7. Research Articles
Research articles in the sciences are
generally reports of experiments or other
forms of analysis. They introduce the topic,
explain how the work was done, what
resulted, and how that results might be
interpreted. Research articles are
considered primary sources because they
contain the original research information
and/or data.
8. Parts of a Research Article
• Introduction
• Materials and Methods
• Results
• Discussion
• Conclusions
• Bibliography or Literature Cited or
References
9. Review Articles
Review articles are generally written by
experts in the fields, and they provide an
overview of a topic. They are often referred
to as secondary literature, since they do
not directly report on an experiment or other
new idea.
10. What do Review Articles Do?
• Provide background
• Include a bibliography of the primary
research literature
• Help you identify a narrower area of
interest
12. Search Tips
• Combine ideas or sets with AND
– Using "AND" is a form of Boolean Searching (and, or, not).
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oa66AxTbjxA&feature=youtu.
be&t=3m19s
• Use the subject terms the database provides, to be
comprehensive
• Use a wildcard (*) to get words with various endings
– forest* (= forest, forests, forestry, forester)
– signal*
– father*
16. University of Minnesota
Definition of Plagiarism
Plagiarism shall mean representing the
words, creative work, or ideas
of another person as one's own without
providing proper documentation
of source.
17. Examples
• Copying information word for word from a source without using
quotation marks and giving proper acknowledgement by way of
footnote, endnote, or in-text citation;
• Representing the words, ideas, or data of another person as one's
own without providing proper attribution to the author through
quotation, reference, in-text citation, or footnote;
• Producing, without proper attribution, any form of work
originated by another person, such as a musical phrase, a proof, a
speech, an image, experimental data, laboratory report, graphic
design or computer code;
• Paraphrasing, without sufficient acknowledgment, ideas taken from
another person that the reader might reasonably mistake as the
author's.
• Borrowing various words, ideas, phrases, or data from original
sources and blending them with one's own without acknowledging the
sources.
18. How to use other people’s
words and ideas
Summarizing Paraphrasing Quoting
• Text is much • Text may be • Text is exact
shorter than shorter or length of
original longer than original.
• Must use your original • Uses original
own words • Must use your author’s exact
• Must cite own words words
original source • Must cite • Uses quotation
original source marks or block
quotes
• Includes page
number
• Must cite
original source
19. Exercise
Original quotation:
"Roosevelt first used the term Square Deal
following the settlement of a mining strike in 1902
to describe the ideal of peaceful coexistence
between big business and labour unions. The
Square Deal concept was later largely
incorporated into the platform of the Progressive
Party, when Roosevelt was its presidential
candidate in 1912" (Britannica, p. 184).
20. Example 1
Paraphrase: Roosevelt invented THE TERM SQUARE DEAL after the
MINING STRIKE IN 1902 was settled TO DESCRIBE THE IDEAL OF
PEACEFUL cooperation BETWEEN BIG BUSINESS AND LABOR
UNIONS. THE SQUARE DEAL CONCEPT WAS LATER LARGELY
worked INTO THE PLATFORM OF THE PROGRESSIVE PARTY,
WHEN ROOSEVELT WAS ITS PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE IN 1912.
Is it plagiarism?
Why? YES!
• Substituting new words, and changing a few words around in the
sentences doesn't make it a paraphrase!
• The structure of the two sentences is virtually identical.
• There is no citation (Britannica, p.184) at the end of the paraphrase,
pointing out the source of the information.
21. Example 2
Paraphrase: Roosevelt first used the term Square Deal to describe the
ideal of peaceful coexistence between big business and labor unions,
although it was later largely incorporated into the platform of the
Progressive Party, when Roosevelt was its presidential candidate in
1912 (Britannica, p. 184).
Is it plagiarism?
Why?
YES!
• Omitting a few words from the sentences doesn’t make it a
paraphrase!
• The structure of the paraphrase is still almost identical to that of the
original quotation.
• OK—at least this person used a citation at the end of the
―paraphrase‖!
22. Example 3
Paraphrase: Although originally used in reference to relationships
between companies and labor unions, the Square Deal ultimately
became a component of the Progressive party platform in 1912.
Is it plagiarism?
YES!
Why?
•The author did not cite the original source.
23. Example 4
Paraphrase: Although originally used in reference to relationships
between companies and labor unions, the Square Deal ultimately
became a component of the Progressive party platform in 1912
(Britannica, p. 184).
Is it plagiarism? No!
Why?
• Summarized in author’s own words.
• Cites source
24. Image Credits
SCRTD – Employee Aerobic Class RTD_1481_11, CC BY-NC-SA, Metro Transportation Library and
Archive,Flickr
IMCOM-E Fitness Day 2010, CC BY-NC, Herald Post, Flickr
Bibliography, CC BY-NC, papertrix, Flickr
Editor's Notes
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