Cookies are small files that are stored on a user's computer when they visit a website. They are normally used for authentication but can contain private information, posing a security risk. Cyberattacks are carried out through botnets which are networks of compromised computers controlled remotely without the owners' knowledge or consent to carry out malicious activities like DDoS attacks. Cybercrimes like identity theft, harassment, and piracy cost individuals and businesses billions each year and are increasingly becoming global issues as the world becomes more connected.

1. COOKIES
• A message passed from a web server to a web browser that is sent
back to the server each time the browser requests a page from that
server
• Normally used for authentication purposes
• May contain sensitive/private info, thus posing security risk

2. BOTNETS AND CYBERATTACK SUPPLY
CHAIN
• “Destructive software robots working together on a collection of
zombie computers”!!
• Ouch, straight out of a SiFi horror story but the threat is very real.

3. HIGHLY SPECIALIZED
IDENTITY THEFT
•A
phishing attack on the internet can be a professional
multi-step task involving:
• A programmer (writes attack templates)
• A phisher (designs the attack)
• A cracker (provides hosting space for attack)
• A Bot herder (access to botnet zombie computers)

4. INTERNET HOAXES
• A false message circulated online about new viruses
• May cause your inbox to get flooded with junk-mail
• Hoaxbusters warn about know hoaxes

5. CYBERSQUATTING
• The practice of registering a domain name and trying to sell it to
those who are most likely to want their trademark back
• Ex: eminemmobile.com sued by Eminem for use of his name to
make money
• This crime may lead to $100,000 fine and forfeiture of disputed
name for offenders.

6. CYBER HARRASSMENT, STALKING,
AND BULLYING
• Victims endure
• Distress from obscene, vulgar, or threatening content
• Repeated unwanted contact from aggressor
• Posting of personal information on chat rooms and web sites
• Social networks provide ways to report predators as a defense

7. SOFTWARE PRIACY
• Illegal distribution of bootleg copies to others (for free or to sell)
• Software is intellectual property and offenders are subject to patent
and copyright laws
• Solving piracy problem is still a major issue

8. GLOBAL PROBLEM
• Piracy is an international issue
• The unwillingness of governments and individuals to recognize
software copyrights is a huge roadblock to solving the issue
• Billions of dollars lost each year

9. CYBERWAR
• This is one country’s military attempt to destroy the information and
communication systems of another
• Most advanced nations are most vulnerable
• Attacks shut down country’s economic system, transportation and
medical capabilities, etc.

10. FUNCTIONS OF CYBERWAR
• Disabling enemy’s smart weapons and controls systems
• Distributing cyberpropaganda
• Stealing or modifying information (espionage)

11. A NEW COLD WAR
• Nations secretly testing networks to gain advantage or inflict damage
on potential enemy nations ushers in a new type of cold war

12. CYBERTERRORISM
• Individuals or organized groups using technology to intimidate or
harm governments and/or civilians
• Causes virtual physical damage
• Nuclear power plants, dams, power grids, etc., are all affected

13. DISADVANTAGES FOR THE CYBER
ATTACKER
• May not achieve as much destruction as physical weapons
• Requires continuous updating of systems as older methods quickly
become outdated
• Less drama and emotional appeal as traditional attacks

14. GLOBALIZATION OF
TERRORISM
• Cyberwar and Cyberterrorism will only increase as dependence on
technology increases
• Controlling these attacks is a great challenge for the future

15. INFORMATION SYSTEMS
SECURITY
• All systems connected to networks are vulnerable to security
violations
• Taking precaution is necessary and a variety of technologies have
been created for this purpose

16. SAFEGUARDING IS
RESOURCES
• Systems security auditing identifies most vulnerable systems in an
organization
• Followed by designing and implementing security measures

17. RISK ANALYSIS
• Determines if a company should take one of three courses of
action:
1. Risk Reduction (actively invest in protect systems)
2. Risk Acceptance (do nothing, just absorb any damages)
3. Risk Transference (buy insurance or outsource risky
functions)