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FIT5 Ch. 5, CIS 110 13F
1.
Chapter 5 Locating Information
on the WWW Wednesday, October 16, 13
2.
How a Search
Engine Works A. The Web Crawler • software robots (called spiders or bots) => spiders crawl the web to build an index (keywords & web pages) TOKEN URL cat www.cat.com icanhascheezburger.com Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Wednesday, October 16, 13
3.
How a Search
Engine Works: the Web Crawler • Web crawler: a program that indexes content on the web • Algorithm: – Start from one "seed" page – Extract all links on that page – Follow each link to find new pages – Extract all links from new pages – keep going ... Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Wednesday, October 16, 13
4.
Copyright © 2013
Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Wednesday, October 16, 13
5.
How a Search
Engine Works: B. The Query Processor • user enters search terms (keywords) • query processor looks up word in index • returns hit list • create index in advance • store in RAM, => fast query response Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Wednesday, October 16, 13
6.
Multiword Searches: set intersection Copyright
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Wednesday, October 16, 13
7.
Multiword Searches: set intersection Copyright
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Wednesday, October 16, 13
8.
Power of Indexed
Search • Search engines can look at billions of Web pages and return an answer in less than a fifth of a second Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Wednesday, October 16, 13
9.
Data Centers • Search
Index is RAM-resident – RAM 100,000x faster than disk – Hennessy/Patterson (4ed) memory access times: » Register: 250ps » L1 Cache: 1ns » RAM: 100ns » Hard Disk 10ms (SSD Flash 100 msec.) => Data Centers: a growth industry in Oregon • Why? Data Centers as Information Substations Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Wednesday, October 16, 13
10.
Google’s Data Centers –
Google’s facility in The Dalles is only one two dozen, which stretch from Silicon Valley to Dublin. – #servers: 1,000,000 - 2,000,000 • 2 exabytes of hard disk storage – enough to copy the web • “The Indexed Web contains at least 3.59 billion pages (Tuesday, 15 October, 2013).” • 8 petabytes of RAM – Field Trip: Google’s Data Centers Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Wednesday, October 16, 13
11.
datacenterknowledge.com • rapid growth
in data center electricity use from • • 2000 to 2005 slowed significantly from 2005 to 2010, 2010: total electricity use by all data centers about 1.3% of all electricity use for the world (2% for the US) => Google’s entire global data center network: 220 megawatts Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Wednesday, October 16, 13
12.
Data Center Energy
Efficiency • PUE (power usage effectiveness) • standard from Green Grid consortium • measures how much power goes directly to computing vs. cooling, lighting, etc. • Score of 1: no power goes to the extra costs • 1.5 means that ancillary services consume half of power used Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Wednesday, October 16, 13
13.
Data Center Energy
Efficiency • Google PUE: 1.1 => 11% to cooling, etc. • 6 Things You’d Never Guess About Google’s Energy Use • Read more Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Wednesday, October 16, 13
14.
What Search Engines
Look At – Title— <title> element contains key words – Anchor text— <a> element, describes the page it links to – Landing page— <a> element, the page it connects to – Meta—A <meta> tag in the head section often used for key words – Alt attributes— <img> element attribute gives a textual description – Content— text on the page Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Wednesday, October 16, 13
15.
Page Rank Algorithm: Pioneered
by Google • PageRank works like a voting system – If page A links to page B, A’s link adds to B’s importance – Pages linked-to by many pages have a high page rank – Links from pages with a high page ranking are ranked as more important Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Wednesday, October 16, 13
16.
Field Trip: Basic
Search • Google Search Education http://bit.ly/16ZW6Ow Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Wednesday, October 16, 13
17.
Advanced Search: Logic
Ops • logic operator: AND – human AND powered AND flight hits have at all words • logic operator: OR – marshmallow OR strawberry OR chocolate – OR-queries hits have at least one word • logic opeator: NOT – tigers AND NOT baseball Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Wednesday, October 16, 13
18.
Combining Logical Operators (marshmallow
OR strawberry) AND sundae • logic operators work like arithmetic • Google also uses a minus (–) as an abbreviation for NOT – http://www.powersearchingwithgoogle.com/ course/ps/assets/ PowerSearchingQuickReference.pdf Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Wednesday, October 16, 13
19.
Site Search • Many
sites offer the opportunity to perform a site search • (eg) Try this Google search: Google chief economist Hal Varian, site:uoregon.edu Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Wednesday, October 16, 13
20.
Field Trip: Power
Search • Google Search Education http://www.powersearchingwithgoogle.com/ Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Wednesday, October 16, 13
21.
Alternatives to the
Search Giant How Wolfram|Alpha Works Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Wednesday, October 16, 13
22.
Cloud Storage • • • • • Facebook: 300
petabytes (PB) Microsoft Hotmail: 100 petabytes, Microsoft SkyDrive: 10PB Amazon S3: 900 PB Dropbox: 40PB Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Wednesday, October 16, 13
23.
Ch. 5: Assessment Learning
Outcomes - Know the following Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Wednesday, October 16, 13
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