaics)
 Heat
 Burning wood or other biomass
 Solar (solar thermal)
 Geothermal
 Transportation Fuel
 Biodiesel (soybeans, algae, etc)
 Ethanol (corn, sugarcane, cellulose, etc)

32. Where does energy come
from?
Renewable Energy
The Role of Renewable Energy Consumption in the U.S. Energy Supply, 2005
www.eia.doe.gov

33. Why is carbon bad?

34. Why is carbon bad?
Greenhouse Effect
www.eere.energy.gov

35. Why is carbon bad?
Greenhouse Gases Emitted by U.S.
www.eia.doe.gov

36. Why is carbon bad?
Annual production of different GHGs worldwide
Annual Production of GHGs worldwide
6.01
6
5
Billions Metric Tons of Gas
4
3
2
1
0.03 Less than 0.005 --
0
Carbon Dioxide Methane Nitrous Oxides HFCs
PFCs
SF6
- - = Not applicable because these gases cannot be summed in native units. www.eia.doe.gov

37. Why is carbon bad?
How bad the different GHGs are for the environment, compared to CO2
The Global Warming Potential of GHGs, by type of Gas, 2005
100
100
90
80
Potential compared to Carbon Dioxide
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
10 6
3
0
Carbon Dioxide Methane Nitrous Oxides HFCs
PFCs
SF6
www.eia.doe.gov

38. Why is carbon bad?
Carbon Cycle (Billion Metric Tons Carbon)
www.eia.doe.gov

39. Why is carbon bad?
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
 Sources
 Respiration

Volcanoes

Land-use Change (releasing carbon sinks)
 Fossil Fuel Combustion
 Lime and Cement Manufacturing
 Biomass Burning

40. Why is carbon bad?
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
 Since the Industrial Revolution, the
concentration has risen by about 25%
in the Earth’s atmosphere.
www.eoearth.org

41. Why is carbon bad?
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
 Will exceed 700 ppm by the end of this
century.
 According to the Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change, this could lead to
global warming of between 1.5 and 10.4°F!
 Frequent severe weather conditions
 Damage to many natural ecosystems

42. Why is carbon bad?
Carbon Footprint
 “A Carbon Footprint is a measure of the
impact human activities have on the
environment in terms of the amount of
greenhouse gases produced, measured in
units of carbon dioxide.”- carbonfootprint.com
 Reduce Yours!
 The average carbon footprint in the U.S. is 18.58
tons of CO2 per year!

Take the MN Energy Challenge

43. Further Information

44. Questions?