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CSS is a style sheet language used to describe the
presentation semantics (the look and formatting) of a
document written in a markup language. Its most
common application is to style web pages written in
HTML and XHTML, but the language can also be applied
to any kind of XML document, including SVG and XUL.

Single style sheet to multiple
documents

Structure of a Style (CSS)
 CSS
 Selector
 Property
 value

 selector { property : value }

CSS
 selector1 { property1 : value1 }
 selector2 { property2 : value2; property3 : value3 }

CSS Units
 Relative Length (
 px (pixels,
px, 4px
 em (emphasize,
font body
 font body px
 h1{fon-size:1.5em} h1 px =
15px
 h2{fon-size:1.4em} h2 px =
14px
 em px

 ex (x-height, x") ex, 2ex

CSS Units
 Absolute Length (
 in (inches; 1in=2.54cm =72pt =6pc) in, 1.5in
 cm (centimeters; 1cm=10mm) cm, 1.11cm
 mm (millimeters) mm, 0.8mm
 pt (points; 1pt=1/72in, 10pt px)
pt, 20pt
 pc (picas; 1pc=12pt) pc, 2pc

selector { property : value }
 Selector
 HTML Tags
 Class Name
 Property
 Property Name
 value
 Value) Property

Selector
 Selector
 HTML Tags
 Class Name
Example
[HTML Tags:Style] H2{ background-color : #191970 }
[HTML Tags:Style] P{ text-indent: 3em }
[Class Name:Style] .note { font-size : small }
[Class Name:Style] .normal{ color : blue }
[Class Name:Style] .special{ color : red }

Property
 Property

 Property Selector Property

 Example
 P { text-indent: 3em }
 H2{ background-color : #191970;
color : red }

Value
 Value
 Property


 property

 Example
 P{ font-family: "sans serif" }
 H1{font-family: Verdana,"sans serif”; color : red}

Groups Selector
 Example
 H1,H2,H3,H4,H5,H6 { color: green }
 H1,H2,H6 { color: red }
 body,H1,H2,H6 { color: red }
 Body.opt1,H1 { color: red }

Class Selector
 Example (CSS Style)
 <p>
 p.right { text-align: right }
 p.center { text-align: center}
 In HTML Files
 <p class="right">This paragraph will be right-
aligned.</p>
 <p class="center">This paragraph will be center-
aligned.</p>

Class Selector : Non Tags
 Example (CSS Style)

 .center { text-align: center }
 In HTML Files
 <h1 class="center">This heading will be center-
aligned</h1>
 <p class="center">This paragraph will also be center-
aligned.</p>

ID Selector
 ID Selector
 ID Selector
 Class Selector Style

 Example
 #wer345{ text-align: center; color: green}
 h1#wer345{ text-align: center; color : red }
 In HTML Files
 <h1 id="wer345">Heading</h1>
 <p id="wer345">Some text</p>

Comment
 Example
 p { text-align: center; /* This is a comment */ }

Style: Style Sheet
Syntax
 Write styles for any element
 selector {property: value;}
 External Style Sheet
 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="style.css" />
 Internal Style
 <style type=”text/css”>selector {property: value}</style>
 Inline Style
 <tag style=”property: value”>

Style: Style Sheet
Style
 Inline Style(In line HTML Tags)
 Internal Style Sheet(In HTML head Tags)
 External Style Sheet(NameStyleSheet.css)

Inline Style
 Example
 <H2 style= “background-color: blue; color: white”>
Heading 2 </H2>
 <P style= “font-size: 20pt”> This text has the <EM>
font-size </EM> style applied to it. </P>
 <P style= “font-size: 20pt; color: #ff0000”>font-size 20
pt and red color. </P>

Internal Style
Example
<html><head>
<style type="text/css">
BODY{background-image: url("bgpic.jpg")}
EM{background-color: #8000ff;color: white}
H1{font-family: arial, sans-serif }
P{font-size: 14pt}
.special{color: blue}
.special{color: blue}
</style>
</head><body>...</body></html>

Internal Style
Example
<html><head>…</head><body>
<H1 class = "special"> MAN and MEN</H1>
<P> The exalted origin of the word
<EM>MAN </EM> is clear int the plural form,
<EM> men </EM>, from <B>mental </B>. It is inspiring to note
that man was so named because he was
<EM> the one that thinks </EM>.</P>
<H1> The Thinker </H1>
<P class = "special"> If you have ever seen a copy – the original is in
Paris – of the famous sculpture by Auguste Rodin called
<EM> The Thinker </EM>, you would agree that the essential
nature of man stems from his ability to think.</P>
</body></html>

External Style
 <html><head>
 <link rel = "stylesheet" type = "text/css" href =
"styles.css"/>
 </head><body>...</body></html>

External Style
 css
 /* An External Style Sheet */
 BODY { background-image : url("images/bgpic.jpg") }
 EM { background-color : #8000ff; color : white }
 H1 { font-family : arial, sans-serif }
 H2 { background-color : blue; color : white }
 P{ font-size : 14pt }
 UL { margin-left: 2cm }
 .special{ color : blue; font-weight : bold }
 .normal{ color : red }

1) Inline Style
2) Internal Style Sheet
3) External Style Sheet
4) Style
Browser
Default)

 Inline Style Style

Inline Style
 Inline Style Internal
Style
 Internal Style External
Style
 Style

 Style
Selector Property
Property
 Property

inherit)
Style

/*An external stylesheet*/ :
h3 { color: red; text-align: <link rel="stylesheet"
left; font-size: 8pt } type="text/css"
href="hstyles.css">
<style type = "text/css">
h3 {text-align: right; font-
size: 20pt}
</style>
:

Property H3 Tag
 Property h3>
 color: red”
 “text-align: right;”
 “font-size: 20pt”

CSS
 Example
<html><head>
p,table,h1,h2,h3 {font-family: verdana, arial, “sans serif”; }
p,h1,h2,h3,table,hr{ margin-left: 10pt }
p,th,td{ font-size: 75% }
body{ #ffffff }
h1,h2,h3,hr { color: firebrick }
</style>
</head><body>…</body></html>

CSS
 Example
<html><head>…</head><body>
<h1>This is header 1</h1> <hr>
<p>This is a paragraph</p>
<p>This is another paragraph</p> <hr>
<h2>This is header 2, followed by a table</h2>
<table border="1" width="100%">
<tr> <th>First Name</th><th>Name</th>
<th>Telephone</th> <th>Fax</th> </tr>
<tr> <td>Hege</td> <td>Svendson</td>
<td>555-777-0001</td>
<td>555-777-0000</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>Kai Jim</td> <td>Svendson</td>
<td>555-777-0002</td> <td> </td> </tr> </table>
</body></html>

CSS
 Example
<html><head>
h1,h2,h3 { font-family: arial, “sans serif” }
p,table,li,address {
margin-left: 15pt;
font-family: arial, “sans serif” }
p, th,td { font-size: 80% }
th { background-color:#FAEBD7}
body { background-color: #ffffff }
h1,h2,h3,hr { color:saddlebrown }
</style>
</head><body>…</body></html>

Formatting Hypertext Links
To remove the style of underlining hypertext,
use:
 A {text-decoration:none}

Formatting Hypertext Links
4 types of hyperlinks can be modified:
 A:visited {styles for previously visited links}
 A:link {styles for links that have never
visited}
 A:active {styles for links that are currently
being clicked}
 A:hover {styles when the mouse cursor is
hovering over the link}

Ref.
 http://www.w3.org/
 http://www.w3shcools.com/
 http://www.westciv.com/style_master/academy/css_t
utorial/
 H.M Deitel, P.J. Deitel, T.R. Nieto, (2002), Internet &
World Wide Web How to Program, Prentice Hall.

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