2. Introduction
Phase: A region in a material that differs in structure and function
from other regions.
Phase diagrams:
Represents phases present in metal at different conditions
(Temperature, pressure and composition).
Indicates equilibrium solid solubility of one element in
another.
Indicates temperature range under which solidification
occurs.
Indicates temperature at which different phases start to
melt.
2
3. Phase Diagram of Pure Substance
Pure substance exist as solid, liquid and vapor.
Phases are separated by phase boundaries.
Different phases coexist at triple point.
Example : Water, Pure Iron.
PT phase diagram
3
4. Question 1
In the pure water pressure-temperature equilibrium phase
diagram, what phases are in equilibrium for the following
conditions:
a.
Along the freezing line
b. Along the vaporization line
c.
At the triple point
4
5. Question 2
How many triple points are there in the pure iron pressuretemperature equilibrium phase diagram of below?
b. What phases are in equilibrium at each of the triple points?
a.
5
6. Gibbs Phase Rule
P+F = C+2
P = number of phases that coexist in a system
C = Number of components
F = Degrees of freedom (is the number of variables such
pressure, temperature or composition that can changed
independently without changing the number of phases in
equilibrium in the chosen system)
6
7. Example 1
For pure water, at triple point, 3 phases coexist.
There is one component (water) in the system.
Therefore 3 + F = 1 + 2
F = 0.
Degrees of freedom indicate number of variables that can be
changed without changing number of phases.
7
8. Question 3
Refer to the pressure-temperature equilibrium phase diagram for
pure water below:
a. How many degrees of freedom are there at the freezing line?
b. How many degrees of freedom are there at the vaporization
line?
c. How many degrees of freedom
are there inside a single phase?
8
9. Cooling Curves
Used to determine phase transition temperature.
Temperature and time data of cooling molten metal is recorded
and plotted.
Thermal arrest : heat lost = heat supplied by solidifying metal
Alloys solidify over a range of temperature (no thermal arrest)
Iron
Pure Metal
9
10. Binary Alloy
Consider a mixture or alloy of two metals instead of pure
substances.
A mixture of two metals is called a binary alloy and constitutes a
two component.
Example:
pure substance : cooper is one component
alloy : cooper + nickel is two component
Binary alloy
Mixture of
two systems
Two component
system
10
12. Solid Solution
Solid substitutional atoms into an existing lattice.
In a solid solution, some atoms of the solute replace those of the
solvent in the solvent's normal lattice structure and randomly
distributed among the lattice sites.
12
14. Question 4
Determine the liquidus temperature, solidus temperature, and
freezing range for the following MgO-FeO ceramic compositions:
a) MgO -25wt% FeO
(Answer: 22600C, 25900C, 22600C-25900C)
b) MgO - 45wt% FeO
c) MgO - 65wt% FeO
d) MgO -80wt% FeO
14
15. Binary Diagrams
Example: Cu-Ni solution.
Figure 8.5: The cooper-nickel phase diagram
- Cooper and nickel have complete liquid solubility and complete solid solubility.
- Cooper nickel solid solutions melt over a range of temperatures rather than at a fixed
temperature, as is the case for pure metals.
15
16. Phase Diagram from Cooling
Curves
Series of cooling curves at different metal composition are first
constructed.
Points of change of slope of cooling curves (thermal arrests) are
noted and phase diagram is constructed.
More the number of cooling curves, more accurate is the phase
diagram.
16
17. The Lever Rule
The Lever rule gives the WEIGHT % of phases in any two phase
regions.
Wt fraction of solid phase
X s = w0 – w1
ws – w1
Wt fraction of liquid phase
X1 = ws – w0
ws – w1
17
18. Question 5
A cooper-nickel alloy contains 47 wt % Cu and 53 wt % Ni and is at
13000C. Use Fig 8.5 and answer the following:
a.
b.
What is the weight percent on cooper in the liquid and solid
phases at this temperature?
(Answer:55% wt Cu , 42% wt Cu)
What weight percent of this alloy is liquid and what weight
percent is solid?
(Answer: 35% , 62%)
18
19. Binary Eutectic Alloy System
In some binary alloy systems, components have limited solid
solubility.
Example : Pb-Sn alloy.
Eutectic composition freezes at lower temperature than all other
compositions.
This lowest temperature is called eutectic temperature.
19
20. Fig 8.12 The lead-tin equilibrium phase diagram.
-This diagram is characterized by the limited solid solubility of each terminal phase (a and b).
- The eutectic invariant reaction at 61.9% Sn and 1830C is the most important feature of this system.
- At the eutectic point, a (19.2% Sn),b (97.5% Sn) and liquid (61.9 % Sn) can coexist.
20
21. In simple binary eutectic systems like the Pb-Sn, there is a specific
alloy composition known as the eutectic composition that freezes
at lower temperature than all other compositions.
Eutectic temperature is the low temperature which corresponds
to the lowest temperature at which the liquid phase can exist when
cooled slowly.
In the Pb-Sn system, the eutectic temperature (1830C) determine a
point on the phase diagram called the eutectic point.
21
22. When liquid of eutectic composition is slowly cooled to the
eutectic temperature, the single liquid phase transforms
simultaneously into two solid forms (solid solution a and b). This
transmission is known as the eutectic reaction and written as:
Liquid
Eutectic temperature
α solid solution + β solid solution
Cooling
The eutectic reaction is called an invariant reaction since it
occurs under equilibrium conditions at a specific temperature and
alloy composition that cannot be varied (according Gibbs rule,
F=0).
22
23. Question 6
Make phase analyses of the equilibrium (ideal solidification of
lead-tin alloys at the following points in the lead-tin phase
diagram of Fig 8.12 (alloy 1):
a.
i.
At the eutectic composition just below 1830C (eutectic temperature).
(Answer: a, 19.2% Sn in a phase, 45.5%, b, 97.5% Sn in b phase, 54.5%)
ii.
The point C at 40% Sn and 2300C.
(Answer: a, 15% Sn in a phase, 24.2%, liquid, 48% Sn in liquid phase, 75.8%)
iii.
The point d at 40% Sn and 1830C + T.
(Answer: a, 19.2% Sn in a phase, 51%, liquid, 61.9% Sn in liquid phase, 49%)
iv.
The point e at 40% Sn and 1830C – T.
(Answer: a, 19.2% Sn in a phase, 73%, b, 97.5% Sn in b phase, 27%)
23
24. One kilogram of an alloy of 70 percent Pb and 30 percent Sn is
slowly cooled from 3000C. Refer to the lead-tin diagram of Fig.
8.12 and calculate the following:
b.
i.
ii.
The weight percent of the liquid (Answer: 64.3%)
The weight percent of the liquid just above the eutectic temperature
(1830C) and the weight in kilograms of these phases. (Answer: 25.3%,
252.9g)
iii.
c.
The weight in kilograms of alpha and beta formed by the eutectic
reaction. (Answer: 86.2% wt a, 862g, 13.8% b, 138g)
An Pb-Sn alloy (Figure 8.12) contains 40% wt b and 60% wt a at
500C. What is the average composition of Pb and Sn in this alloy?
(Answer: 25.3%, 252.9g)
24
25. Various Eutectic Structures
Structure depends on factors like minimization of free energy at α /
β interface.
Manner in which two phases nucleate and grow also affects
structures.
25
26. Binary Peritectic Alloy System
Peritectic reaction:
Liquid phase REACTS with a solid phase to form a new and
different solid phase.
cooling
Liquid + α
β
26
27. Peritectic reaction occurs when a slowly COOLED alloy of Fe-4.3
wt% Ni passes through Peritectic temperature of 15170C in Figure
8.17.
Peritectic point is invariant.
The reaction can be written as:
Liquid(5.4 wt% Ni) + δ (4.0 wt% Ni)
cooling
γ 4.3 wt % Ni
27
28. Figure 8.17:
- The peritectic region of the iron-nickel phase diagram.
- The peritectic point is located at 4.3% Ni and 15170C, which is point c.
28
29. Question 7
1.
Make phase analyses at the
following points in the
platinum-silver equilibrium
phase diagram given:
a.
b.
c.
d.
The point at 42.2 % Ag and
14000C
The point at 42.2 % Ag and
11860C + T
The point at 42.2 % Ag and
11860C - T
The point at 60 % Ag and
11500C
29
31. 2.
Consider an Fe -4.2 wt % Ni alloy (Fig 8.17) that is slowly cooled
from 15500C to 14500C. What weight percent of the alloy
solidifies by the peritectic reaction? (Answer: 66.7%)
3.
Consider an Fe-5.0 wt % Ni alloy (Fig 8.17) that is slowly cooled
from 15500C to a4500C. What weight percent of the alloy
solidifies by the peritectic reaction? (Answer: 36.4%)
4.
Determine the weight percent and composition in weight
percent of each phase present in an Fe-4.2 wt % Ni alloy (Fig
8.17) at 15170C + T. (Answer: 14.3% wt in liquid, 85.7% wt in
d)
5.
Determine the composition in weight percent of the alloy in the
Fe-Ni system (Fig 8.17) that will produce a structure of 40 wt % d
and 60 wt % a just below the peritectic temperature. (Answer:
4.18% Ni , 95.82% Fe)
31
32. Binary Monotectic Systems
Monotectic Reaction:
Liquid phase TRANSFORMS into solid phase and another liquid.
cooling
L1
α+β
32
33. Two liquids are immiscible.
Example:Copper – Lead (system at 9550C and 36% Pb)
33
34. Figure 8.24:
- The cooper-lead phase diagram.
- The most important feature of this diagram is the monotectic invariant reaction at 36% Pb and
9550C,.
- At the monotectic point a (100%Cu), L1 (87%Pb) can coexist. Note that cooper and lead are
34
essentially insoluble in each other.
35. Question 8
1.
In the cooper-lead (Cu-Pb) system (Figure 8.24 ) for an alloy of
Cu-10 wt % Pb, determine the amounts and compositions of the
phases present at
a.
10000C
(Answer: 47.7% wt a , 100% Cu, 0% Pb in a phase, 52.6% wt L1, 81% Cu, 19% Pb in
L1 phase)
b.
9550C + T
(Answer: 72.2% wt a , 100% Cu, 0% Pb in a phase, 27.8% wt L1, 64% Cu, 36% Pb in
L1 phase)
c.
9550C – T
(Answer: 88.5% wt a , 100% Cu, 0% Pb in a phase, 11.5% wt L2, 13% Cu, 97% Pb in
L2 phase)
d.
2000C (Answer:
90% wt a , 99.995% Cu, 0.005% Pb in a phase, 10% wt b, 0.007%
Cu, 99.993% Pb in b phase)
35
36. 2.
For an alloy of Cu-70 wt % Pb (Figure 8.24), determine the
amounts and compositions in weight percent of the phases
present at
a.
9550C + T
(Answer: 66.7% wt L2 , 64% Cu, 36% Pb in L1 phase, 33.3% wt L1 , 13% Cu, 87% Pb
in L2 phase)
b.
9550C – T
(Answer: 19.5% wt a , 100% Cu, 0% Pb in a phase, 80.5% wt L2 , 13% Cu, 87% Pb
in L2 phase)
c.
3.
2000C (Answer:
30% wt a , 99.995% Cu, 0.005% Pb in a phase, 70% wt b , 0.007%
Cu, 99.993% Pb in b phase)
What is the average composition (weight percent) of a Cu-Pb
alloy that contains 30 wt % L1 and 70 wt % a at 9550C + T ?
(Answer: 10.8% Pb. 89.2% Cu)
36
37. Invariant Reaction
Eutectoid Reaction
Eutectoid reaction is similar with eutectic reaction which two solid
phases are formed from one phase on cooling.
However, in the eutectoid reaction, the decomposing phase is
solid.
37
40. References
A.G. Guy (1972) Introduction to Material Science, McGraw Hill.
J.F. Shackelford (2000). Introduction to Material Science for
Engineers, (5th Edition), Prentice Hall.
W.F. Smith (1996). Priciple to Material Science and
Engineering, (3rd Edition), McGraw Hill.
W.D. Callister Jr. (1997) Material Science and Engineering: An
Introduction, (4th Edition) John Wiley.
40
