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International Symposium on Regional
Commuter Railways
Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
July 1st 2009

       “Creating World Class Regional
       Commuter Railway Systems in Taiwan
       Lessons From Hamburg - Germany”

       Karl H. Hoeffler Dipl.-Ing, M.Sc., Reg. Baumeister


           member of
General Background of Railway Transportation and
Regional Commuter Railways in Germany

   Long distance railway is mainly Deutsche Bahn D B business
    (120 Mio pass/year)
   Market for Regional Commuter Railway is more and more open for
    competition, but share of „private“ operators is still less 10%
     –   DB Nahverkehr Commuter Rail
         1,100 Mio. passenger/year, 33.809 Millionen Personenkilometer
         turnover 2007: 6.532 Mio €, therof 4.147 Public Service subsidies
     –   VEOLIA Group
     –   ARRIVA Group
     –   HOCHBAHN Gruppe (BENEX)
   Commuter railway services in Germany are
    understood as a public service obligation




                        member of                          GROUP             2
Hamburger Hochbahn Group



   established in 1911 by SIEMENS and AEG
   public limited company 100% owned by State of Hamburg
   4,400 staff
   393 Mill. passengers/year
   14 subsidiaries
                                      Metro                           Bus

                                    101 km            network         1.303 km

                                       89         Stations / Stops      1.303

                                      214           Cars / Buses         726

                                   75 million      Car-km / year      46 million

                                   189 million   Passengers / year.   204 million




                      member of                  GROUP                              3
Hamburger Hochbahn: BeNEX manages Commuter
Railway activities outside Hamburg



   BeNEX takes care for all public transport
    operations outside of the state of
    Hamburg.
   is bidding for commuter railway tenders
    alone or in joint ventures
   Acquires established transport operating
    companies
   BENEX long term goal
    10 % market share of German
    commuter railway services
   Shareholder
    HOCHBAHN 51%
    Int‘l Public Partnerships (49%)




                       member of                GROUP   4
Hamburg, the Metropolitan Region in the North of Germany




Population
Germany:            82.1 Mio
Hamburg:           1,77 Mio
Metropolitan Region: 4,29 Mio

Key figures
HVV service area: 8,700 km2
Hamburg:            755 km2


                              member of   GROUP            5
Mass Transit Service Networks in the Hamburg
Metropolitan Region




                                                  Railbound public
                                                     transport:
                                                  •   3 metro lines
                                                      (HOCHBAHN)
                                                  •   6 suburban railway
                                                      lines (S-Bahn, DB)
                                                  •   12 regional railway
                                                      lines (DB,
                                                      metronom, AKN)
                                                  Other public
                                                     transport:
                                                  •   408 bus lines
                                                      (different
                                                      operators)
                                                  •   6 harbour ferries
                                                      (Hadag)


                member of                 GROUP                           6
Service Characteristics
of the Commuter Railway
    A = AKN Railway
    R = Regional Express Rail Line
    S = Urban / Suburban Rail
    U = Metro
     (independent from other networks)


  Network         Lines (No.)             Length (Lines)     Traction Power

                                                                   Diesel
     A                 3                  96,6 km           (and bi-mode railcars)

                                                           OCS: 15 kV, 16,7 Hz
     R                 12                988   km
                                                               and Diesel
                                                               1.200 V d.c.
     S                 6                186,7 km (*)        (and two system EMUs)

                                                           750 V d.c.750 V d.c.
     U                 3                100,7 km                (by third rail)


                            member of                         GROUP                  7
AKN – Railway (Regional Commuter Rail Network)




                member of               GROUP    8
AKN – Railway (Regional Commuter Rail Network)

   Track on separated right-of-way
   Level crossings




   Block signal system with fixed blocks
   Traffic control by central electronic signal
    box (after former traffic regulation by radio)




                       member of                     GROUP   9
AKN – Railway (Regional Commuter Rail Network)

   Special feature:
    through trains to Hamburg Central station running on S-Bahn lines
    (dual mode trains – Diesel and electric, current collection 1.200 V d.c. from 3rd rail)




                                                              Diesel & electric hybrid railcar
                                                                type VTA (multiple units)
                                                                in S-Bahn tunnel Station



                          member of                                GROUP                         10
AKN – Rolling Stock

   DMU units type VT 2E             Type          VT 2E            VTA
    (Alstom Germany)              Year of
                                                  1976-77           1993
                                  construction
                                  Length
                                                  30,13 m         32,62 m
   Hybrid-railcars type VTA     (o.c.)
    (Diesel & electric)           Tare weight      51,9 t          55,4 t

                                  Power          2 x 242 kW       485 kW
                                                              Diesel & electric
                                  Powered by       Diesel
                                                                (3rd rail)
                                  Multiple
                                                  up to 4         up to 4
                                 units
                                  Max. speed      88 km/h        105 km/h

                                  Seats             88               96

                                  Standees          152             150




                     member of                       GROUP                        11
Connection between AKN and Metro – common station




               member of                GROUP       12
Diesel-Hybrid Railcar in Hamburg Main Station




      Operation on third rail (1.200 V d.c.)

                       member of               GROUP   13
Regional Commuter Trains

Infrastructure Characteristics
   Operation on railway main line tracks
    and regional secondary feeder lines
      – 7 Commuter Lines on main line tracks
      – 5 local feeder lines
   Track infrastructure:
      – Main Line: 2 up to 4 tracks (section-wise)
      – Local feeder lines: single track secondary lines
   Sharing of main line tracks with
      – High speed trains (ICE, vmax = 200 km/h)
      – Intercity (vmax = 200 km/h)
      – Cargo trains
   Maximum speed of Regional Express Trains
      – Locomotive operated double deck trains: 160 km/h
      – DMUs on secondary lines: 120 km/h
   Power supply
      – 15.000 V, 16 2/3 Hz a.c. by catenary (main lines)
      – Diesel Operation on local feeder lines


                           member of                        GROUP   14
Regional Commuter Trains
Service Patterns
    Express Lines: ME + RE (DB)
       – Calling only at important stations
       – Distances between stations: 15 – 25 km
       – 5 / 7 / 8 double deck cars + 1 loco
       – Platform length: 220 m – 400 m
     Stop Train Lines: MEr + RB (DB)
       – Calling at all stations
       – Distances between stations: 3 - 4 km
       – 5 cars / 4 DD cars + 1 loco
       – Platform length: min. 167 m

Service         Peak hour service            Off-peak hour   Nights / Weekends
                        60‘
    ME      (+ single additional trains)
                                                  60‘                60‘

    MEr                 30‘                       60‘                60‘
 DB-RE                   30‘                      60‘                60‘
 DB-RB                  15‘                       30‘                30‘



                           member of                         GROUP               15
Double deck push-pull trains
Definition of Push-pull Train
   A push-pull train is a train operated in two directions by one single locomotive only.




   In one direction the train is hauled or pulled by the locomotive with the driver controlling the
    train from cab located in the locomotive. In the reverse direction the train is pushed from the
    same locomotive.
   The rear-end car of the train is a non-powered passenger car
    with an additional driver’s cab – a so-called control trailer, control cab car or pilot-car. ( TC )

                                                                                               Control
 Loco                                                                                          Cab car


   For operating in the reverse direction the driver will change to TC-car and control the train from
    the driver’s console located herein.
   The locomotive will push the train and will remain unmanned for the run in reverse direction.




                            member of                                       GROUP                         16
Regional Commuter Trains
Rolling Stock Characteristics
   Locomotives
     –   Electric locomotives (Bombardier Traxx)
         Series E 146: 5,6 MW – 84 t
         Max. speed: 160 km/h
     –   RE50: Diesel locomotives (Traxx)
         80% same components as E 146
         Series V 246: 2,8 MW – 86 t
         Max. speed: 160 km/h
   Double deck cars
     –   2nd class car: 125 seats + 130 standees
     –   Control cab car: 98 seats + 140 standees
     –   Tare weight: 56 t – 60 t
     –   Max. speed: 160 km/h




                        member of                   GROUP   17
Concept for regional train service




                 member of           GROUP   18
member of   GROUP   19
S-Bahn – Urban & Suburban Rapid Transit Network

Characteristics of S-Bahn Networks
   Synchronised Timetables
    ( regular intervals / short headways )
   High platforms & high floor vehicles
    ( stepless entry / quick boarding & alighting )
   High capacity vehicles with large side doors
    ( quick boarding & alighting )
   Usually EMU-type trains with high acceleration
    ( frequent stops, short distances between stops )
   Mostly completely separated tracks,
    in urban areas also separate from main line tracks,
    no level-crossings
   Closely tied networks with
    many links to other modes of public transport
   High degree of embedding
    into Integrated Public Transport Networks


                        member of                         GROUP   20
S-Bahn – Central Trunk Line Concepts

Trunk Line Concept
   Branch Lines from the region
    and suburbs are routed on one
    or two central trunk lines
    through the downtown
   Metro operations typically
    on separated individual Lines
    ( Connections only for transfers
      to Depots / Workshops )




                     member of         GROUP   21
S-Bahn Hamburg – Infrastructure Characteristics

   4 regular Lines + 2 lines only during peak-hours)
   Network Length: 144 km
   68 Stations
   ROW segregated tracks
   Platforms:
     –   Length: 140 m (minimum – 6-car trains)
     –            201 m – 240 m (maximum – 9 cars)
     –   Platform height: 76 cm + 96 cm
   Power supply
     –   1.200 V d.c. by third rail
     –   15.000 V, 16 2/3 Hz a.c. by catenary
     –   31 km extension on main line railway line
   Block signal system with fixed blocks
   Traffic control by relay & electronic signal boxes



                          member of                      GROUP   22
S-Bahn Hamburg – Rolling Stock (EMU)

   Basic units: 3 cars
                                             Type          ET 472
   EMUs – up to 3 units / 9 cars
                                         Year of
                                                          1974-1984
   Type ET 472 (only d.c.)              construction

     –    62 3-car units                 Length (o.c.)     65,82m
     –   All 3 cars / 12 axles powered
                                         Tare weight       114,4 t

                                         Power            1.500 kW

                                         Power supply      3rd rail

                                         Multiple units    up to 3

                                                          88 km/h
                                         Max. speed

                                         Seats               88

                                         Standees            152



                        member of            GROUP                    23
S-Bahn Hamburg – Rolling Stock (EMU)
   Type ET 474
     –   2/3 cars powered (front &            Type              ET 474

         rear)                             Year of              1996 – 2004
     –   Middle car: Trailer               construction            2006

   2 vehicles types                       Length (o.c.)        66,00 m
     –   solely d.c.: 70 units
                                                            94 t (d.c. version)
     –   dual system: 42 units             Tare weight
                                                           106 t (bi-mode)
         (d.c./3rd rail + a.c./catenary)
                                              Power             485 kW

                                                               1.200 V d.c.
                                           Power supply
                                                           15 kV, 16,7 Hz a.c.
                                             Multiple
                                                                 up to 3
                                            units

                                            Max. speed          100 km/h

                                               Seats              208

                                             Standees             306



                        member of                       GROUP                     24
S-Bahn Hamburg – Service Pattern / Headways




  Line    Peak hour service          Off-peak hour      Nights / Weekends
   S1      10‘ ( 5‘ incl. S11)            10‘                  20‘
   S2      10‘ ( 5‘ incl. S21)            -/-                  -/-

   S3    10‘ / 20‘ (5‘ incl. S 31)   10‘ / 20‘ / 60‘      10‘ / 30‘ / 60‘

  S 11      10‘ ( 5‘ incl. S1)            -/-                  -/-
  S 21      10‘ ( 5‘ incl. S2)            10‘                  20‘
  S 31      10‘ ( 5‘ incl. S3)            10‘                  20‘


                    member of                          GROUP                25
S-Bahn Hamburg – Dual System EMU type 474 (d.c.+ a.c.)




                member of                 GROUP          26
S-Bahn Hamburg – EMU type ET 474




               member of           GROUP   27
S-Bahn Hamburg – EMU type ET 474 under catenary




                member of               GROUP     28
Integration of public transportation networks and
services

   Hamburger Verkehrsverbund (HVV Hamburg Transit
    authority)
   the first integrated public transit authority worldwide
    founded 1986
   intended to stop competition between guided transit
    modes and bus lines
   intended to offer services following the principle
      – one integrated network
      – one integrated timetable
      – one tariff


                  member of                   GROUP           29
Modal split




              member of   GROUP   30
Passenger trips acc to tickets sold




                 member of            GROUP   31
Hamburg: PT services organised in three tiers




                 member of                 GROUP   32
The contractual framework




               member of    GROUP   33
OPEX financing approach




                member of   GROUP   34
Sustainable financing for CAPEX and OPEX remains a
challenge for Germany

   for new investments and extension in regional railways
    we estimate 1,7 Bill €/Year
   infrastructure of maintenance needs 330 Mill €/year
   infrastructure maintenance backlog sums up to 2.4 Bill.€

   cost recovery ratio remains under 80%, i.e. the need for
    public subsidies will not disappear

   but without public transit city life would sooner or later
    collapse



                   member of                  GROUP              35
Executive Summary


   Commuter Railway Services in Germany is understood as a
    public service obligation
   Regional Commuter Railways in Germany is big business
    with a turnover of more than 7.000 Mio Euro p.a.
   Regional Commuter Railways in Hamburg is part of a
    seamlessly integrated public transit network
   Regional Commuter Railway operation has become open
    for competition, infrastructure remains in hands of DB
   the use of existing railway infrastructure has turned out
    as a good decision to establish a sound and environmental
    friendly commuter services.


                  member of                 GROUP           36
With regard to climate change and efficient use of
ressources, PT is indispensable for metropolitan life
- and Hamburg has good marks




                 member of                   GROUP      37

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Germany

  • 1. International Symposium on Regional Commuter Railways Taipei, Taiwan, ROC July 1st 2009 “Creating World Class Regional Commuter Railway Systems in Taiwan Lessons From Hamburg - Germany” Karl H. Hoeffler Dipl.-Ing, M.Sc., Reg. Baumeister member of
  • 2. General Background of Railway Transportation and Regional Commuter Railways in Germany  Long distance railway is mainly Deutsche Bahn D B business (120 Mio pass/year)  Market for Regional Commuter Railway is more and more open for competition, but share of „private“ operators is still less 10% – DB Nahverkehr Commuter Rail 1,100 Mio. passenger/year, 33.809 Millionen Personenkilometer turnover 2007: 6.532 Mio €, therof 4.147 Public Service subsidies – VEOLIA Group – ARRIVA Group – HOCHBAHN Gruppe (BENEX)  Commuter railway services in Germany are understood as a public service obligation member of GROUP 2
  • 3. Hamburger Hochbahn Group  established in 1911 by SIEMENS and AEG  public limited company 100% owned by State of Hamburg  4,400 staff  393 Mill. passengers/year  14 subsidiaries Metro Bus 101 km network 1.303 km 89 Stations / Stops 1.303 214 Cars / Buses 726 75 million Car-km / year 46 million 189 million Passengers / year. 204 million member of GROUP 3
  • 4. Hamburger Hochbahn: BeNEX manages Commuter Railway activities outside Hamburg  BeNEX takes care for all public transport operations outside of the state of Hamburg.  is bidding for commuter railway tenders alone or in joint ventures  Acquires established transport operating companies  BENEX long term goal 10 % market share of German commuter railway services  Shareholder HOCHBAHN 51% Int‘l Public Partnerships (49%) member of GROUP 4
  • 5. Hamburg, the Metropolitan Region in the North of Germany Population Germany: 82.1 Mio Hamburg: 1,77 Mio Metropolitan Region: 4,29 Mio Key figures HVV service area: 8,700 km2 Hamburg: 755 km2 member of GROUP 5
  • 6. Mass Transit Service Networks in the Hamburg Metropolitan Region Railbound public transport: • 3 metro lines (HOCHBAHN) • 6 suburban railway lines (S-Bahn, DB) • 12 regional railway lines (DB, metronom, AKN) Other public transport: • 408 bus lines (different operators) • 6 harbour ferries (Hadag) member of GROUP 6
  • 7. Service Characteristics of the Commuter Railway  A = AKN Railway  R = Regional Express Rail Line  S = Urban / Suburban Rail  U = Metro (independent from other networks) Network Lines (No.) Length (Lines) Traction Power Diesel A 3 96,6 km (and bi-mode railcars) OCS: 15 kV, 16,7 Hz R 12 988 km and Diesel 1.200 V d.c. S 6 186,7 km (*) (and two system EMUs) 750 V d.c.750 V d.c. U 3 100,7 km (by third rail) member of GROUP 7
  • 8. AKN – Railway (Regional Commuter Rail Network) member of GROUP 8
  • 9. AKN – Railway (Regional Commuter Rail Network)  Track on separated right-of-way  Level crossings  Block signal system with fixed blocks  Traffic control by central electronic signal box (after former traffic regulation by radio) member of GROUP 9
  • 10. AKN – Railway (Regional Commuter Rail Network)  Special feature: through trains to Hamburg Central station running on S-Bahn lines (dual mode trains – Diesel and electric, current collection 1.200 V d.c. from 3rd rail) Diesel & electric hybrid railcar type VTA (multiple units) in S-Bahn tunnel Station member of GROUP 10
  • 11. AKN – Rolling Stock  DMU units type VT 2E Type VT 2E VTA (Alstom Germany) Year of 1976-77 1993 construction Length 30,13 m 32,62 m  Hybrid-railcars type VTA (o.c.) (Diesel & electric) Tare weight 51,9 t 55,4 t Power 2 x 242 kW 485 kW Diesel & electric Powered by Diesel (3rd rail) Multiple up to 4 up to 4 units Max. speed 88 km/h 105 km/h Seats 88 96 Standees 152 150 member of GROUP 11
  • 12. Connection between AKN and Metro – common station member of GROUP 12
  • 13. Diesel-Hybrid Railcar in Hamburg Main Station Operation on third rail (1.200 V d.c.) member of GROUP 13
  • 14. Regional Commuter Trains Infrastructure Characteristics  Operation on railway main line tracks and regional secondary feeder lines – 7 Commuter Lines on main line tracks – 5 local feeder lines  Track infrastructure: – Main Line: 2 up to 4 tracks (section-wise) – Local feeder lines: single track secondary lines  Sharing of main line tracks with – High speed trains (ICE, vmax = 200 km/h) – Intercity (vmax = 200 km/h) – Cargo trains  Maximum speed of Regional Express Trains – Locomotive operated double deck trains: 160 km/h – DMUs on secondary lines: 120 km/h  Power supply – 15.000 V, 16 2/3 Hz a.c. by catenary (main lines) – Diesel Operation on local feeder lines member of GROUP 14
  • 15. Regional Commuter Trains Service Patterns  Express Lines: ME + RE (DB) – Calling only at important stations – Distances between stations: 15 – 25 km – 5 / 7 / 8 double deck cars + 1 loco – Platform length: 220 m – 400 m  Stop Train Lines: MEr + RB (DB) – Calling at all stations – Distances between stations: 3 - 4 km – 5 cars / 4 DD cars + 1 loco – Platform length: min. 167 m Service Peak hour service Off-peak hour Nights / Weekends 60‘ ME (+ single additional trains) 60‘ 60‘ MEr 30‘ 60‘ 60‘ DB-RE 30‘ 60‘ 60‘ DB-RB 15‘ 30‘ 30‘ member of GROUP 15
  • 16. Double deck push-pull trains Definition of Push-pull Train  A push-pull train is a train operated in two directions by one single locomotive only.  In one direction the train is hauled or pulled by the locomotive with the driver controlling the train from cab located in the locomotive. In the reverse direction the train is pushed from the same locomotive.  The rear-end car of the train is a non-powered passenger car with an additional driver’s cab – a so-called control trailer, control cab car or pilot-car. ( TC ) Control Loco Cab car  For operating in the reverse direction the driver will change to TC-car and control the train from the driver’s console located herein.  The locomotive will push the train and will remain unmanned for the run in reverse direction. member of GROUP 16
  • 17. Regional Commuter Trains Rolling Stock Characteristics  Locomotives – Electric locomotives (Bombardier Traxx) Series E 146: 5,6 MW – 84 t Max. speed: 160 km/h – RE50: Diesel locomotives (Traxx) 80% same components as E 146 Series V 246: 2,8 MW – 86 t Max. speed: 160 km/h  Double deck cars – 2nd class car: 125 seats + 130 standees – Control cab car: 98 seats + 140 standees – Tare weight: 56 t – 60 t – Max. speed: 160 km/h member of GROUP 17
  • 18. Concept for regional train service member of GROUP 18
  • 19. member of GROUP 19
  • 20. S-Bahn – Urban & Suburban Rapid Transit Network Characteristics of S-Bahn Networks  Synchronised Timetables ( regular intervals / short headways )  High platforms & high floor vehicles ( stepless entry / quick boarding & alighting )  High capacity vehicles with large side doors ( quick boarding & alighting )  Usually EMU-type trains with high acceleration ( frequent stops, short distances between stops )  Mostly completely separated tracks, in urban areas also separate from main line tracks, no level-crossings  Closely tied networks with many links to other modes of public transport  High degree of embedding into Integrated Public Transport Networks member of GROUP 20
  • 21. S-Bahn – Central Trunk Line Concepts Trunk Line Concept  Branch Lines from the region and suburbs are routed on one or two central trunk lines through the downtown  Metro operations typically on separated individual Lines ( Connections only for transfers to Depots / Workshops ) member of GROUP 21
  • 22. S-Bahn Hamburg – Infrastructure Characteristics  4 regular Lines + 2 lines only during peak-hours)  Network Length: 144 km  68 Stations  ROW segregated tracks  Platforms: – Length: 140 m (minimum – 6-car trains) – 201 m – 240 m (maximum – 9 cars) – Platform height: 76 cm + 96 cm  Power supply – 1.200 V d.c. by third rail – 15.000 V, 16 2/3 Hz a.c. by catenary – 31 km extension on main line railway line  Block signal system with fixed blocks  Traffic control by relay & electronic signal boxes member of GROUP 22
  • 23. S-Bahn Hamburg – Rolling Stock (EMU)  Basic units: 3 cars Type ET 472  EMUs – up to 3 units / 9 cars Year of 1974-1984  Type ET 472 (only d.c.) construction – 62 3-car units Length (o.c.) 65,82m – All 3 cars / 12 axles powered Tare weight 114,4 t Power 1.500 kW Power supply 3rd rail Multiple units up to 3 88 km/h Max. speed Seats 88 Standees 152 member of GROUP 23
  • 24. S-Bahn Hamburg – Rolling Stock (EMU)  Type ET 474 – 2/3 cars powered (front & Type ET 474 rear) Year of 1996 – 2004 – Middle car: Trailer construction 2006  2 vehicles types Length (o.c.) 66,00 m – solely d.c.: 70 units 94 t (d.c. version) – dual system: 42 units Tare weight 106 t (bi-mode) (d.c./3rd rail + a.c./catenary) Power 485 kW 1.200 V d.c. Power supply 15 kV, 16,7 Hz a.c. Multiple up to 3 units Max. speed 100 km/h Seats 208 Standees 306 member of GROUP 24
  • 25. S-Bahn Hamburg – Service Pattern / Headways Line Peak hour service Off-peak hour Nights / Weekends S1 10‘ ( 5‘ incl. S11) 10‘ 20‘ S2 10‘ ( 5‘ incl. S21) -/- -/- S3 10‘ / 20‘ (5‘ incl. S 31) 10‘ / 20‘ / 60‘ 10‘ / 30‘ / 60‘ S 11 10‘ ( 5‘ incl. S1) -/- -/- S 21 10‘ ( 5‘ incl. S2) 10‘ 20‘ S 31 10‘ ( 5‘ incl. S3) 10‘ 20‘ member of GROUP 25
  • 26. S-Bahn Hamburg – Dual System EMU type 474 (d.c.+ a.c.) member of GROUP 26
  • 27. S-Bahn Hamburg – EMU type ET 474 member of GROUP 27
  • 28. S-Bahn Hamburg – EMU type ET 474 under catenary member of GROUP 28
  • 29. Integration of public transportation networks and services  Hamburger Verkehrsverbund (HVV Hamburg Transit authority)  the first integrated public transit authority worldwide founded 1986  intended to stop competition between guided transit modes and bus lines  intended to offer services following the principle – one integrated network – one integrated timetable – one tariff member of GROUP 29
  • 30. Modal split member of GROUP 30
  • 31. Passenger trips acc to tickets sold member of GROUP 31
  • 32. Hamburg: PT services organised in three tiers member of GROUP 32
  • 33. The contractual framework member of GROUP 33
  • 34. OPEX financing approach member of GROUP 34
  • 35. Sustainable financing for CAPEX and OPEX remains a challenge for Germany  for new investments and extension in regional railways we estimate 1,7 Bill €/Year  infrastructure of maintenance needs 330 Mill €/year  infrastructure maintenance backlog sums up to 2.4 Bill.€  cost recovery ratio remains under 80%, i.e. the need for public subsidies will not disappear  but without public transit city life would sooner or later collapse member of GROUP 35
  • 36. Executive Summary  Commuter Railway Services in Germany is understood as a public service obligation  Regional Commuter Railways in Germany is big business with a turnover of more than 7.000 Mio Euro p.a.  Regional Commuter Railways in Hamburg is part of a seamlessly integrated public transit network  Regional Commuter Railway operation has become open for competition, infrastructure remains in hands of DB  the use of existing railway infrastructure has turned out as a good decision to establish a sound and environmental friendly commuter services. member of GROUP 36
  • 37. With regard to climate change and efficient use of ressources, PT is indispensable for metropolitan life - and Hamburg has good marks member of GROUP 37