1. Evolution II.

3. Relative dating

5. P rinciple of radiometric dating 0,5 1,0 0 t Share of isotope time isotope decay product Half-life

6. Mesozoic K-T Border (66-65 mil.y.): mass extinction 190 Triassic 66 Cretaceous 136 Jurassic TIME (milions of years) PERIOD

7. Chixculub Crater (Mexiko) Site of colision with an asteroide measuring 10-20 km across

8. Kenozoic Homo sapiens sapiens Occurence of Prosimii 53 Homo habilis Homo erectus Homo sapiens neanderthalensis Hominids ( Australopithecus ) 1,8 Occurence of Dryopithecus 5 Occurence of Hominoidea 25 Occurence of Anthropoidea 35 Tertiary recent Holocene 0,01 Pleistocene Quarternary CHARAKTERISTIC Time (mil.y.) PERIOD

10. x x x x elephant x x x x cat x x x opossum x x x echidna x x x platypus placenta? livebearing? lay eggs? milk? hair?

11. Simple cladogram of mammals

12. A cladogram derived from the molecular data (DNA sequence)

13. Possible fylogenetic relationships of hominides I. Time (milions of years) Tertiary Quarternary 6 5 4 3 2 1 0,5 0 0,25 Homo sapiens sapiens Homo „sapiens“ neanderthalensis Homo erectus Homo habilis Australopithecus afarensis Ardipithecus ramidus Australopithecus. africanus Homo heidelbergensis

14. Possible fylogenetic relationships of hominides II.

15. Kenyantropus

16. Australopithecus africanus

17. Australopithecus africanus Skull of „Taung child“ – found in south Africa

18. Australopithecus afarensis

19. Autralopithecus afarensis skeleton „Lucy“

20. Footsteps of A.afarensis (Laetoli, Tanzania) Australopithecus walked upright (bipedal)

21. Australopithecus afarensis

22. Homo habilis

23. Homo erectus the first hominide living outside Africa

24. Homo erectus

25. Homo erectus

26. Homo heidelbergensis

27. Possible fylogenetic relationships of hominides Time (milions of years) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0,5 0 0,25 Homo sapiens sapiens Homo „sapiens“ neanderthalensis Homo erectus Homo habilis Australopithecus afarensis Ardipithecus ramidus Australopithecus. africanus Homo heidelbergensis

28. Homo neanderthalensis

29. Homo neanderthalensis

30. Homo neanderthalensis

31. Homo neanderthalensis X Homo sapiens

32. Modern Homo sapiens Lascaux cave (France) – paintings of wild horses and aurochs (17 000 years ago).

33. http://www.modernhumanorigins.com/

35. Out-of-Africa Theory