1. NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM

2. MUSCULAR SYSTEM Anterior Posterior

3. MUSCULAR SYSTEM Smooth Muscle Cardiac Muscle Skeletal Muscle

4. MUSCULAR SYSTEM Smooth Muscle Found in the digestive, circulatory, urinary and reproductive systems Controlled by the autonomic nervous system Smooth in appearance Involuntary controlled

6. Contraction of the heart is controlled by the sinoatrial node (SAN)

7. Striated (striped) in appearance

9. Controlled by the somatic nervous system

10. Striated in appearance

12. SKELETAL MUSCLE ANATOMY Skeletal muscle is made up of fibres: Made up of smaller myofibrils Within each myofibril are strands of myofilaments (actin and myosin) Fibres grouped together are called fasciculi Fasciculi are then grouped together to form the muscle

13. SKELETAL MUSCLE ANATOMY Endomysium – surrounds each muscle fibre Perimysium – surrounds each fasciculi Epimysium – covers entire muscle

14. fascia surrounds the muscle connected to periosteum (bone) Epimysium the outer layer perimysium around each bundle offibres endomysium around each muscle fibre muscle fibre myofibril muscle filament SKELETAL MUSCLE ANATOMY

15. SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY Myofilamentsactin (thin) and myosin (thick) do not decrease in length when a muscle contracts. They simply slide over each other thus shortening the entire muscle. The myosin filaments have golf club shaped heads which attach onto the actin and pull the actin closer together (as detailed in picture on next slide)

16. SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY myosin actin myosin cross-bridges attach to the actin filaments actin is pulled together and sarcomere length is reduced

18. NEUROLOGICAL SYSTEM The Central Nervous System The Brain and Spinal Cord The Peripheral Nervous System

19. THE REFLEX ARC Central Nervous System Sensory Receptor Sensory Nerve Motor Nerve Muscle responds to nerve impulses

21. ‘All or none law’ – when a motor neuron is stimulated, ALL of the muscle fibres are activated

22. The more motor units that are recruited for a task, the greater the force will be developed

24. Antagonist- The opposing muscle that relaxes in order to allow the movement to occur

25. Synergist- A muscle that assists the agonist in producing movement

28. E.g. Lifting a dumbell during a bicep curl

29. Eccentric (negative); the muscle contracts and lengthens to control a resistance

30. E.g. Lowering a dumbell during a bicep curl

31. Isometric(static); the muscle contracts to overcome a resistance but without any change in length

33. Large myoglobincontent (carry oxygen)

34. Many mitochondria (where energy is produced)

35. Many capillaries (blood vessels)

37. MUSCLE FIBRE TYPE ACTIVITIES- Maintaining posture Endurance-based activities – long-distance running etc.

39. Smaller myoglobin content

40. Fewer mitochondria

41. Fewer capillaries

43. Produce more force

44. Short term contractions

46. NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM Responses of the neuromuscular system to exercise Short term response: Vasodilation(diversion of blood) to the muscles

49. Increase in the diameter of the recruited fibres