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Write and answer the following question.
 How can you prove that the world is
not flat?
P3.2 Scientific Methods
Objectives:
1. Explain what scientific methods are.
2. Explain how scientific methods are used to
answer questions.
3. Describe how a hypothesis is formed and tested.
4. Identify methods that are used to analyze data.
5. Explain how a conclusion can support or disprove
a hypothesis.
6. List methods of communicating data.
What are Scientific
Methods? The ways in which scientists answer questions
and solve problems.
○ As scientists look for answers, they often use the same
steps. But there is more than one way to use the steps.
○ Scientists may repeat some steps or do them in a
different order.
P3.2 Scientific Methods
Ask a Question
 Helps focus the purpose of an investigation.
 Scientists often ask a question after making
observations.
 Observation
 any use of the senses to gather information.
○ Should be accurately recorded so that scientists can
use the information in future investigations.
A Real-World Question
 Engineers are scientists who put scientific knowledge
to practical human use.
 Engineers create technology.
 Technology
 Application of science for practical purposes.
○ For example, engineers Czarnowski and Triantafyllou
studied the efficiency of boat propulsion systems.
 The Importance of Boat Efficiency
 Efficiency compares the energy used to move the
boat forward with the energy supplied by the engine.
 Making boats more efficient would save fuel and
money.
 Based on their observations
 Czarnowski and Triantafyllou asked the question:
○ How can boat propulsion systems be made more
efficient?
P3.2 Scientific Methods
Form a Hypothesis
 Once you have asked a question and made
observations, you are ready to form a
hypothesis.
 Hypothesis
 Explanation that is based on prior scientific research
or observations that can be tested.
 Nature Provides a Possible Answer
 Czarnowski studied penguins swimming and formed
the hypothesis:
○ A propulsion system that mimics the way a penguin
swims will be more efficient than a propulsion system
that uses propellers.
 Make Predictions
 Before scientists test a hypothesis
○ They often make predictions that state what they think
will happen during the actual test of the hypothesis.
Make a prediction
for these images.
What is a Ratio?
 Take out your Ratio worksheet from
yesterday and compare your answers
with a partner.
Test the Hypothesis
 After you form a hypothesis, you must test it.
 Testing helps you find out if your hypothesis is
correct or not.
 Keep It Under Control
 One way to test a hypothesis is to do a controlled
experiment.
○ Tests one variable at a time.
○ By changing only that variable, scientists can see the
results of just that one change.
 Testing Proteus
 Czarnowski and Triantafyllou built a model penguin
boat called Proteus to test their hypothesis.
 The engineers took Proteus into open water to
collect data.
 Data
○ Pieces of information acquired through observation or
experimentation
Day Height (cm)
Cup 1 1 0.5
Cup 2 2 1.0
Cup 3 3 1.7
Plant Growth with Sunlight
 Analyze the results:
 Once you have your data, you must analyze them to
find out whether the results support your hypothesis.
 The graphs below show the analysis of the tests done
on Proteus.
Draw Conclusions
 At the end of an investigation
 You must draw a conclusion.
○ It can help you decide what you do next.
 The Proteus Conclusion
 Czarnowski and Triantafyllou found that the penguin
propulsion system was more efficient than a
propeller system.
○ So, they concluded that their hypothesis was
supported.
Communicate Results
 One of the most important steps in an
investigation is to communicate your results
accurately and honestly.
 Communicating About Proteus
 Czarnowski and Triantafyllou published their
results in academic papers.
 They also displayed their project and its results
on the Internet.

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P3.2 Scientific Methods

  • 1. Write and answer the following question.  How can you prove that the world is not flat?
  • 3. Objectives: 1. Explain what scientific methods are. 2. Explain how scientific methods are used to answer questions. 3. Describe how a hypothesis is formed and tested. 4. Identify methods that are used to analyze data. 5. Explain how a conclusion can support or disprove a hypothesis. 6. List methods of communicating data.
  • 4. What are Scientific Methods? The ways in which scientists answer questions and solve problems. ○ As scientists look for answers, they often use the same steps. But there is more than one way to use the steps. ○ Scientists may repeat some steps or do them in a different order.
  • 6. Ask a Question  Helps focus the purpose of an investigation.  Scientists often ask a question after making observations.  Observation  any use of the senses to gather information. ○ Should be accurately recorded so that scientists can use the information in future investigations.
  • 7. A Real-World Question  Engineers are scientists who put scientific knowledge to practical human use.  Engineers create technology.  Technology  Application of science for practical purposes. ○ For example, engineers Czarnowski and Triantafyllou studied the efficiency of boat propulsion systems.
  • 8.  The Importance of Boat Efficiency  Efficiency compares the energy used to move the boat forward with the energy supplied by the engine.  Making boats more efficient would save fuel and money.  Based on their observations  Czarnowski and Triantafyllou asked the question: ○ How can boat propulsion systems be made more efficient?
  • 10. Form a Hypothesis  Once you have asked a question and made observations, you are ready to form a hypothesis.  Hypothesis  Explanation that is based on prior scientific research or observations that can be tested.
  • 11.  Nature Provides a Possible Answer  Czarnowski studied penguins swimming and formed the hypothesis: ○ A propulsion system that mimics the way a penguin swims will be more efficient than a propulsion system that uses propellers.  Make Predictions  Before scientists test a hypothesis ○ They often make predictions that state what they think will happen during the actual test of the hypothesis. Make a prediction for these images.
  • 12. What is a Ratio?  Take out your Ratio worksheet from yesterday and compare your answers with a partner.
  • 13. Test the Hypothesis  After you form a hypothesis, you must test it.  Testing helps you find out if your hypothesis is correct or not.  Keep It Under Control  One way to test a hypothesis is to do a controlled experiment. ○ Tests one variable at a time. ○ By changing only that variable, scientists can see the results of just that one change.
  • 14.  Testing Proteus  Czarnowski and Triantafyllou built a model penguin boat called Proteus to test their hypothesis.  The engineers took Proteus into open water to collect data.  Data ○ Pieces of information acquired through observation or experimentation Day Height (cm) Cup 1 1 0.5 Cup 2 2 1.0 Cup 3 3 1.7 Plant Growth with Sunlight
  • 15.  Analyze the results:  Once you have your data, you must analyze them to find out whether the results support your hypothesis.  The graphs below show the analysis of the tests done on Proteus.
  • 16. Draw Conclusions  At the end of an investigation  You must draw a conclusion. ○ It can help you decide what you do next.  The Proteus Conclusion  Czarnowski and Triantafyllou found that the penguin propulsion system was more efficient than a propeller system. ○ So, they concluded that their hypothesis was supported.
  • 17. Communicate Results  One of the most important steps in an investigation is to communicate your results accurately and honestly.  Communicating About Proteus  Czarnowski and Triantafyllou published their results in academic papers.  They also displayed their project and its results on the Internet.