6. Definition- “ A promissory note is an instrument in writing (not being a bank note or
currency note) containing an unconditional undertaking signed by the maker, to pay a
certain sum of money only to , or to order of a certain person, or to the bearer
of the instrument.” -------Sec. 4
The person who makes the promise to pay is called the Maker. He is the debtor and must sign
the instrument. The person who will get the money (the creditor) is called Payee.
Promissory Note
Essentials Promissory Note
1 • It must be in writing
2 • Promise to pay
3 • Unconditional Promise
4
5
6 • Payee must be certain.
• Certainty about maker & amount
• It must be signed & Stamped
7 • The payment must be in legal money 6
29. Mandatory Grounds for Bank to Dishonour Cheque
Stop Payment
Death of Customer
Post Dated Cheque
Insolvency of Customer
Defect in Title Of Holder
Undated Cheque
Loss of Cheque
Signature Mismatch
Stale Cheque
Closed Bank Account
Insanity of Customer
Altered Cheque
Defect in Title of Holder
OPTIONAL Grounds for Bank to Dishonour Cheque
Insufficient Funds
Presentation at Different Branch
Presentation after Banking Hours
Funds Not Applicable.
If the drawer has sufficient fund in his bank Account and issues a cheque in favour of
Creditor and the Creditor fails to present the cheque for payment within reasonable
time and in the meanwhile bank fails (Insolvent) then the Creditor cannot recover the
amount from the Drawer.
For e.g Mr Ram issue cheque of Rs. 1,00,000 to Miss Sita . Mr Ram had Sufficent Fund
in the account with Bank.The Cheque was not presented within reasonable time to the
Bank for paymment and the bank in themean time become insolvent. Thus is yhis case
Miss Sita cannot recover the money from Mr. Ram.
Non Presentation of Cheque within Reasonable Time Sec 84
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30. Liability of an Endorser (Sec.35)
Every endorser who
endorsed an instrument
before its maturity is
liable to the parties that
are subsequent to him.
And his liability arises
only if there is a default
by the party who is
primary liable to pay the
instrument on maturity.
30
31. Liability of Acceptor of a Bill
42)
Drawn
in a Fictitious Name (Sec
Suppose: X uses a fictitious name in drawing a bill upon
Z. Then he endorses the bill in the same fictitious name
to Y, who presents the bill to Z for acceptance.
Now if Z accepts the bill, he will be liable for payment in
spite of fact that the name of drawer is fictitious.
31
53. 53
Q-1 Explain the essential elements of a promissory note. State, giving reasons,
whether the following instruments are valid promissory notes:
(i) X promises to pay Y, by a promissory note, a sum of ` 5,000, fifteen days after the
death of B.
(ii) X promises to pay Y, by a promissory note, ` 5000 and all other sums, which shall be
due.
(iii) X promises to pay Y after Marriage of Y a sum of Rs. 25000/-
(iv) X tells B that he will pay him Rs. 5000/-.
Q2- What are the essential elements of a valid acceptance of a Bill of Exchange? An
acceptor accepts a “Bill of Exchange” but write on it “Accepted but payment will be made
when I received the payment from third party.” Decide the validity and the impact on the
interim party.
Q3- Examining the provisions of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881, distinguish
between a 'Bill of Exchange' and a 'Promissory Note'.
Q4- What do you mean by an acceptance of a negotiable instrument? Examine validity
of the following in the light of the provisions of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881:
(i) An oral acceptance
(ii) An acceptance by mere signature without writing the word “accepted”.
(iii) A Qualified Acceptance
54. 54
Q5- A draws and B accepts the bill payable to C or order, C endorses the bill to D and D
to E, who is a holder-in-due course. From whom E can recover the amount? Examining
the right of E, state the privileges of the holder-in-due course provided under the
Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881.
Q6- Discuss with reasons, whether the following persons can be called as a ‘holder’
under the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881:
(i) X who obtains a cheque drawn by Y by way of gift.
(ii) A, the payee of the cheque, who is prohibited by a court order from receiving the
amount of the cheque.
(iii) M, who finds a cheque payable to bearer, on the road and retains it.
(iv) B, the agent of C, is entrusted with an instrument without endorsement by C, who
is the payee.
(v) B, who steals a blank cheque of A and forges A’s signature.
Q7- State briefly the rules laid down under the Negotiable Instruments Act for
determining the date of maturity of a bill of exchange. Ascertain the date of maturity of a
bill payable hundred days after sight and which is presented for sight on 15th July 2013.
Q8- What do you mean by an endorsement. Briefly explain the types of an endorsement.
Q9- Ram, a major, and Laxman a minor, executed a promissory note in favour of Ravan
Examine with reference to the provisions of the Negotiable Instruments Act, the validity
of the promissory note and whether it is binding on Ram and Laxman
55. 55
Q 10- State, in brief, the grounds on the basis of which a banker can dishonor a cheque
under the provisions of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881.
Q 11- X draws a bill on Y but signs it in the fictitious name of Z. The bill is payable to the
order of Z. The bill is duly accepted by Y. M obtains the bill from X thus becoming its
holder in due course. Can Y avoid payment of the bill? Decide in the light of the
provisions of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881.
Q12- A a broker draws a cheque in favour of B, a minor. B indorses the cheque in favour
of C, who in turn indorses it in favour of D. Subsequently, the bank dishonoured the
cheque. State the rights of C and D and whether B, can be made liable?
Q13- Mr. Clever obtains fraudulently from J a cheque crossed ‘Not Negotiable’. He later
transfers the cheque to D, who gets the cheque encashed from ABC Bank, which is not
the Drawee Bank. J, comes to know about the fraudulent act of Clever, sues ABC Bank
for the recovery of money. Examine with reference to the relevant provisions of the
Negotiable Instruments Act,
1881, whether J will be successful in his claim. Would your answer be still the same in
case
Clever does not transfer the cheque and gets the cheque encashed from ABC Bank
himself?
56. 56
Q14- What do you understand by "Material alteration” under the Negotiable Instruments
Act, 1881? State whether the following alterations are material alterations under
the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881?
(i) The holder of the bill inserts the word "or order” in the bill,
(ii) The holder of the bearer cheque converts it into account payee cheque,
(iii) A bill payable to ' is converted into a bill payable to X and Y
Q15- Promissory note dated 1st February, 2001 payable two months after date was
presented to the maker for payment 10 days after maturity. What is the date of
Maturity? Explain with reference to the relevant provisions of the ‘Negotiable
Instruments Act, 1881 whether the endorser and the maker will be discharged by
reasons of such delay.
Q16- ‘A’ draws a cheque for ` 50,000. When the cheque ought to be presented to the
drawee bank, the drawer has sufficient funds to make payment of the cheque. The bank
fails before the cheque is presented. The payee demands payment from the drawer.
What is the liability of the drawer.
Q 17 (a) A draws a cheque in favour of M ,a minor. M endorses the same in favour of
X. The cheque is dishonoured by the bank on grounds of inadequate funds. Discuss the
rights of X.
(b) A promissory note was made without mentioning any time for payment. The holder
added the words “on demand” on the face of the instrument .Does this amount to
material alteration?
(c) A draws a cheque for ` 100 and hands it over to B by way of gift. Is B a holder in
due course? Explain the nature of his title, interest and right to receive the proceeds of
the cheque.