Ergonomics (new trends)

NEW TRENDS IN
INDUSTRIAL
ENGINEERING

ERGONOMICS

What is Ergonomics?
- a field of study dealing with the
comfort and safety of the human body
by adjusting tools, work stations and
work processes to fit the worker.

 Human-Machine Relationship

-how humans can be best integrated with machines to
maximize safety & task performance.

 Office Ergonomics

-the branch of ergonomics dealing with the office
environment.
-the aim of ergonomics is to minimize the
mismatch that occurs between the person and the
job or match the capabilities of humans and the
requirements of the job they are expected to
perform.


 Alexander Technique

- It guides you to do all your normal physical
activities like sitting, standing, etc without tensing
your body. It is NOT AN EXERCISE or a
TREATMENT, but IT EDUCATES you to
improve the quality of your life.

 Psychosocial & Organizational Aspect of Work
-What is a psychosocial factor?
Psychosocial factors are those factors that affect a person
psychologically or socially.
What are psychosocial risk factors?
Psychosocial risk factors are things that may affect workers'
psychological response to their work and workplace
conditions (including working relationships with
supervisors and colleagues).


 Psychosocial & Organizational Aspect of Work
 Ergonomic Injuries
-Ergonomic injuries, often called musculoskeletal
disorders, affect the
muscles, tendons, nerves, ligaments, joints and/or blood
vessels. Ergonomic injuries are typically caused by or
made worse with repeated exertions, awkward positions
and / or forceful movements.

WORKPLACE INJURY PRECAUTIONS
 Safety Training
 Understanding Job Risks

 Following Safety Precautions
 Preventing Common Injuries

Ergonomic Factors to Consider






Does it suit your body size?
Does it also suit all other users?
Can you see and hear all you need to easily?
Do you understand all information presented?
Do errors occur frequently, and is it easy to recover
from them?
 Des the equipment or system cause discomfort if you
use it for any length of time?

 Is it convenient to use?
 Is it easy to learn to use?
 Is it compatible with other systems in use?
 Could any of these aspects be improved?
 Do other users have similar reactions?

Identifying Problems
 Causes of accident & near misses may be attributable to
people being:
 Unable to see important displays;
 Unable to reach controls;
 Unable to work in a comfortable position;
 Overloaded with to much information at one time;
 Inattentive because there is too little to do or too little
variety
 Medical and absences records may also reveal problems
with particular jobs or tasks

Solutions
 Risks can be reduced by changes to designs of
workstations, tools and work organization
 Simple solutions are often better
 Involve and consult the workforce
 Monitor remedial actions to ensure
effectiveness

Office Ergonomics
the branch of ergonomics dealing
with the office environment.
It aims to minimize the mismatch
that occurs between the person
and the job or match the
capabilities of humans and the
requirements of the job they are
expected to perform.

Sources of injury in the office
•Falls
•Repetitive movements.
• The way you sit or stand (posture).
• Bending over, lifting heavy objects,
or using pressure or force.
• Working with vibrating tools.

Facts About Ergonomics
• The average person working at a
keyboard can perform 50,000 to 200,000
keystrokes a day
• Overexertion, falls & RMI are the most
common cause of workplace injury
• An average of 125,000 back injuries due
to improper lifting each year.
• Muscles overuse results in tiny tears in the
muscles and scarring; these contribute to
inflammation and muscle stiffness

What causes Nerve Compression or
Entrapment?
1) Repeated motions
2) Tight muscles
3) Inflammation of surrounding tissues

4) Misalignment of the nerve

What are 4 Common Nerve
injuries?
I.

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: brachial
plexus compression d/t muscle
tightness side of neck from poor head
position or slumped posture.
S/Sx: numbness/tingling in hand, made
worse w/overhead activities or cradling
phone b/w ear and shoulder

Nerve injuries
II.

Radial tunnel syndrome: compressed
radial nerve @ outside of elbow d/t
repetitive wrist & finger extension or
turning of forearm
S/Sx: Sensations from elbow to base of
thumb w/ wrist weakness a common sx

Nerve injuries
III. Cubital tunnel syndrome: ulnar nerve
compression inside of the elbow d/t
repetitive bending of elbow or resting
your elbow on a hard surface
S/Sx: numbness or tingling and
inside of arm w/ tingling to ring & little
fingers

Nerve injuries
IV. Carpal tunnel syndrome: compression
of median nerve at level of carpal tunnel
Where is carpal tunnel? Formed @ wrist
by ligament over the carpal bones in
hand
S/Sx: numbness or tingling in
thumb, index, or middle finger & ½ of
ring finger

Correct & Incorrect Techniques

Ergonomics Standards
General Ergonomics
Standards

Office Ergonomics
Standards

Vehicle Ergonomics
Standards

Thermal Ergonomics
Standards

Machine Ergonomics
Standards

Human System
Interaction Ergonomics
Standards

New ISO standard on the basic
principles of ergonomics
ISO 26800:2011, Ergonomics – General
approach, principles and concepts
“A substantial number of ergonomics standards have been
developed to cover specific issues and different application
domains, but ISO 26800:2011, Ergonomics – General
approach, principles and concepts, will serve as an
umbrella reference for all such standards and provide an
integrated framework bringing together the basic principles
and concepts of ergonomics in one document, and thus
providing a high-level view of the way in which ergonomics is
applied“
Georg Krämer, Chair of ISO Technical
Committee


ISO 26800 describes these fundamental principles in
order to improve safety, performance and usability
(effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction), while
safeguarding and enhancing human health and wellbeing, and improving accessibility, e.g. for elderly
persons and persons with disabilities.


The intended users of this standard are
designers, ergonomists and project managers, as well
as managers, workers, consumers and procurers. Its
specific goal is to facilitate task
performance, safeguard and enhance the safety, health
and well-being of the worker, or the user/operator of
products/equipment, by optimizing
tasks, equipment, services, and the environment.


This standard deals with
• the ergonomic approach,
• the principles of ergonomics
• the concepts of ergonomics, and
• the ergonomics-oriented design process and
conformity.


approach, principles and concepts, was developed by
ISO technical committee ISO/TC
159, Ergonomics, subcommittee SC 1

Five Changing Trends in Managing
Workplace Ergonomics

REACTIVE
APPROACH

1. Getting Proactive
Fifteen to leading companies are
Today, the 30 years ago:
The focus of most ergonomics programs
was on MSD injuries.

PROACTIVE.

2. Integrating the Process
Companies with effective ergonomics
These improvement processes may include :
programs tend to manage ergonomics as a
process that is aligned with, or integrated
Lean Manufacturing
into, Six Sigma
existing improvement processes.
Continuous Improvement
Safety Management Systems.

3. Engaging Others and Shifting Ownership

Management Leadership

Two critical elements of safety and own workstations
•They can adjust their environmental management
systems:
Traditionally, issafety professionals have
Ergonomics
The responsibilityan Engineering Discipline.driven
for designing
•Becomeimprovements in an effort to reduce
members of an ergonomics or
ergonomic
workstations, processes, tools, and workflow
injuries, but all along they have been the wrong
resides with engineers (process, industrial, and
safety do this.
and
people toteam involved in assessing and
facilities engineers, as well as space planners
product designers).
improving conditions

Employee Involvement

•Participate in a Kaizen event.

4. Moving Upstream
•Consistently addressing ergonomics in the design phase of
new processes, equipment, layouts, and products is a
common practice of advanced organizations.
•The greatest value of good upstream design is the reduced
cost of making changes.
•Progressive leading companies have integrated design
criteria in their phase gate review process and hold
projects and people accountable for designing workplaces
and tasks with low exposure to MSD risk factors.

5. Addressing the Office

•The biggest trend in managing office ergonomics
has1980’s - later, Ergonomics were in-person
been the movement toward EmployeeThirty years Office we are a bit smarter:
driven isAssessments
and
Workplace
•There
less dependency on
evaluations by EHS staff, chair fitting rooms,in-person
lots
Changes. solutions for each person, and
of custom
assessments.
classroom training.
•Workstations and chairs have a full range of
•By providing online training and selfadjustability.
assessments, employersisare enabling and
•Office workstation design
based on computer
empowering individuals to take the first
use.
steps in adjustingfocuses workstations to fit
•Employee training their on enabling people to
them. and adjust their own workstations.
assess

COMMON ISSUES AND
BARRIERS:
Two common challenges with managing
ergonomics that companies at all levels of
program maturity have experienced:

Funding for training and engineering solutions.
Failure to use or meet established ergonomic
design standards.

10 Principles of Ergonomics
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Work in Neutral Postures
Reduce Excessive Force
Keep Everything in Easy Reach
Work at Proper Heights
Reduce Excessive Motions
Minimize Fatigue and Static Load
Minimize Pressure Points
Provide Clearance
Move, Exercise, and Stretch
Maintain a Comfortable Environment

•
•
•
•
•

Cognitive Ergonomics
Participative Ergonomics
Behavioral Based Ergonomics
Ergonomics of Innovation
The ergonomics of dishonesty

Cognitive Ergonomics
studies cognition in work settings, in order to
optimize human well-being and system
performance
 focuses on the fit between human
cognitive abilities and limitations and the
machine, task, environment

Cognitive ergonomics aim to enhance
performance of cognitive tasks by:
user-centered design of human-machine
interaction and human-computer
interaction
design of information technology systems
that support cognitive tasks
development of training programs
work redesign to manage cognitive
workload and increase human reliability

Participative Ergonomics
Resources and Support:

• time for the program to develop
• time to develop and implement solutions
• financial resources to make meaningful
changes in the workplace
• management support for the individuals on
the ergonomics team.

• Behavioral Based Ergonomics
• Ergonomics of Innovation
How to make it successful?
•
think about how to build upon a successful
blend of existing ideas rather than develop the
newest and most radical ones.
• set a public, inspiring, and difficult goal, and then
break it down into manageable chunks.
• improve the chances that innovative ideas will
spread by encouraging our organizations to identify
possible ways to help others understand and apply
new products, systems, and procedures.

• The Ergonomics of Dishonesty

Participatory Ergonomics
A Path to Sustainable Ergonomics

Participatory
Ergonomics?
Two extremes to foster
ergonomics:
 Top-Down “Push”
 Bottom-Up “Pull”

In practice, it’s push-and-pull
that leads to success and
sustainability

The role of the Ergonomist:
 Leadership & participation
 Gaining respect & approval from
leadership
 Gaining respect & approval from
associates & stakeholders
 Providing ergonomics expertise
 Developing repeatable, sustainable
processes
 Pushing & pulling as needed

Examples of Participatory
Ergonomics:

Breakthroughs in
Ergonomics
Engineering

RAMSIS
• Special functions are the realistic replay of international body
data, as well as efficient analysis for visibility, comfort and
ergonomics formulations. With RAMSIS, package and design
studies can be extensively dealt with throughout the
construction phase of the vehicle.
JACK
• Vis Jack is fundamentally a static human factors analysis tool.
DELMIA Human
• leading Digital Human Modeling application, lifelike human
manikin model with the capability of evaluating Ergonomics and
Human Factors at all levels of Product Lifecycle Management
(PLM): Virtual Design, Manufacturing & Maintainability

Use of CAD Tools

Common Features with Computer-Aided
Ergonomic Modeling Apps:

Iteration of the Analysis with Different Models

The Leap
Dimensions 3 by 1 by 0.3 inches
Range 8 cubic feet
Price $70
Availability February 2013

•

Brookstone Virtual
Keyboard

•
•
•
•

turns any flat surface into a
touchscreen QWERTY keypad.
1.5-inch Bluetooth accessory
low-power laser
projector displays the keyboard
internal infrared-filtered camera
sensor monitors the typist's
fingers.
Virtual Keyboard $100

Ergonomics and Human
Factors
New Trends in Sports Product Design



a thermoset silicone rubber which is great
for forming grips, handles, mounts and
seals, and can be shaped by hand with
great effect.

Sugru

It bonds very well to most materials
(including itself)
 The material can be finished to a high
standard if care is taken
 It has good thermal and strength
properties


The material has three main benefits
over other comparable products:

For ergonomists, sugru has the potential to
form a new part of the methods and
techniques used to inform design
decisions, especially for co-design
purposes. Thus, providing it is used
appropriately, sugru has the potential to
greatly improve the user experience of
many products.



developed for the British cycling team.
Loughborough University, Adidas and
Team GB worked on the development of
heated trousers…

Battery Powered ‘Hot Pants’



It’ll slow the decline in muscle
temperature between warm-up and the
start of an event which, as a
result, increased cyclist event
performance i.e. sprint power.



Lightweight (1lb 2oz), moulded, and with
high density foam, developed by Morrant
International that only include two straps
on the lower leg.

Morrant Cricket Pads



It frees up the knee joint for running and
lunging movements, and reduces the
weight of the personal protective
equipment being worn/carried by the
batsman whilst still offering the same
level of protection.

New Ergonomically Engineered AntiFatigue Mat

heavy duty rubber anti-fatigue modular
matting system
 The unique composition of anti-fatigue
matting is an ergonomic pattern and a
cushioning underlay which stimulates
continuous micro-movements of the feet
minimizing blood pooling in the legs.


The Skywalker HD™ has an ergonomic
bubble that stimulates blood flow and
prevents fatigue in standing workers.
 The mat surface is augmented with a grit
pattern for additional anti-slip properties
and combined with bevelled safety
edges, the Skywalker HD™ also
contributes to preventing slips, trips and
falls in the workplace.




A 13 mm thick worker platform with an
ergonomic bubble pattern for maximum
anti-fatigue comfort in dry industrial
environments.

Resistant to most industrial oils.
The unique design and craftsmanship make the
mat easy to handle and easy to install. Heavy
duty rubber compound for industrial strength.

AntiFatigue

Anti-slip

Heavy
foot
Traffic

Insulation

Modular

Protection

Ergonomics (new trends)

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