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Lesson 2 : Hardware & Software

      Certificate I in Information
              Technology
• To perform any desired action using a computer, you
  must have both hardware and software.

• Software brings the computer to life!




        Hardware
                                 Software
Hardware
• Hardware refers to
  the physical parts
  of a computer.
• They are things
  which you can
  touch and feel.
• Peripherals;
  hardware attached
  to a computer,
  which expands its    Source: http://www.coolnerds.com/newbies/hardware/hardware.htm

  capabilities
Hardware
Hard Disk   Motherboard
Hardware
Processor / Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Hardware

USB Flash Drive        SD Card
Hardware
Random Access Memory (RAM)
Hardware

Multimedia Projector    Barcode Scanner/Reader
Hardware

Webcam              Microphone
Hardware

 Scanner
Hardware

Optical Pen        Headset
Hardware

Joystick              Printer
Hardware
  Plotter
Software
• A software is a collection of instructions (code) that
  enables a user to interact with the computer or have
  the computer perform specific tasks for them.

• Without any software, the computer hardware
  would be useless.

• Software are created using computer programming
  languages. E.g. Java, C++, Visual Basic, etc.
Types of Software
1) Systems software
Systems software are responsible for controlling, integrating, and
managing the individual hardware components of a computer system.

They also act as an interface between other software and hardware.

Systems software work in a way that other software and the users of
the system see it as a functional unit without having to be concerned
with the low-level details (e.g.: transferring data from memory to disk,
or rendering text onto a display).
Types of Software
1) Systems software

Generally, these consists of an operating system (OS) and some
fundamental utilities.

E.g. of OS: Microsoft Windows, Linux, Max OS, Solaris, Unix, etc.

E.g. of system utilities: BIOS software, networking and device
control software, hardware drivers, hard disk sector boot software,
disk formatting software etc.).
Types of Software
2) Application software
Application software are used to accomplish specific tasks other
than just running the computer system.
Types of Software
2) Application software
Application software may consist of

- a single program
   e.g. Firefox, iTunes, Microsoft Paint, Notepad, Skype, etc.


- a collection of programs (software package/suite)
   e.g. Microsoft Office (Word, Excel, Access, Outlook, Project,
   etc.) and Adobe Creative Suite (Adobe Acrobat, Dreamweaver,
   Photoshop, Illustrator, InDesign, etc.)
Input / Output Devices
• Input              • Output
Data Storage
Primary Storage Devices / Internal Memory




                                   Random Access Memory (RAM)
                                   Stores program instructions and data temporarily



 + Volatile: the data gets erased when the component loses power
 + Directly accessible to the CPU
 + Faster than secondary storage devices like hard disks
Secondary Storage Devices / External Memory




   Read Only Memory (ROM)
   Memory that is capable of holding data and having that data read from the
   chip, but not written to.

   + Non-volatile: the data stored does not get erased when the chip loses power
   + Data stored in these chips is either unchangeable or requires a special operation
   to change
   + Contain essential start-up data or instructions
Secondary Storage Devices / External Memory




   Read Only Memory (ROM)

   e.g.: BIOS (Basic Input/Output System); programmed for controlling the system's
   main input-output interfaces.
   BIOS is a built-in software that determines what a computer can do without
   accessing programs from a disk.
   On PCs, the BIOS contains all the code required to control the keyboard, display
   screen, disk drives, etc.
Secondary Storage Devices / External Memory




   + Non-volatile: the data does not get erased when the drive loses power
   + Not directly accessible to the CPU; CPU uses input/output channels to access data
   + Slower than primary storage devices (memory) like RAM devices.
Day 2 hardware & software
Buses
• A bus, in computing, is a set of physical connections (cables,
  printed circuits, etc.) which can be shared by multiple
  hardware components in order to communicate with one
  another.

• Buses reduce the number of "pathways" needed for
  communication between the components, by carrying out all
  communications over a single data channel
Bus
• Depending on the type of the bus and computer the bus’s
  operation can be unidirectional or bidirectional.

• Examples of buses:

   – Data bus: It carries the data between the different components of the
     computer.

   – Address bus: It selects the route that has to be followed by the data
     bus to transfer the data

   – Expansion bus: It is used to connect the computer’s peripheral
     devices such as printer, modem and scanner with the processor.
Ports
Ports
          (DVI)




        (a.k.a FireWire)




HDMI
Questions?

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Day 2 hardware & software

  • 1. Lesson 2 : Hardware & Software Certificate I in Information Technology
  • 2. • To perform any desired action using a computer, you must have both hardware and software. • Software brings the computer to life! Hardware Software
  • 3. Hardware • Hardware refers to the physical parts of a computer. • They are things which you can touch and feel. • Peripherals; hardware attached to a computer, which expands its Source: http://www.coolnerds.com/newbies/hardware/hardware.htm capabilities
  • 4. Hardware Hard Disk Motherboard
  • 5. Hardware Processor / Central Processing Unit (CPU)
  • 8. Hardware Multimedia Projector Barcode Scanner/Reader
  • 9. Hardware Webcam Microphone
  • 12. Hardware Joystick Printer
  • 14. Software • A software is a collection of instructions (code) that enables a user to interact with the computer or have the computer perform specific tasks for them. • Without any software, the computer hardware would be useless. • Software are created using computer programming languages. E.g. Java, C++, Visual Basic, etc.
  • 15. Types of Software 1) Systems software Systems software are responsible for controlling, integrating, and managing the individual hardware components of a computer system. They also act as an interface between other software and hardware. Systems software work in a way that other software and the users of the system see it as a functional unit without having to be concerned with the low-level details (e.g.: transferring data from memory to disk, or rendering text onto a display).
  • 16. Types of Software 1) Systems software Generally, these consists of an operating system (OS) and some fundamental utilities. E.g. of OS: Microsoft Windows, Linux, Max OS, Solaris, Unix, etc. E.g. of system utilities: BIOS software, networking and device control software, hardware drivers, hard disk sector boot software, disk formatting software etc.).
  • 17. Types of Software 2) Application software Application software are used to accomplish specific tasks other than just running the computer system.
  • 18. Types of Software 2) Application software Application software may consist of - a single program e.g. Firefox, iTunes, Microsoft Paint, Notepad, Skype, etc. - a collection of programs (software package/suite) e.g. Microsoft Office (Word, Excel, Access, Outlook, Project, etc.) and Adobe Creative Suite (Adobe Acrobat, Dreamweaver, Photoshop, Illustrator, InDesign, etc.)
  • 19. Input / Output Devices • Input • Output
  • 21. Primary Storage Devices / Internal Memory Random Access Memory (RAM) Stores program instructions and data temporarily + Volatile: the data gets erased when the component loses power + Directly accessible to the CPU + Faster than secondary storage devices like hard disks
  • 22. Secondary Storage Devices / External Memory Read Only Memory (ROM) Memory that is capable of holding data and having that data read from the chip, but not written to. + Non-volatile: the data stored does not get erased when the chip loses power + Data stored in these chips is either unchangeable or requires a special operation to change + Contain essential start-up data or instructions
  • 23. Secondary Storage Devices / External Memory Read Only Memory (ROM) e.g.: BIOS (Basic Input/Output System); programmed for controlling the system's main input-output interfaces. BIOS is a built-in software that determines what a computer can do without accessing programs from a disk. On PCs, the BIOS contains all the code required to control the keyboard, display screen, disk drives, etc.
  • 24. Secondary Storage Devices / External Memory + Non-volatile: the data does not get erased when the drive loses power + Not directly accessible to the CPU; CPU uses input/output channels to access data + Slower than primary storage devices (memory) like RAM devices.
  • 26. Buses • A bus, in computing, is a set of physical connections (cables, printed circuits, etc.) which can be shared by multiple hardware components in order to communicate with one another. • Buses reduce the number of "pathways" needed for communication between the components, by carrying out all communications over a single data channel
  • 27. Bus • Depending on the type of the bus and computer the bus’s operation can be unidirectional or bidirectional. • Examples of buses: – Data bus: It carries the data between the different components of the computer. – Address bus: It selects the route that has to be followed by the data bus to transfer the data – Expansion bus: It is used to connect the computer’s peripheral devices such as printer, modem and scanner with the processor.
  • 28. Ports
  • 29. Ports (DVI) (a.k.a FireWire) HDMI