HOW TO TAKE READINGS FROM WEATHER INSTRUMENTS, HOW TO MEASURE TREE PARAMETERS, ARCGIS AND REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES LIKE MAP EMBELLISHMENT, CLIPPING, IMAGE COMPOSITING, IMAGE CLASSIFICATION, land use/land cover change detection
SIWES INDUSTRIAL TRAINING AT FORESTRY RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF NIGERIA,JERICHO,IBADAN, OYO STATE NIGERIA
1. 1
A TECHNICAL REPORT
OF
THREE (3) MONTHS INDUSTRIAL TRAINNING
AT
FORESTRY RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF NIGERIA, JERICHO, IBADAN,
OYO STATE
BY
OPARA MICHAEL OBINNA
170723
300LEVEL
DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY
FACULTY OF SCIENCE
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN
SUBMITTED TO
INDUSTRIAL TRAINING CO-ORDINATING CENTER (ITCC)
MARCH, 2016
2. 2
170723
Geography Department
Faculty of science,
University of Ibadan,
Ibadan,
Oyo state
22nd
March, 2015.
The Director,
Industrial Training coordinating Centre,
University of Ibadan,
Ibadan.
LETTER OF SUBMISSION
I, OPARA MICHAEL OBINNA of the above mentioned department and faculty
wish to use this medium to present my industrial training report that was held at Forestry
Research Institute of Nigeria.
I will be much grateful if my report is studied and accepted.
Thank you.
Yours faithfully,
……………………
Opara Michael Obinna
3. 3
Dedication
This report is dedicated to the glory of God, for his goodness and for his wonderful works to us. I
also dedicate it to my family and friends for their wonderful love. May God bless you all (amen).
4. 4
Acknowledgement
I would want to genuinely appreciate my parent for their persistence on my behalf, patience, love
and financial support. I also would want appreciate my fellow training mates; Isaac, Cindy and
Aanu for being just the best.
A big thank you to all the staff of Environmental, Modelling and Management Department,
FRIN. It was indeed an educating time with you all. Especially Mr Ekundayo, Mr John, Mr
Chuks, Mrs Ofodu, Mrs Pitan Victoria, Mr Ralph, Mr Mayowa amongst others.
Thanks to Almighty God for making all this possible, I am very grateful.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
Letter of Submission
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Table of Content
Abstract
Chapter 1 Introduction to Training Program
1.0 About SIWES
1.1 Objectives of the Training
1.1.1 Aims of Industrial Training
1.2 Company Profile
1.2.1 Institute‟s Vision Statement
1.2.2 Institute‟s Mission Statement
1.2.3 Institute‟s Mandate
1.2.4 Institute‟s Organogram
1.3 Environmental Modelling and Management Department
Chapter 2 Description of Work Done I
2.0 Meteorological Unit
2.1 Stevenson Screen
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2.2 US Bureau Class A Pan
2.3 Wet and Dry Bulb Thermometer
2.4 Maximum and Minimum Thermometer
2.5 Cup Anemometer
2.6 Wind Vane
2.7 Soil Thermometers
2.8 Piche Evaporimeter
2.9 Rain Guage
2.10 Campbell-Stroke Sunshine Recorder
Chapter 3 Description of Work Done II
3.0 Forest Biometrics Unit
3.1 Biometrics as a Tool in Data Collection
3.2 Biometrics as a Tool in Data Analysis
3.3 Biometrics as a Tool in Data Interpretation
3.4 Fieldwork Experience
3.4.1 Tree Height
3.4.2 Tree Diameter
3.4.3 Merchantable Height
3.4.4 Crown Height
3.4.5 Crown Width
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3.4.6 Basal Area
3.4.7 Volume of Tree
3.5 Instruments used in Tree Measurements
Chapter 4 Description of Work Done III
4.0 GIS and Remote Sensing Unit.
4.1 ArcGIS Techniques Learnt.
4.1.1 Map Embellishment
4.1.2 How to Composite/Merge Layers and Clip
4.1.3 How to Classify an Image
4.2 Results
4.3 Interpretation
Chapter 5 Conclusion and Recommendation
5.0 Recommendation
5.1 Conclusion
References
8. 8
Abstract
I had a wonderful time while working at the Environmental, Modelliing and Management
Department, FRIN. I had a practical hands-on application of knowledge on how to take readings
from weather recording equipment like U.S Bureau Class A Pan (which measures evaporation),
wet and dry bulb thermometer(for measuring relative humidity), maximum and minimum
thermometer(for measuring daily diurnal changes in temperature), cup anemometer(for
measuring wind speed). Including soil thermometers, wind vane, piche evaporimeter and rain
guage.
Secondly, while at the Forest Biometrics Unit, I got to learn how to measure tree height, tree
diameter, merchantable height, crown height, and crown width.
Lastly, at the GIS and remote sensing unit, I learnt how to analyze satellite imageries and make
meanings out of them using the ArcGIS software. ArcGIS techniques leant include map
embellishment, compositing, clipping and image classification. These techniques were applied in
a mini project I carried out, where I analyzed deforestation rates in Shasha Forest Reserve from
1986 to 2002 and to 2015.
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CHAPTER ONE
Introduction to Training Program
1.0 About SIWES
SIWES is an acronym for “Students‟ Industrial Scheme Work Experience “.This is a programme
introduced by National Universities Commission (NUC) and approved by the Federal
Government to expose students to practical world of different disciplines studied in universities.
The duration of the training depend on the respective courses.
SIWES: is a form of training which is necessary for students of different academic institutions to
undergo, every year. In University of Ibadan, this training is made compulsory for students in
200level, 300level or even 400level depending on the course of study of the respective students.
The duration of the training is usually 2 months, 3 months or 6 months, depending on department
and level of study.
The idea is to improve student‟s knowledge through practical, on what has been taught or studied
in the university. It could be an industrial training in a private organization or government
establishment either state or federal and some within the same universities. Before students
embark on the training, a log book is given, where daily activities of work done are recorded.
This log book is meant to be submitted with an industrial attachment report at the end of the
training to ITCC for documentation and evaluation purposes.
1.1 Objectives of the Training
1. To provide avenue for students in the Nigerian Universities to acquire industrial skills
and experience in their course of study.
2. To prepare students for work situation they are likely to meet after graduation
3. To expose students to work methods and techniques in handling equipment and
machinery that may not be available in the university
4. To make transition from university to the world of work easier and thus enhance contests
for later job placement
5. To provide students with an opportunity to apply their theoretical knowledge in real work
situation, thereby bridging the gap between university work and actual practice
1.1.1 Aims of Industrial Training Report
1. It shows the students contribution to the establishment during training
2. It shows whether the student has really gained from the exercise or not
3. It shows the company‟s activities during the industrial training
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4. It helps the school to know whether the establishment is in line with the student‟s
academic field.
1.2 Company’s Profile
Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria (FRIN) was established as Federal Department of Forestry
Research in 1954. The Institute‟s Decree 35 of 1973 and order Establishing Research Institute of
1977 changed the status of the Department to an Institute being supervised by the Federal
Ministry of Environment, but the only Research Institute of the ministry. Forestry Research
Institute of Nigeria has six specialized research departments (Sustainable Forest Management
Department, Forest Product Development & Utilization Department, Forest Conservation &
Protection Department, Forest Economics & Extension Services Department, Planning,
Research, Statistics & Biometrics Department, Environmental Modeling & Management
Department), ten outstations spread across all ecological zones of the country, three service units
and four ND/HND awarding colleges.
Dr Adepoju, Adeshola Olatunde is the Executive Director, Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria
(FRIN).
1.2.1 Institute’s Vision Statement
To ensure environmental protection, amelioration of degraded environment, conservation and
utilization of our forest resources for sustainable development.
1.2.2 Institute’s Mission Statement
To ensure sustainable management of our environment and forest resources for the benefit of
present and future generations through appropriate research and training.
1.2.3 Institute’s Mandate
The Institute is mandated to conduct research on the following:
Conservation and improvement of genetic resources of forest trees and eco-system for
economic development.
Improvement of silvicultural practices relating to forest trees of economic importance.
Mechanization and improvement of methods of cultivating, harvesting and processing of
forest trees of economic importance.
Improvement of the utilization of forest products and wood residues.
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Study of the ecology of pests and diseases of forest trees and their control.
Development of agroforestry systems for the integration of forest trees of economic
importance into farming systems in different ecological zones of Nigeria.
Wildlife management and production.
The socio-economic importance of forestry in the Nigerian economy.
Forestry education and training.
Forestry extension and dissemination.
Sericulture.
Any other problem relating to forestry flora and Fauna.
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1.3 Environmental and Modeling Management Department
While at FRIN, I was specifically posted to the Environmental Modelling and Management
Department.
The department is headed by Dr. Meduna .A.J. and is made up of three units, which are;
Meteorology.
Biometrics (formerly Dendrology) and
Geographical Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing Units.
The department is saddled with the following responsibilities;
i. Modeling and management of environmental resources using geo-informatics and other related
technologies.
ii. Regular assessment and monitoring of Nigeria‟s forest and environmental resources.
iii. Collection and analysis of meteorological data.
iv. Using weather data for the prediction of onset and cessation of rainy season and the
occurrence of fire danger index for forest fire prediction to farmers.
v. Research into growth, yield and management of economic tree crops.
vi. Development of mathematical models for growth and yield of different forest tree species.
vii. Updating of data information on variability of growth of forest plantation.
viii. Determination of appropriate time of application of suitable silvicultural treatment e.g.
thinning, pruning, etc. for enhancing the productivity of forest plantations.
ix. To monitor changes in vegetation cover.
x. Development of early warning prediction for climate change
xi. Driving conductor in getting Nigeria‟s readiness for REDD as well as REDD++ and any other
national and international initiatives that fall within the research mandates of the Institute.
xii. To conduct research into carbon dioxide (CO2) emission, carbon stock estimation and carbon
sequestration.
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xiii. Managing, reporting and verification of greenhouse gas emission.
xiv. To conduct Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).
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CHAPTER TWO
Description of Work Done I
2.0 Meteorology Unit
Meteorology is the scientific study of the atmosphere that focuses on weather processes and
forecasting.
Meteorological phenomena are observable weather events which illuminate and are explained by
the science of meteorology.
Those events are bound by the variables that exist in earth's atmosphere.
They are temperature, air pressure, water vapor, mass flow and the gradients and interactions of
each variable, and how they change in time. Different spatial scales are used to describe and
predict weather on local, regional, and global levels.
The majority of Earth's observed weather is located in the troposphere.
The agro-meteorological station at FRIN has the following weather measuring
instruments; Stevenson screen ( which houses the dry and wet bulb thermometer, maximum and
minimum thermometer and the piche evaporimeter), US Bureau Class A pan, rain guage, wind
vane, cup anemometer, 6 soil thermometers (at different soil depth) and the Campbell-Stroke
sunshine recorder.
took readings from the meteorological station at 09:00 GMT (10 am Nigerian Time),and at
12:00 GMT (1pm Nigerian Time).
2.1 Stevenson Screen
A Stevenson screen or instrument shelter is an enclosure to shield meteorological instruments
against precipitation and direct heat radiation from outside sources, while still allowing air to
circulate freely around them. It forms part of a standard weather station. The Stevenson screen
holds instruments that may include thermometers (ordinary, maximum/minimum), a hygrometer,
a psychrometer, a dewcell, a barometer and a thermograph. Stevenson screens may also be
known as a cotton region shelter, an instrument shelter, a thermometer shelter, a thermoscreen or
a thermometer screen. Its purpose is to provide a standardized environment in which to measure
temperature, humidity, dew point and atmospheric pressure.
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Figure 2.1: The Stevenson Screen
2.2 US Bureau Class A Pan
This pan is used to hold water during observations for the determination of the quantity of
evaporation at a given location. The United States, National Weather Service has standardized its
measurements on the Class A evaporation pan, a cylinder with a diameter of 47.5 in (120.7 cm)
that has a depth of 10 in (25 cm). The pan rests on a carefully leveled, wooden base. Evaporation
is measured daily as the depth of water (in inches) evaporates from the pan. The measurement
day begins with the pan filled to exactly two inches (5 cm) from the pan top. At the end of 24
hours, the amount of water to refill the pan to exactly two inches from its top is measured.
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Figure 2.2: The US Bureau Class A Pan
2.3 Wet and Dry Bulb Thermometer
Dry bulb thermometer is used to measure air temperature. It is measured in a shaded
enclosure (most often a Stevenson Screen) at a height of approximately 1.2 m above the
ground.
The wet-bulb Thermometer is used to measure the cooling effect of the air. Traditionally,
wet-bulb temperature has been measured using a standard mercury-in-glass thermometer,
with the thermometer bulb wrapped in muslin, which is kept wet (hence the term "wet-
bulb temperature").
Provided the air is not saturated, the moisture will evaporate from the muslin and cool the
thermometer; the degree of cooling depending on the amount of moisture in the air (i.e.
the humidity).
The difference between the temperature of the wet-bulb thermometer and the temperature
indicated by a dry-bulb (normal, unmodified) thermometer is known as the wet-bulb
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depression, and provides a measure of atmospheric moisture content. When air is
saturated there is no cooling, and the wet-bulb and dry-bulb temperatures are equal.
The wet-bulb depression is used to get relative humidity, vapour pressure and dew point from
the hygrometric table. Relative humidity is the amount of water vapour present in air
expressed as a percentage of the amount needed for saturation at the same temperature.
Figure 2.3: The Wet and Dry Bulb Thermometer
2.4 Maximum and Minimum Thermometer
The minimum and maximum thermometer is used for measuring the minimum and maximum
temperature recorded. The Maximum (hottest) and Minimum (coldest) temperatures can be
recorded with the help of two small steel pins.
When the temperature rises, the marker 'pin' in the maximum thermometer column will
move up. It will stay there until you reset it. To take your reading, you read off the
bottom of the 'pin'.
When the temperature falls, the marker in the minimum thermometer column will move
down to show the minimum temperature. To take your reading, you read off the bottom
of the 'pin'.
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Figure 2.4: The Minimum and Maximum Thermometer
2.5 Cup Anemometer
An anemometer is a device used for measuring wind speed, and is a common weather station
instrument. In order for wind speeds to be comparable from location to location, the effects of
the terrain needs to be considered, especially in regard to height. Other considerations are the
presence of trees, and both natural canyons and artificial canyons (urban buildings). The standard
anemometer height in open rural terrain is 10 meters.
When the cup is not moving, this means there is no wind speed, so we record a “0”, when the
cup is moving gently, we record a “1” for the wind speed but when the cup is moving fast, we
record a “2” for the wind speed.
In addition to the cup speed, the anaemometer meter reading is also noted, which could look like
this “3214.13”.
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Figure 2.5: The Cup Anemometer
2.6 Wind Vane
A weather vane, wind vane, or weathercock is an instrument for showing the direction of the
wind. They are typically used as an architectural ornament to the highest point of a building.
The wind vane has a fixed horizontal north and south, east and west arrow atop, and a deflectable
arrowhead on top of the former. The deflectable arrowhead tilts in the direction of the wind per
time.
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Figure 2.6: The Wind Vane
2.7 Soil Thermometers
Soil thermometers are mercury-in-glass thermometers used in measuring soil temperatures.
Many seed packets indicate desired soil temperature. Soil thermometers are an inexpensive and
key tool to help ensure germination and seedling health.
Soil temperatures at different soil depths are very important to agriculturists. In FRIN, there are 6
soil thermometers which measures soil temperatures at 5cm, 10cm, 20cm, 30cm, 50cm, and
100cm soil depth.
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Figure 2.7: Soil Thermometers
2.8 Piche Evaporimeter
This instrument measures the evaporation which occurs on a moistened porous paper filter, kept
inside the Stevenson screen.
The instrument consists of a graduated tube, closed at one end, and is filled with distilled water
and then covered with a larger circular piece of filter paper held in place by a disc and collar
arrangement. In operation the instrument is inverted so that the distilled water is in contact with
the filter paper. The amount of evaporation that occurs during an interval of time can be read on
the measuring scale.
The piche evaporimeter is reset every morning by refilling the tube with water and changing the
filter paper.
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Figure 2.8: Piche Evaporimeter
2.9 Rain Guage:
A rain gauge (also known as an udometer, pluviometer, or an ombrometer) is a type of
instrument used by meteorologists and hydrologists to gather and measure the amount of liquid
precipitation over a set period of time
How to take readings from the rain guage
The rain gauge is composed of three parts: a funnel, a measuring tube, and a 4-inch diameter
overflow tube, and a mounting bracket. The funnel directs the precipitation into the measuring
tube and magnifies it by a factor of 10. This allows observers to report rainfall to the nearest
0.01" (one hundredth of an inch). The measuring tube, when full, will hold "one inch" of rainfall.
When it rains more than one inch, the excess water collects in the overflow tube.
Figure 2.9: Internal Features of a Rain Guage
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Figure 2.10: A Rain Guage
2.10 Campbell-Stroke Sunshine Recorder
The Campbell-Stokes recorder utilizes heat from the sun's rays, focused by a solid glass sphere
to an intense spot, to char a trace on a sunshine card. Routinely mounted on a plinth, the
Campbell-Stokes records the duration of bright sunshine in either hourly or daily totals.
The card for recording must be placed at that distance of 1/4 of the diameter or width of the
sphere from its surface. As the Sun traces out different paths in the sky during the year – higher
in dry season and lower in rainy season – the cards have to be placed at different positions
depending on the season. Normally, there are different cards as well, for different seasons. These
cards are nlot just ordinary paper, but they need to be treated so that they scorch instead of
burning. As well, they need strength even when wet as the cards are exposed to rain and would
be useless if they disintegrated when collected on a wet day.
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CHAPTER THREE
Description of Work Done II
3.0 Forest Biometrics Unit
Biometrics has gained prominence as one of the matrices of experimental science. It functions as
a tool in designing experiments, analyzing data, and drawing conclusions from them. Its
usefulness in forestry research extends from molecular level to the whole of biosphere. As
applied statistics, biometrics has experienced rapid advances in theory, techniques and
applications accentuated by the advent of computers. The sheer speed of handling complex
calculations by computers such that large mass of data are analyzed within seconds is a great
impetus to the use of biometrics in forestry research. Consequently, successive
measurements from long term experiments and data across wide landscape can be analysed
with relative ease. Forestry research is based on scientific method which is popularly known
as the inductive-deductive approach. This method entails formulation of hypotheses from
observed facts followed by deductions and verification repeated in a cyclical process. Across
the globe, foresters have become increasingly quantitative in their approaches to research
and management. With rising forest values, there is a concomitant increase in the demand
for accuracy and precision in management prescriptions and projected outcomes. This has
further brought biometrics to the fore. Biometrics offers valuable information for decision-
making because it provides quantitative measures of current resources, means to compare
differences between alternative experimental resource treatments, and methods to project
future outcomes of management practices.
In forestry research, biometrics covers three major aspects, namely:
data collection methods including mensuration, remote sensing, experimental designs,
sampling techniques and inventory for the collection of tree or forest data, or data relating
to processes and populations that occur at tree or stand level;
use of statistical methods to summarise and analyze forest data. This include the use of
descriptive statistics and statistical inference (hypotheses formulation and testing); and
interpretation of results from analysed forest data. The number of methods and
approaches in biometrics is often daunting with many forest researchers wondering what
is appropriate in each specific circumstance.
3.1 Biometrics as a tool in data collection:
The role of biometrics as a tool in data collection is in the specification of appropriate
experimental design to use and the procedure for collection of reliable data. Forestry
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research data may be generated through designed experiments on hypothetical population
or sample surveys on naturally existing population. Experiments are conducted in
laboratories, nurseries or on the field (forests or plantations).
In addition to the foregoing, the following practical details must also be considered:
All pertinent measurements of the experimental (sampling) units must be identified.
Appropriate field procedures and data collection forms must be developed.
Provision must be made for adequate supervision of the data collection.
In large-scale studies, strategies for coordination and optimization of procedures should
be put in place.
3.2 Biometrics as a tool in data analysis:
This is perhaps the most popular use of biometrics in forestry research. When
experimental designs are discussed, it is often with reference to data analysis. Design and
analysis (statistical inference) are closely linked like inseparable twins. Design determines
the kind of statistical inferences that are possible, while a consideration of the proposed
method of analysis almost always influences design. Data analysis normally proceeds
with application of relevant tools to condense the data and extract useful information from
them, using software packages like SPSS. Chi-Square, T-test, ANOVA, linear regression and
other analysis can be carried out using SPSS.
In addition, other approaches such as Bayesian statistics, multivariate analysis, generalised
linear models, non-linear regression, stochastic approximations, and spatial analysis can also be
carried out.
3.3 Biometrics as a tool in data interpretation:
The analysis of forest data normally produce results which must be interpreted to make
meaning to forest managers and policy makers. In view of several statistics displayed in
computer print-outs, there is the need to know what is relevant and how to draw inferences
from them. In drawing inferences, there is the need to avoid the temptation of over-generalisation
or over-interpretation. When interpreting study results from research where it is not practically
possible to adhere strictly to any of the principles of experimentation, researchers should
account for the site-specific characteristics leading to the initial non-compliance. It should
then be understood that such altered experiments can no longer provide reliable knowledge
of cause, but only generates hypotheses for validation when future management actions are
implemented.
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3.4 Fieldwork Experience:
In the course of our stay at the the forest biometrics unit, we embarked on a fieldwork, to
measure some parameters in 20 different trees. These parameters include tree height, tree
diameter, merchantable height, tree crown height, tree crown width, basal area and tree volume.
3.4.1 Tree Height:
This is the vertical height of the tree, above the ground level. It is measured using the Haga
altimeter. You stand 15m or 20m or 30m( depending on the size of the tree) away from the base
of the tree and then aim the haga altimeter to the apex of the tree using the altimeter‟s focusing
lens, after which you press the trigger. At this point the altimeter will show the tree height on its
meter.
3.4.2 Tree Diameter:
Tree diameter is measured round the stem of the tree, at breast height ( 1.3m away from the
ground) using a linen tape.
3.4.3 Merchantable Height:
This is the marketable part of the tree trunk. It is the straight big trunk just before the tree
branches from which timber is gotten from. The Haga altimeter is used to measure this
parameter.
3.4.4 Crown Height:
This starts from where the branches begin and extends to the topmost part of the tree. It is
calculated by subtracting the merchantable height from the (total) tree height.
3.4.5 Crown Width:
This is the wide extent of the tree crown. The extreme ends of the tree crown are projected to the
ground and the measured off using a linen tape.
3.4.6 Basal Area:
This is the cross-sectional area of the tree measured from the base of the tree. It is
mathematically calculated from the diameter.
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Since radius=diameter/2
Basal area=3.14*radius*radius
3.4.7 Volume of Tree:
This is a measure of the storage of an entire tree mass. It is calculated mathematically using the
formular;
Volume= basal area *tree height
3.5 Instruments used in Tree Measurements
Haga Altimeter:
Haga altimeter measures the angle of elevation and height,as indicated directly on the scale for
various known baselines.
The Altimeter consists of a gravity-controlled, damped, pivoted pointer and a series of scales: 15,
20, 25, 30 and chains (66'L) and a percent (gradient) scale. The desired units for the baseline
scales are assigned by operator in ft., yd. and meters. Baseline length is selected by turning a
knob to the desired scale, which eliminates reading errors since other scales are out of view.
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Figure 3.1: A Haga Forestry Altimeter
Linen Tape:
This is used in measuring linear distances. It is graduated in meters and in inches.
Figure 3.2: A linen Tape
Table 3.1: shows results of tree measurement parameters( all measurements are in meters)
Tree
No
Tree
Height
Diameter Merchantable
Height
Crown
Height
Crown
Width
Basal Area Volume
1 18 1.7 7.2 10.8 18.75 2.27 40.8
2 25 2.01 8 17 19.75 3.17 79.3
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CHAPTER FOUR
Description of Work Done III
4.0 GIS and Remote Sensing Unit
GIS is an acronym for Geographic Information System. It is defined as “A system of hardware,
software, and procedures designed to support the capture, management, manipulation, analysis,
modeling, and display of spatially referenced data … for solving complex planning and
management problems. Software used in GIS analysis include ArcGIS, Idrissi, Erdas, E-
cognition amongst others. However, during the course of this industrial training, ArcGis was
used.
Remote sensing is the measurement or acquisition of information of some property
of an object or phenomenon, by a recording device that is not in physical or intimate contact with
the object or phenomenon under study; e.g., the utilization at a distance (as from aircraft,
spacecraft, or ship) of any device and its attendant display for gathering information pertinent to
the environment, such as measurements of force fields, electromagnetic radiation, or acoustic
energy. The technique employs such devices as the camera, lasers, and radio frequency receivers,
radar systems, sonar, seismographs, gravimeters, magnetometers, and scintillation counters.
However, satellite imageries were acquired and used for analysis of land use/land cover change
detection analysis of most forests in the Southwest of Nigeria. Types of satellite imageries used
include Landsat images, Quickbird images and Spot images.
Landsat imageries have a spatial resolution of 30m*30m , therefore features on the image
cannot be easily distinguished by mere visual inspection. Its advantage is that a single
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image can cover a wide range of area. The landsat program is being managed and
operated by United State Geological Survey (USGS).
Quickbird imagery is a high resolution satellite imagery with a spatial resolution of
60cm*60cm. Features on the image can be easily recognized by mere visual inspection.
The satellite was launched in 2001 by DigitalGlobe and their mission ended in January
2015.
Spot imagery was built by AIRBUS Defence and Space and was successfully launched in
June 30, 2014. The images have a spatial resolution of 1.5m*1.5m
4.1 ArcGIS Techniques Learnt
ArcGIS 10.1 was installed on my laptop and I was taught how to perform certain analytical
operations using the ArcGIS software. At the end, I used these techniques was to detect changes
in Shasha Forest Reserve over the years using Landsat images of the forest for 1986, 2002 and
2015. The techniques learnt are;
4.1.1 Map Embellishment
The following steps were employed in embellishing the 5 states of the Southeast Nigeria, using
different colour codes.
Steps
1. Import a map of Nigeria shapefile (with state divisions) into the ArcGIS environment.
2. Right click on the shapefile (from the table of content) and choose “open attribute table”
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3. From the attribute table, select Imo state, go the shapefile (from the table of content). Select
„selection‟, then „create layer from selected feature‟. A new layer will create, rename it „Imo‟
and give it a unique colour.
4. Repeat step 3 for Anambra, Abia, Enugu and Ebonyi states.
5. Uncheck the map of Nigeria shapefile.
6. To insert the map into a box. Select „view‟ and then „layout view‟.
7. From the „insert‟ tab you can select legend, title, scale, north arrow etc to add to the map.
8. Save the map and export it out using the jpg picture format.
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Figure 4.1 Map of Southeast Nigeria
4.1.2 How to Composite/Merge Layers and Clip.
To analyze change detection using the landsat image of shasha for 1986 or 2002 or 2015, 8 band
of the landsat imagery of Shasha forest was downloaded and imported into the ArcGIS work
environment.
Clipping is used to cut out the desired boundary of an area of interest from a larger area.
Steps
1. Import the 8 landsat imagery bands of shasha forest (for 2015) into the ArcGIS work
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environment.
2. Hit the windows tab and select „image analysis‟. Highlight the 8 bands and select „composite
bands‟.
3. The composite will form a new layer. Select bands 5,4 and 2.
4. Overlay the composite with a Shasha forest reserve shapefile.
5. Type „clip‟ as a search word and select „clip (data management)‟ A dialogue box will appear.
Select the appropriate input and output file and choose a folder and name for the clipped
image.
4.1.3 How To Classify An Image
In classification, we try to train our pixels to differentiate forest areas from non-forest areas and
water bodies. After classification, there will be a clear demarcation between forest areas and non-
forest areas, which was not originally clear in the „composite‟
Steps
1. Zoom into the pixels, click „customize‟ then „toolbar‟ and select „image classification‟. Then
go to the classification toolbar and select „draw polygon‟ tool.
2. Focus on the green part of the image (vegetation) and draw as many tiny triangles as possible
3. Select all from „training sample manager‟ . Then click „merge‟ to merge them into one.
4. Rename it to „forest‟
5. Zoom into the non-green part of the image and repeat steps 2 and 3
6. Rename it „bare ground‟
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7. Save the 2 categories of classes through „save training sample‟ and give it a name.
8. Then click on „create a signature file‟ to create a signature file.
9. Tap the classification dropdown arrow and choose „maximum likelihood classification‟
10. Go to input signature file, browse out the signature file earlier created and select it.
11. Give your output a name by going through „output classified raster‟
However, these processes are repeated for the 2002 landsat image as well as the 1986 landsat
image.
4.2 Results
Figure 4.2: Showing rate of deforestation from 1986 to 2002 and then to 2015
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4.3 Interpretation
From the map above it can be seen that the proportion of forest is shrinking while non-forest
areas are increasing. This is the negative impact of deforestation on forest reserves and this is
further corroborated by the table below.
Table 4.1: Showing deforestation over the years.
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CHAPTER FIVE
Conclusion and Recommendation
5.0 Conclusion
My 3 months industrial attachment was a huge success and a great time of acquisition of knowledge
and skills. Through my training I was able to appreciate my chosen course of study even more,
because I had the opportunity to blend the theoretical knowledge acquired from school with the
practical hands-on application of knowledge gained here to perform very important tasks that
contributed in a way to my productivity in the company. My training here has given me a broader
view to the importance and relevance of GIS in the immediate society and the world as a whole, as I
now look forward to impacting it positively after graduation. I have also been able to improve my
communication and presentation skills and thereby developed good relationship with my fellow
colleagues at work. I have also been able to appreciate the connection between my course of study
and other disciplines in producing a successful result.
5.1 Recommendation
I use this means to make the following recommendations concerning the training of students in
Industrial Attachments.
i. Allowances should be paid to students during their programme just like NYSC . This
would help them a great deal to handle some financial problems during their training
course. Am aware some companies pay students on training, but not all companies do
(including where I did my IT).
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REFERENCES
Craig J.M. (1998), The application of satellite imagery in support of nautical charting; past
experience and future possibilities - a practical view, International Hydrographic Review,
LXXV(1), no. 142, pp. 95-105.
Forestry Research institute of Nigeria (2015) retrieved march 1 2016, from
http://www.frin.gov.ng
