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Semelhante a Sarason11 ch02
Semelhante a Sarason11 ch02 (20)
Sarason11 ch02
- 2. The importance of paradigms
Abnormal Psychology, 11/e
by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
1. It is necessary to have a paradigm in order to guide the
questions that are asked--otherwise, research &
conceptualization of problems would be aimless.
2) It is important to be aware of the assumptions or beliefs
that are implicit to the paradigm.
3) It is important to be aware of other available
paradigms--other possible explanations.
- 3. Major paradigms in psychopathology
Biological models
Psychological models
Psychoanalytic models
Behavioral models
Cognitive-behavioral models
Humanistic models
Social environmental models
Vulnerability models/ biopsychosocial models
Abnormal Psychology, 11/e
by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
- 4. Major paradigms in psychopathology
Biological models:
Genetic ↔
Structural ↔
Biochemical (especially neurotransmitter models) ↔
Abnormal Psychology, 11/e
by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
- 5. An example of Behavioral Genetic Results
Abnormal Psychology, 11/e
by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
- 9. Major paradigms in psychopathology
Psychoanalytic models
Sigmund Freud ↔
The Vienna Circle (Carl Jung; Alfred Adler)
The Ego Analysts (Karen Horney; Eric Fromm)
The Interpersonal School (Harry S. Sullivan)
Object Relations
Abnormal Psychology, 11/e
by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
- 10. Key Freudian Concepts:
Psychic determinism; the role of unconscious
conflicts
Personality is a closed energy system
Sexuality, aggression and other instinctual drives
shape the nature of personality
Personality has 3 major components (id, ego and
superego) ↔
Defense mechanisms
Abnormal Psychology, 11/e
by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
- 11. Dimensions of the Mind: Freud
Abnormal Psychology, 11/e
by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
- 12. Key Freudian Concepts:
Psychosexual stages of development model
oral stage (birth to 1 year)
anal stage (1 to 3 years)
phallic stage (3 to 6 years)--Oedipal & Electra complexes
latency stage (6 to 12 years)
genital (adolescence to adulthood)
Fixation; the importance of early development
Psychoanalysis - the talking cure (free association,
dream analysis, interpretation, analysis of defenses,
interpretation of transference).
Abnormal Psychology, 11/e
by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
- 13. Major paradigms in psychopathology
Psychoanalytic models:
Sigmund Freud ↔
The Vienna Circle (Carl Jung; Alfred Adler)
The Ego Analysts (Karen Horney; Eric Fromm)
The Interpersonal School (Harry S. Sullivan)
Object Relations School (Heinz Kohut)
Abnormal Psychology, 11/e
by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
- 15. Classical Conditioning
Step 1: Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) > Unconditioned response (UCR)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS) No response
Step 2: Pairing UCS and CS > Conditioned Response (CR)
+
Step 3: Conditioned Stimulus (CS) > Conditioned Response (CR)
Abnormal Psychology, 11/e
by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
- 16. Operant Conditioning
Positive reinforcement- increasing a behavior by
providing a positive reinforcer when the behavior occurs
Negative reinforcement- increasing a behavior by
removing a negative reinforcer when the behavior occurs
Punishment- decreasing a behavior by providing a
negative reinforcer when the behavior occurs
Extinction (omission training)- decreasing a behavior by
removing a positive reinforcer when the behavior occurs
Abnormal Psychology, 11/e
by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
- 18. Recent variations of behavioral theory
Social learning theory
Delay of reinforcement
Social modeling
Cognitive- behavioral theory
Information processing models of abnormal behavior
Cognitive restructuring of mis-perceptions
Irrational and Core beliefs
Abnormal Psychology, 11/e
by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
- 19. The Humanistic/ Existential or “3rd force” in
psychotherapy
Reacted against the determinism of psychoanalysis and
behavior therapy (Carl Rogers)
Focus is on conscious experiences, trying to
understand the person from his/her frame of reference.
Positive opinion about human nature--basically good, &
if conditions are right, will grow & develop.
Emphasis is on health, self-concept, self-actualization--
humans have an inborn need for growth.
Abnormal Psychology, 11/e
by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
- 20. Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Self-actualization
Esteem Needs
Belongingness Needs
Safety Needs
Physiological Needs
Abnormal Psychology, 11/e
by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
- 21. Client-centered therapy (C. Rogers)
Major techniques:
1. Empathic listening/ unconditional positive regard
2. Reflection of content
3. Reflection of intent/ feeling
Abnormal Psychology, 11/e
by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
- 22. The Community-Cultural Perspective
Abnormal Psychology, 11/e
by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
1. Recognizes the importance of the context of problems--
poverty, homelessness, lack of education or personal
resources, stigma & labeling, etc.
2. Maladaptive behavior is seen as a result of the inability to
cope with external demands or stresses.
3. Recognizes role of families and social support in either
increasing or reducing risk of mental disorder.