PART 1: Alternative building techniques- we use on site materials to keep costs low, sand or subsoil, 50% rice hull for high R walls, which requires a stabiliser. Pneumatic tampers can work also, moist clay and sand become in effect sandstone, no stabiliser needed, but less insulation.
2. Qty Unit Item Particulars
30sacks Screened High Clay Earth red
30sacks Screened High Clay Earth brown
10sacks plastering sand
3sacks whole straw
1sacks chopped straw
2sacks rice hull
2sacks CRH-carbonized rice hull
2sacks Portland Cement
1sack Ag. Lime
1sack builders lime hydrated-slaked
200liters water drum
2020 liter pails
22liter scoops
24liter pails
2pcs float plastic
2pcs Hawk wood
1pc brick form adobe
1pc Larry hoe with holes
3pcs trowel various
2pcs mixing tubs plastic
1liter tung oil
1liter slate sealant
2bowls ferrocement practice
1pc English hiking stick wood
4pcs sealed rock
2pcs 2'x4' forms
6pcs dowels/clamps/nuts
2pcs ends/keys
2pcs rams wood
1pc ram steel
2pcs bamboo
1set Strapping set stainless
3. Aloha Ranch and
Organic Farm
An Eco Village Half way to the Underground River
Aloha House
An Orphanage on an Organic Farm
Aloha Kitchen
Artisan Farmstead Cheeses, Salsas, Jams and more
2 hectares
5 acres
13 rai
31 dou
7 hectares
17 acres
43 rai
108 dou
4. Aloha House Inc.
Registered with SEC
Non-profit, non-stock NGO
Accredited by the DSWD
Orphanage
Christian Ministry
Mother’s Program
Train Progressive Organic Farmers
5.
6. Earth as a building material comes in a
thousand different compositions, and can
be variously processed. Loam, or clayey
soil, as it is referred to scientifically, has
different names when used in various
applications, for instance rammed earth,
soil blocks, mud bricks or adobe.
12. Sustainable Building:
Rammed Earth
The “secret” of loam lies in the lamellar structure
of the various clay minerals and their internal
electrical attraction, which is activated only by
water and movement. This means that by kneading
loam in a plastic state, the clay minerals are able to
come together in a denser, parallel layered packing,
achieving greater binding force, and when dry,
higher tensile and compressive strength.
15. Benefits of Sustainability Principles
Reduced Energy Requirements
Improved Indoor Environment
Minimized Impact Of Material Use
Reduced Water Requirements
Reduced Impact On Site
Improved Cycle Cost
Improved Health, Performance And Productivity
16. LEED certification provides independent verification of a building or neighborhood’s
green features, allowing for the design, construction, operations and maintenance of
resource-efficient, high-performing, healthy, cost-effective buildings. LEED is the
triple bottom line in action, benefiting people, planet and profit.
LEADERSHIP IN ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN
17. Energy Design Strategies
Optimize Siting/Orientation
East-West Access For Passive Solar Access
Airflow Corridor
Microclimates- berms, swales, extend season, watch thermal mass
Reduce Size
Insulation/Envelope Design
Landscape
Shade
Minimize Pug Load
22. In late 2013, the International Code Council (ICC) approved
two new appendixes: one for straw bale construction
(Appendix S) and one for light straw-clay construction
(Appendix R). These appendixes are included in the 2015
Residential Code for one- and two-family dwellings.
http://codes.iccsafe.org/app/book/content/2015-I-Codes/2015%20IRC%20HTML/Appendix%20S.html
23.
24. Energy Audit
On site materials
Portland reduction
Labor efficiency
Fuel spent
Resources wasted
Trees eliminated
Wildlife destroyed
Electricity used
Kilometers traveled
25. Sod House
On site materials
Portland reduction
Labor efficiency
Fuel spent
Resources wasted
Trees eliminated
Wildlife destroyed
Electricity used
Kilometers traveled
26.
27.
28.
29.
30. 0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Willingness to Share Knowledge
Willingness to Share Knowledge
Zero Knowledge Little Knowledge Some Knowledge Growing Knowledge
“Advocacy”
Mount Stupid
Actual Experience and growing success
33. Aloha Ranch
Loam has three
disadvantages when
compared to common
industrialized building
materials:
1. Loam is not a
standardized building
material
2. Loam mixtures shrink
when drying
3. Loam is not water-
resistant
Loam has many advantages
in comparison to common
industrial building materials:
1. Loam balances air
humidity
2. Loam stores heat (or cold)
3. Loam saves energy and
reduces environ- mental
pollution
4. Loam is always reusable
5. Loam saves material and
transportation costs
6. Loam is ideal for do-it-
yourself construction
7. Loam preserves timber
and other organic materials
8. Loam absorbs pollutants
34. Aloha Ranch
Loam has three
disadvantages when
compared to common
industrialized building
materials:
1. Loam is not a
standardized building
material
2. Loam mixtures shrink
when drying
3. Loam is not water-
resistant
Loam has many advantages
in comparison to common
industrial building materials:
1. Loam balances air
humidity
2. Loam stores heat (or cold)
3. Loam saves energy and
reduces environ- mental
pollution
4. Loam is always reusable
5. Loam saves material and
transportation costs
6. Loam is ideal for do-it-
yourself construction
7. Loam preserves timber
and other organic materials
8. Loam absorbs pollutants
4. Production order requires proper planning
a. Curing/shrinkage/moisture
b. Protection of surfaces
c. Wall/column/roof assembly
35. Plaster finish
Normal lime plaster usually
consists of 1 part hydraulic lime
and 3 to 4 parts sand. Since it is
commonly used in construction
worldwide, it is not discussed
further in this book.
36.
37. Neil and Su have so many
projects going on right now. Neil
calls it "project creep," where
you start something small and
end up with something
unmanageable. They bought
their house a few years ago and
are doing massive renovations.
42. Choosing the right steel for you depends on your purpose:
Jigane is unfired forged iron. Whereas a hard carbon steel tends to slide over a plaster, "soft"
jigane iron will push and pull material, making it excellent at distributing plaster on wall. By
"soft", we refer to the quality of the steel, not the flexibility of the trowel. Because Jigane is a
soft steel, Jigane trowels tend to be thick, stiff and heavy. Jigane is suitable for scratch and
brown coats of earthen or lime plaster.
Hanyaki is fired once after forging. Hanyaki is suitable for all coats, and can also be used for
cement based plasters as well.
Abarayaki is steel that is forged, coated with oil, and then fired twice. It is harder than hanyaki
and suitable for compressing plaster for a glossy finish.
Honyaki is made in a similar fashion to abarayaki, but is fired at a higher temperature. Being a
very hard carbon steel, it is suitable for earthen or lime finish coats and cement based plasters.
Stainless steel is the hardest steel but can be produced so thin as to be flexible as well. It is
used to apply thin coats and to smooth trowels marks.
43.
44.
45. Gernot Minke
Building with Earth
Design and Technology of a Sustainable Architecture
https://ia700503.us.archive.org/11/items/Gernot_Minke-Building_With_Earth/Gernot_Minke-Building_With_Earth.pdf
50. “With the technology, an average Nigerian can afford to build a house
with 10 bags of cement, and with just 10 bags of cement, you easily get
three-bedroom bungalows. “You use the old maiden earth, that is, the
soil; you use a proportion of the soil with the cement, adding little amount
of water under a prefabricated form. “With some timing and technical
concentration, you erect a wall and after 24 hours, you remove the form
and go to the next wall and do the same,’’ he said.
51. Dango: hikaru doro dango
by Kyle Holzhueter
The art of polished clay balls, known
as hikaru nendo dango or hikaru doro
dango in Japanese, first began in
Japan in the 1980’s. Shinkichi
Enomoto-san, a renowned plasterer
in Tokyo famous for his modern Otsu
finish (polished earth-lime plaster), is
held as the originator of polished clay
balls. Due to its simple and beautiful
nature, the art of polishing clay balls
is becoming popular throughout the
world.
56. Tadelakt, freely translated, means "to rub in". The specific
Stone-effect is attained by polishing the lime plaster with a
stone.
57. Earth Terms
Loam as it is referred to scientifically,
(clayey soil) has different names when
used in various applications, for
instance rammed earth, soil blocks,
mud bricks or adobe.
59. Earth
Terms
Adobe
Blocks of earth (loam)
produced manually by
throwing wet earth into
a formwork are called
adobes or mud bricks
or sun- dried earth
blocks. Also can be used
to plaster or Wattle and
daub
62. Cob: Chopped straw and earth
“The word cob comes from an old English root meaning a lump or
rounded mass. Cob building uses hands and feet to form lumps of
earth mixed with sand and straw.”
65. Earth Terms
Soil Blocks
are compressed
unbaked bricks
Gernot Minke
Building with Earth
Design and Technology of a Sustainable Architecture
https://ia700503.us.archive.org/11/items/Gernot_Minke-Building_With_Earth/Gernot_Minke-Building_With_Earth.pdf
83. Earth Terms
Stabilized Rammed Earth Walls
are compressed walls that use loam
and a stabilizer (hydrated lime,
Portland etc.)
The French call
rammed earth
construction
pisé de terre.
84. High labor costs
Multiple handling of materials
High material costs
Trucked into site from quarry
High embedded energy
Carbon intensive production
High heat gain
High U value
Rammed Earth Vs. Hollow block
Lower labor costs
Efficient use of materials
Lower material costs
Local materials, on site
Low embedded energy
Stores more carbon than produced
No solar gain
High R value
85. High labor costs
Multiple handling of materials
Foot mixing
Material is blended manually
Advanced lead time
Bricks must be cured and load
bearing
Additional grout
required for building
Rammed Earth Vs. Adobe Brick
Lower labor costs
Efficient use of materials
Single handling
Mixer is used
No lead time for curing
Forms are moved immediately
Stronger/longer lasting
Monolithic pour
86.
87. The laundry list of volatile chemicals used in tires is alarming:
· Benzene inhalation causes cancer
· Toluene inhalation causes cognitive disfunction
· Arsenic inhalation causes organ failure
· Acetone inhalation causes irritation of the throat and lung
plus heavy metals that include
· Nickel inhalation causes sinusitis and cancer
· Copper inhalation causes nausea and suppressed liver function
· Cadmium inhalation causes kidney disease and an increased frequency of kidney stone formation
Organic compounds in tires break down more quickly than the vulcanized rubber. Criteria which determine
breakdown rate include: heating, friction (from movement), water trapping and freezing, and evaporation of
plasticizers.
88. STABILIZED RAMMED EARTH
A lightweight husk loam for Rural Housing
With a high Insulative rating for tropical conditions
92. Australia has the potential to produce over a million tons of rice annually, and
our rice farmers have shown themselves to be very efficient in its cultivation,
using 50 per cent less water for the crop than the global average. Rice needs to
be hulled to remove the outer husk from the eatable inner grain. The waste
generated in the process is significant - it has been calculated that in excess of
100,000,000 metric tons of rice hulls are created globally.
93. These little shells, which make up approximately 20 per cent of the weight of
harvested rice, have shown themselves to have rather remarkable
properties. They are considered to be naturally flame retardant, requiring
no chemical additives to provide their self extinguishing characteristics,
partly due to their high silica content. They resist the growth of fungi and
mould. In the USA, rice husks have been classified as Class A insulation
material for their high thermal resistance value.
95. Binder - termite barrier
10 liters CRH/RHA/ STICKYRICE
10 liters agri lime stone
20 liters Portland cement
'The inorganic component is calcium carbonate, and the organic component is amylopectin,
which comes from the sticky rice soup added to the mortar. Moreover, we found that
amylopectin in the mortar acted as an inhibitor: The growth of the calcium carbonate crystal
was controlled, and a compact microstructure was produced, which should be the cause of
the good performance of this kind of organic-organic mortar.'
https://home-building.wonderhowto.com/news/secret-ingredient-indestructible-1-500-year-old-chinese-architecture-0116678/
96. Binder - termite barrier
10 liters CRH/RHA/ STICKYRICE
10 liters agri lime stone
20 liters Portland cement
'The inorganic component is calcium carbonate, and the organic component is amylopectin,
which comes from the sticky rice soup added to the mortar. Moreover, we found that
amylopectin in the mortar acted as an inhibitor: The growth of the calcium carbonate crystal
was controlled, and a compact microstructure was produced, which should be the cause of
the good performance of this kind of organic-organic mortar.'
https://home-building.wonderhowto.com/news/secret-ingredient-indestructible-1-500-year-old-chinese-architecture-0116678/
amylopectin, a type of polysaccharide
http://heritagesciencejournal.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/2050-7445-1-26
97. Excavated on site clay soil
Local Rice hull
Carbonized
Rice hull
/ASH
Stabilized Rammed Earth wall materials
Light weight loam
<600 kg/m3
102. Spanish barro apisonado or tapial
German Stampflehmbau
French terre pisé
Rammed Earth
Moist soil is poured into formwork
in layers up to 15 cm thick and then
compacted by ramming
103. Loam is a mixture of clay, silt and sand, and
sometimes contains larger aggregates like
gravel and stones.
104. A solid wall of rammed
earth without straw or other
light aggregates has nearly
the same insulating effect
as a solid wall of baked
bricks.
105. A solid wall of rammed
earth without straw or other
light aggregates has nearly
the same insulating effect
as a solid wall of baked
bricks.
The lighter the material,
the higher its thermal
insulation.
The greater its humidity
level, the lower its
insulating effect.
106. In comparison with wet loam
techniques (see chapter 9), the
shrinkage ratio of rammed earth is
much lower, and strength much
higher.
In comparison with adobe masonry
(see chapter 6), rammed earth –
since it is monolithic – provides
the advantage of longer life.
107. Earth, when used as a building material, is often
given different names. Referred to in scientific
terms as loam, it is a mixture of clay, silt (very
fine sand), sand, and occasionally larger
aggregates such as gravel or stones.
108. When speaking of handmade unbaked bricks,
the terms ”mud bricks” or “adobes” are usually
employed for earth; when speaking of
compressed unbaked bricks, the term ”soil
blocks” is used. When compacted within a
formwork, it is called ”rammed earth”.
136. In late 2013, the International Code Council (ICC) approved
two new appendixes: one for straw bale construction
(Appendix S) and one for light straw-clay construction
(Appendix R). These appendixes are included in the 2015
Residential Code for one- and two-family dwellings.
http://codes.iccsafe.org/app/book/content/2015-I-Codes/2015%20IRC%20HTML/Appendix%20S.html
137. The Keyline Scale of Permanence:
1. Climate
2. Land Shape
3. Water
4. Roads
5. Trees
6. Buildings
7. Subdivision
8. Soil
KEYLINE DESIGN Mark IV
‘Soil, Water & Carbon for Every Farm’
Building Soils, Harvesting Rainwater, Storing Carbon
Abe Collins & Darren J. Doherty
146. The anxiety that mice or insects might live in
earth walls is unfounded when these are solid.
Insects can survive only provided there are
gaps, as in “wattle-and-daub” walls. In South
America, the Chagas disease, which leads to
blindness, comes from insects that live in
wattle-and-daub walls. Gaps can be avoided
by constructing walls of rammed earth or
mud bricks with totally filled mud mortar
joints. Moreover, if the earth contains too many
organic additives, as in the case of lightweight
straw clay, with a density of less than 600
kg/m3, small insects such as wood lice can live
in the straw and attack it. Common perceptions
that loam surfaces are difficult to clean
(especially in kitchens and bathrooms) can be
dealt with by painting them with casein/lime,
linseed oil or other coatings, which makes them
non- abrasive. As explained on p. 132,
bathrooms with earth walls are more hygienic
than those with glazed tiles, since earth absorbs
high humidity quickly, thereby inhibiting fungus
growth.
Gernot Minke
Building with Earth
Pg 16
147. The anxiety that mice or insects might live in
earth walls is unfounded when these are solid.
Insects can survive only provided there are
gaps, as in “wattle-and-daub” walls. In South
America, the Chagas disease, which leads to
blindness, comes from insects that live in
wattle-and-daub walls. Gaps can be avoided
by constructing walls of rammed earth or
mud bricks with totally filled mud mortar
joints.
Gernot Minke
Building with Earth
Pg 16
Martin Shkreli, the hedge-fund manager who
became notorious for buying the rights to
critical anti-parasite drugs used to treat
HIV/AIDS patients and then jacking up the
price by 5000% (from $13.50 to $750!) has
found himself himself arrested by federal
authorities for securities fraud. He recently
acquired KaloBios Pharmaceuticals and is
planning to raise the price of courses
of benznidazole, used to treat a disease in
Latin America known as “Chagas,” from
$100 to $100,000
220. Earth Paint
1. Bring 20 liters water to boil before mixing starch
2. Mix/dissolve 1 kg. Cassava starch w/
1 liter cool water
3. Pour #1 into #2 and then
remove from heat
3. Mix 1 part Clay and
3 parts Sand then
add #3
ThaiMudBrick.DAT 11:57
224. Hybrid
Earthen
Homes
Breathable Plaster Primer
1 part whey or powdered milk and 1 part hydrated lime
Mix 2 minutes then stand 5 minutes
then add 2 parts water run for 2 more minutes
Lime, together with casein,
forms a chemical
waterproofing agent called
calcium ALBUMINATE.
225. Hybrid
Earthen
Homes
Plaster Preparation
Whey, hydraulic lime and sand
The lime has to be first intensively
mixed into the whey to form a
creamy paste without adding any
water. After allowing the mix to rest
for a while, water and sand should
be added.
For a thinner plaster that can be brushed
on, with the proportion 1:6:25
In warm climates, some kitchen salt
should be added to keep the lime plaster
moist for a longer period, which improves
curing.
226. Water Proof Breathable Colored Plaster
1 part whey to 1 part hydrated lime
Machine Mix 2 minutes then stand 5 minutes
then add 1 part clay for color, 3 parts sand for texture and 4 parts hydrated lime
Machine Mix
Set drill press to Lowest speed
with 5 ½ ” boat prop
1 part whey to 1 part hydrated lime
Machine Mix 2 minutes then stand 5 minutes
227. Hybrid
Earthen
Homes
Water Proof Breathable Colored Plaster
1 part whey to 1 part hydrated lime
Machine Mix 2 minutes then stand 5 minutes
then add 1 part clay for color, 3 parts sand for texture and 4 parts water