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Habits of Mind …
Another perspective on
curriculum design
Habits of Mind…
     knowing how to behave intelligently when you
      DON'T know the answer.
     having a disposition toward behaving intelligently
      when confronted with problems, the answers to
      which are not immediately known: dichotomies,
      dilemmas, enigmas and uncertainties.

    Arthur Costa and Bena Kallick, Habits of Mind, A Developmental Series
Habits of Mind…
    Performative Literacy – knowledge that enables
     readers to activate and use all the other forms of
     knowledge required for the exercise of anything
     like a critical or disciplined literacy

Sheridan Blau, Performative Literacy: The Habits of Highly Literate Readers
Habits of Mind…
     … ways of thinking that one acquires so well,
      makes so natural, and incorporates so fully into
      one’s repertoire, that they become mental habits –
      not only can one draw upon them easily, one is
      likely to do so.

    E. Paul Goldenberg, “Habits of Mind” as an Organizer for the Curriculum
Another perspective
New term for old concepts
   Intelligence can be taught (Whimbey, 1975)
   Multiple Intelligences (Gardner, 1983)
   Learnable Intelligence (Perkins, 1995)
   Emotional Intelligence (Goleman, 1995)
   Moral Intelligence (Coles, 1997)

        (Costa and Kallick)
So why teach habits …?
   People know how to think better about something,
    but are not disposed to do so …
   “Without inclination, a person will not feel drawn
    toward X behavior. Without sensitivity, a person will
    not detect an X occasion.”

Perkins, Jay, and Tishman, Beyond Abilities: A Dispositional Theory of Thinking
So why teach habits …?
Habits of mind …

   emphasize attitudes, habits, and character traits in
    addition to cognitive skills;
   accommodate roles that emotions play in good
    learning;
   encourage intellectual “sensitivity” – recognizing
    opportunities to engage in intellectual behavior;
   support thought across and beyond disciplines.

        (Costa and Kallick)
So why teach habits …?
A curriculum organized around habits of mind …

   builds a background for advanced study in the
    discipline
   gives a strong sense of how practice in the
    discipline is actually done
   serves the needs of students preparing for
    advanced study as well as students who have
    not developed skills or interest in the discipline

        (Goldenberg)
So why teach habits …?
Finally, talking about habits of mind …

   provides a common talking point for instructors
    across disciplines and grade levels
   allows course designers to choose those habits of
    mind that best serve most students general
    education purposes.

       (Goldenberg)
Costa & Bennick’s habits
1.   Persisting                   1.   Gathering data through all
2.   Managing impulsivity              senses
3.   Listening to others          2.   Creating, imagining, and
                                       innovating
4.   Thinking Flexibly
                                  3.   Responding with wonder
5.   Thinking about thinking           and awe
6.   Striving for accuracy and    4.   Taking responsible risks
     precision
                                  5.   Finding humor
7.   Questioning
                                  6.   Thinking interdependently
8.   Applying past knowledge to
     new situations               7.   Learning Continuously
9.   Thinking and
     communicating with
     accuracy and precision
Thinking dispositions
1.   To be broad and adventurous
2.   Toward sustained intellectual curiosity
3.   To clarify and seek understanding
4.   To be planful and strategic
5.   To be intellectually careful
6.   To seek and evaluate reasons
7.   To be metacognitive

     (Perkins, Jay, and Tishman)
Habits of critical thinkers
1.    Respect for reasons                    1.   Respect for others
      and truth                                   in group inquiry and
2.    Respect for high-                           deliberation
      quality products and                   2.   Respect for
      performances                                legitimate
3.    Inquiring attitude                          intellectual authority
4.    Open-mindedness                        3.   Intellectual work
                                                  ethic
5.    Fair-mindedness
6.    Independent-
      mindedness
     Bailins, Case, Coombs, and Daniels, Conceptualizing Critical Thinking
Blau’s performative literacy
1.   Sustained focused attention
2.   Willingness to suspend closure – to entertain
     problems rather than avoid them
3.   Willingness to take risks
4.   Tolerance for failure – willingness to re-read and
     re-read again
5.   Tolerance for ambiguity, paradox, and uncertainty
6.   Intellectual generosity and fallibility
7.   Capacity to monitor and direct one’s own reading
     process – metacognitive awareness
From the CES
Ted Sizer proposes:                  CPESS habits of mind:
2.   Perspective                        Evidence – how do we
3.   Analysis                            know what we know?
4.   Imagination                        Perspective – who says?
5.   Empathy                            Connection – what causes
                                         what?
6.   Communication
                                        Supposition – what if?
7.   Commitment
8.   Humility
                                        Relevance – who cares?
9.   Joy


     Habits of Mind. CESNationalweb. http://www.essentialschools.org
From BYU – 1st Year Exp.
1.   Curiosity
2.   Questioning
3.   Observation (through paying attention)
4.   Analysis (understanding the parts)
5.   Integration (understanding the whole)
6.   Persistence

Habits of Mind. Office of First-year Experience, Brigham Young University
Science habits of mind
1.   Curiosity
2.   Openness
3.   Skepticism
     * Balance between the two a central tension in all
       science. Too skeptical results in no new ideas tested.
       Too open results in no commitment to existing ideas.
4.   Communication
        Willingness to discuss and debate, share, cooperate
        and collaborate.

Mark Volkmann and David Eichinger, Habits of Mind: Integrating the Social
   and Personal Characteristics of Doing Science into the Science
   Classroom.
Mathematics habits of mind
Students should be …

3.    Pattern sniffers   Cuocco, Goldenberg, and Mark.
                         Habits of Mind: an Organizing Principle
4.    Experimenters      for Mathematics Curricula
5.    Describers
6.    Tinkerers
7.    Inventors
8.    Visualizers
9.    Conjecturers
10.   Guessers
Social Studies habits of mind
1.   Open mindedness
2.   Fair-mindedness
3.   Independent-mindedness
4.   Inquiring or “critical” attitude
5.   Respect for high quality products and
     performances
6.   Intellectual work ethic

Roland Case and Ian Wright, Taking Seriously the Teaching of Critical Thinking
Habits in the curriculum …
What we are proposing is something a bit different. It
 is not an act of faith that taking mathematics
 seriously gives one the mathematics directly and
 (also) improves one’s thinking, but almost the
 reverse: taking particular ways of thinking seriously
 and giving them top priority among the various
 principles one needs for organizing mathematics (or
 other) curricula, gives one the thinking skills directly
 and also improves one’s mathematics.

      (Goldenberg)
Habits in the curriculum …
Habits in the curriculum …
In considering habits, Goldenberg proposes …
2)  What “habits of mind” do people need to be safe,
    healthy, employable, socially connected ...? What
    “habits” will they need to be adaptive to unforeseen
    obstacles and new problems
3)  What special contributions to that thinking can my
    discipline make?
  a.   What knowledge and skills from my discipline best help to
       deliver the message about thinking?
  b.   What might best convey the flavor of my discipline?
  c.   What might be the most broadly useful to students?
Habits in the curriculum …


Habit is a cable; we weave a thread of it each day, and
  at last we cannot break it.

  Horace Mann
Habits in the curriculum …
Habit:
   A recurrent, often unconscious pattern of behavior that is
    acquired through frequent repetition.
   An established disposition of the mind or character.


Habituate:
   To accustom by frequent repetition or prolonged exposure


    The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
Habits in the curriculum …
A habits of mind approach requires:
  Multiple opportunities for practice, becoming
   increasingly varied and complex and in different
   contexts over time.
  “Thinking Occasions” (Barry Beyer, Improving Student Learning)
  Providing Scaffolds
  Modeling
  Opportunity for reflection and “self-talk”
Thinking Occasions
Beyer, quoting Vygotsky, notes that –
 Thinking occasions are not “time to think” add-ons.
  Rather, they are occasions that demand thinking.
 These occasions actually provoke thinking, by
  triggering it and calling it into play.
Scaffolds …
   A Support for thinking
       Strategies/Mental Models
       Worksheets/ graphic organizers
       Modeling open-ended nature of research
Modeling …
At some point in our lives, each part of the intellectual
process demanded our full concentration. But once learned
(or, more precisely, once mastered), our mental habits
became so automatic that they faded from view.

It is that very point that spells trouble in the classroom. For
the same aspects of cognition that ease our job as thinkers
pose the greatest threat to our effectiveness as teachers.
Our familiar mental habits, often overlooked or omitted
when we describe our thinking processes to others, can
create a gulf between us and our students.

       Sam Wineburg, Teaching the Mind Good Habits
Professors may assume that their students are stupid
or suffer from a learning disability. Often the truth is
much simpler: No one has ever bothered to teach
them some basic but powerful skills of interpretation.
As teachers, we need to remember what the world
looked like before we learned our discipline's ways of
seeing it. We need to show our students the patient
and painstaking processes by which we achieved
expertise. Only by making our footsteps visible can we
expect students to follow in them.

            Wineburg

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Habits Of Mindlbcc 2

  • 1. Habits of Mind … Another perspective on curriculum design
  • 2. Habits of Mind…  knowing how to behave intelligently when you DON'T know the answer.  having a disposition toward behaving intelligently when confronted with problems, the answers to which are not immediately known: dichotomies, dilemmas, enigmas and uncertainties. Arthur Costa and Bena Kallick, Habits of Mind, A Developmental Series
  • 3. Habits of Mind…  Performative Literacy – knowledge that enables readers to activate and use all the other forms of knowledge required for the exercise of anything like a critical or disciplined literacy Sheridan Blau, Performative Literacy: The Habits of Highly Literate Readers
  • 4. Habits of Mind…  … ways of thinking that one acquires so well, makes so natural, and incorporates so fully into one’s repertoire, that they become mental habits – not only can one draw upon them easily, one is likely to do so. E. Paul Goldenberg, “Habits of Mind” as an Organizer for the Curriculum
  • 6. New term for old concepts  Intelligence can be taught (Whimbey, 1975)  Multiple Intelligences (Gardner, 1983)  Learnable Intelligence (Perkins, 1995)  Emotional Intelligence (Goleman, 1995)  Moral Intelligence (Coles, 1997) (Costa and Kallick)
  • 7. So why teach habits …?  People know how to think better about something, but are not disposed to do so …  “Without inclination, a person will not feel drawn toward X behavior. Without sensitivity, a person will not detect an X occasion.” Perkins, Jay, and Tishman, Beyond Abilities: A Dispositional Theory of Thinking
  • 8. So why teach habits …? Habits of mind …  emphasize attitudes, habits, and character traits in addition to cognitive skills;  accommodate roles that emotions play in good learning;  encourage intellectual “sensitivity” – recognizing opportunities to engage in intellectual behavior;  support thought across and beyond disciplines. (Costa and Kallick)
  • 9. So why teach habits …? A curriculum organized around habits of mind …  builds a background for advanced study in the discipline  gives a strong sense of how practice in the discipline is actually done  serves the needs of students preparing for advanced study as well as students who have not developed skills or interest in the discipline (Goldenberg)
  • 10. So why teach habits …? Finally, talking about habits of mind …  provides a common talking point for instructors across disciplines and grade levels  allows course designers to choose those habits of mind that best serve most students general education purposes. (Goldenberg)
  • 11. Costa & Bennick’s habits 1. Persisting 1. Gathering data through all 2. Managing impulsivity senses 3. Listening to others 2. Creating, imagining, and innovating 4. Thinking Flexibly 3. Responding with wonder 5. Thinking about thinking and awe 6. Striving for accuracy and 4. Taking responsible risks precision 5. Finding humor 7. Questioning 6. Thinking interdependently 8. Applying past knowledge to new situations 7. Learning Continuously 9. Thinking and communicating with accuracy and precision
  • 12. Thinking dispositions 1. To be broad and adventurous 2. Toward sustained intellectual curiosity 3. To clarify and seek understanding 4. To be planful and strategic 5. To be intellectually careful 6. To seek and evaluate reasons 7. To be metacognitive (Perkins, Jay, and Tishman)
  • 13. Habits of critical thinkers 1. Respect for reasons 1. Respect for others and truth in group inquiry and 2. Respect for high- deliberation quality products and 2. Respect for performances legitimate 3. Inquiring attitude intellectual authority 4. Open-mindedness 3. Intellectual work ethic 5. Fair-mindedness 6. Independent- mindedness Bailins, Case, Coombs, and Daniels, Conceptualizing Critical Thinking
  • 14. Blau’s performative literacy 1. Sustained focused attention 2. Willingness to suspend closure – to entertain problems rather than avoid them 3. Willingness to take risks 4. Tolerance for failure – willingness to re-read and re-read again 5. Tolerance for ambiguity, paradox, and uncertainty 6. Intellectual generosity and fallibility 7. Capacity to monitor and direct one’s own reading process – metacognitive awareness
  • 15. From the CES Ted Sizer proposes: CPESS habits of mind: 2. Perspective  Evidence – how do we 3. Analysis know what we know? 4. Imagination  Perspective – who says? 5. Empathy  Connection – what causes what? 6. Communication  Supposition – what if? 7. Commitment 8. Humility  Relevance – who cares? 9. Joy Habits of Mind. CESNationalweb. http://www.essentialschools.org
  • 16. From BYU – 1st Year Exp. 1. Curiosity 2. Questioning 3. Observation (through paying attention) 4. Analysis (understanding the parts) 5. Integration (understanding the whole) 6. Persistence Habits of Mind. Office of First-year Experience, Brigham Young University
  • 17. Science habits of mind 1. Curiosity 2. Openness 3. Skepticism * Balance between the two a central tension in all science. Too skeptical results in no new ideas tested. Too open results in no commitment to existing ideas. 4. Communication Willingness to discuss and debate, share, cooperate and collaborate. Mark Volkmann and David Eichinger, Habits of Mind: Integrating the Social and Personal Characteristics of Doing Science into the Science Classroom.
  • 18. Mathematics habits of mind Students should be … 3. Pattern sniffers Cuocco, Goldenberg, and Mark. Habits of Mind: an Organizing Principle 4. Experimenters for Mathematics Curricula 5. Describers 6. Tinkerers 7. Inventors 8. Visualizers 9. Conjecturers 10. Guessers
  • 19. Social Studies habits of mind 1. Open mindedness 2. Fair-mindedness 3. Independent-mindedness 4. Inquiring or “critical” attitude 5. Respect for high quality products and performances 6. Intellectual work ethic Roland Case and Ian Wright, Taking Seriously the Teaching of Critical Thinking
  • 20. Habits in the curriculum … What we are proposing is something a bit different. It is not an act of faith that taking mathematics seriously gives one the mathematics directly and (also) improves one’s thinking, but almost the reverse: taking particular ways of thinking seriously and giving them top priority among the various principles one needs for organizing mathematics (or other) curricula, gives one the thinking skills directly and also improves one’s mathematics. (Goldenberg)
  • 21. Habits in the curriculum …
  • 22. Habits in the curriculum … In considering habits, Goldenberg proposes … 2) What “habits of mind” do people need to be safe, healthy, employable, socially connected ...? What “habits” will they need to be adaptive to unforeseen obstacles and new problems 3) What special contributions to that thinking can my discipline make? a. What knowledge and skills from my discipline best help to deliver the message about thinking? b. What might best convey the flavor of my discipline? c. What might be the most broadly useful to students?
  • 23. Habits in the curriculum … Habit is a cable; we weave a thread of it each day, and at last we cannot break it. Horace Mann
  • 24. Habits in the curriculum … Habit:  A recurrent, often unconscious pattern of behavior that is acquired through frequent repetition.  An established disposition of the mind or character. Habituate:  To accustom by frequent repetition or prolonged exposure The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
  • 25. Habits in the curriculum … A habits of mind approach requires:  Multiple opportunities for practice, becoming increasingly varied and complex and in different contexts over time.  “Thinking Occasions” (Barry Beyer, Improving Student Learning)  Providing Scaffolds  Modeling  Opportunity for reflection and “self-talk”
  • 26. Thinking Occasions Beyer, quoting Vygotsky, notes that –  Thinking occasions are not “time to think” add-ons. Rather, they are occasions that demand thinking.  These occasions actually provoke thinking, by triggering it and calling it into play.
  • 27. Scaffolds …  A Support for thinking  Strategies/Mental Models  Worksheets/ graphic organizers  Modeling open-ended nature of research
  • 28. Modeling … At some point in our lives, each part of the intellectual process demanded our full concentration. But once learned (or, more precisely, once mastered), our mental habits became so automatic that they faded from view. It is that very point that spells trouble in the classroom. For the same aspects of cognition that ease our job as thinkers pose the greatest threat to our effectiveness as teachers. Our familiar mental habits, often overlooked or omitted when we describe our thinking processes to others, can create a gulf between us and our students. Sam Wineburg, Teaching the Mind Good Habits
  • 29. Professors may assume that their students are stupid or suffer from a learning disability. Often the truth is much simpler: No one has ever bothered to teach them some basic but powerful skills of interpretation. As teachers, we need to remember what the world looked like before we learned our discipline's ways of seeing it. We need to show our students the patient and painstaking processes by which we achieved expertise. Only by making our footsteps visible can we expect students to follow in them. Wineburg