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Chapter 2
Section 2




            
Rates of
Chemical
Reaction
   s
How Fast?
Some reactions need some help
 to get started, others do not.
“What is that
extra help called?”
Activation Energy
The minimum
amount of energy needed
  to start a reaction.
Let’s look at an example:
2O2 + CH4 --> CO2 + 2H2O
2.2 Rates of Chemical Reactions
Activation Energy




        10
Activation Energy
 For a reaction to begin, the molecules must bump into
 each other or collide with enough force.




                            10
Activation Energy
 For a reaction to begin, the molecules must bump into
 each other or collide with enough force.
 The reactants must smash into each other with a certain
 amount of energy. If they do not, the reaction will not
 occur.




                            10
Activation Energy
 For a reaction to begin, the molecules must bump into
 each other or collide with enough force.
 The reactants must smash into each other with a certain
 amount of energy. If they do not, the reaction will not
 occur.
 This energy is called, activation   energy.




                            10
Activation Energy
 For a reaction to begin, the molecules must bump into
 each other or collide with enough force.
 The reactants must smash into each other with a certain
 amount of energy. If they do not, the reaction will not
 occur.
 This energy is called, activation   energy.
 This is also true for reactions that release energy when
 they react. An example is gasoline burning.


                              10
When gasoline is spilled it does not burst into flames.
A highly flammable material, which cannot be extinguished
by wind or rain needs to be lit in order to burn.
Rate of Reaction?
How fast a reaction occurs
  after it has started.
You can measure
   Reaction Rate by:
- how quickly one of the
 reactants is consumed,
            or
- how quickly one of the
   products is created
Rate of Reaction - Fast is Good
Rate of Reaction - Fast is Bad
What can we do to control
     reaction rate?
Temperature
Changes Rate
Temperature
Changes Rate
Temperature
 Changes Rate


 Slow the ripening of fruit by putting them in the
 refrigerator.
Temperature
 Changes Rate


 Slow the ripening of fruit by putting them in the
 refrigerator.
 Meat and fish decompose faster at higher
 temperatures, producing toxins that can make you
 sick. Keep them chilled helps slow the
 decomposition rate.
Temperature
 Changes Rate


 Slow the ripening of fruit by putting them in the
 refrigerator.
 Meat and fish decompose faster at higher
 temperatures, producing toxins that can make you
 sick. Keep them chilled helps slow the
 decomposition rate.
 Bacteria grow faster at higher temperature.
Temperature Affects Rate
Temperature Affects Rate
Temperature Affects Rate
 Most chemical reaction speed up when
 temperature increase.
Temperature Affects Rate
 Most chemical reaction speed up when
 temperature increase.
 The atoms and molecules are always
 moving, and they move faster at higher
 temperatures.
Temperature Affects Rate
 Most chemical reaction speed up when
 temperature increase.
 The atoms and molecules are always
 moving, and they move faster at higher
 temperatures.
 Faster molecules collide with each other
 more often and with greater force, which
 may be enough to break the old bond.
 This is activation energy.
Concentration
 Affects Rate
Concentration?
Amount of substance
in a certain volume.
Surface Area Affects Rate


        10 cm

10 cm
          10 cm
Surface Area Affects Rate
           Surface Area = 600 cm2

        10 cm

10 cm
          10 cm
Surface Area Affects Rate
           Surface Area = 600 cm2

        10 cm       That is the
                amount of surface
10 cm             that would be
          10 cm touching the other
                     reactant.
Surface Area Affects Rate
What if we cut out little cubes? 1cm x 1cm

               10 cm
    10 cm


                   10 cm
Surface Area Affects Rate
What if we cut out little cubes? 1cm x 1cm

               10 cm       How many cubes
    10 cm                  would we have?

                   10 cm
Surface Area Affects Rate
What if we cut out little cubes? 1cm x 1cm

               10 cm       How many cubes
    10 cm                  would we have?

                   10 cm     1000 cubes
Surface Area Affects Rate
What if we cut out little cubes? 1cm x 1cm

               10 cm       How many cubes
    10 cm                  would we have?

                   10 cm     1000 cubes

                            What would be
                           the SA of one of
                              the cubes?
Surface Area Affects Rate
What if we cut out little cubes? 1cm x 1cm

               10 cm       How many cubes
    10 cm                  would we have?

   6cm 2           10 cm     1000 cubes

                            What would be
                           the SA of one of
                              the cubes?
Surface Area Affects Rate
What is the total SA of all the cubes?

             10 cm
 10 cm


                 10 cm
Surface Area Affects Rate
What is the total SA of all the cubes?

             10 cm       6cm 2   x 1000 =
 10 cm


                 10 cm
Surface Area Affects Rate
What is the total SA of all the cubes?

             10 cm       6cm 2   x 1000 =
 10 cm
                           6000    cm2

                 10 cm
Surface Area Affects Rate
What is the total SA of all the cubes?

             10 cm       6cm 2   x 1000 =
 10 cm
                           6000    cm2

                 10 cm

         SA of Whole cube = 600    cm2

         SA of cut up cube = 6000 cm2
Surface Area Affects Rate
    That’s a BIG difference!

          10 cm
10 cm


              10 cm
Surface Area Affects Rate
    That’s a BIG difference!

            10 cm
10 cm


                10 cm

        SA of Whole cube = 600  cm2

        SA of cut up cube = 6000 cm2
Slowing
  Down
Reactions
Inhibitor?
A substance that slows down
   a chemical reaction. An
inhibitor makes the formation
   of a certain amount of
     product take longer.
Inhibitor




Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)
Speed Up Reactions
Catalyst?
A substance that speeds up
    a chemical reaction.
 Catalyst’s do not appear in a
chemical equation because they
 are not changed permanently
          or used up.
Catalysts
   - provide a surface for the
     reaction to take place,
               or
- reduce the activation energy
  needed to start the reaction
38
Catalytic Converter
Catalytic Converter
Catalytic Converter

In vehicles, the exhaust passes through the
catalyst.
Catalytic Converter

In vehicles, the exhaust passes through the
catalyst.

Catalysts will speed up the reactions that
change incompletely burned substances that
are harmful, such as carbon monoxide, into
less harmful substances like CO2 and H2O.
Catalytic Converter

In vehicles, the exhaust passes through the
catalyst.

Catalysts will speed up the reactions that
change incompletely burned substances that
are harmful, such as carbon monoxide, into
less harmful substances like CO2 and H2O.

This results in cleaner air.
Catalytic Converter
Catalytic Converter
Enzymes are Specialists!
Enzyme?
Large protein molecules that
speed up reactions needed for
 your cells to work properly.

       - convert food to fuel
 - build bone and muscle tissue
   - convert extra energy to fat
     - produce other enzymes
2.2 Rates of Chemical Reactions
Other Uses of Enzymes
One example is Proteases - a class of enzymes
that work within cells to break down proteins.

Meat tenderizer is one example of a protease.

 Contact lens cleaning solutions also contain
proteases that break down proteins formed by
your eyes that can collect on your lenses and
               cloud your view.
Finished the
     KNP!
  So, lets see a
catalyst at work!

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2.2 Rates of Chemical Reactions

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